Search

Desde los albores del s. XX se produjo una cantidad inusitada de proyectos de investigación y publicaciones acerca de los lacandones, grupo originario del sureste mexicano; particularmente destacan aquellos relacionados con el manejo y aprovechamiento de recursos naturales de la Selva. Pese a este vasto esfuerzo de documentación etnográfica, se cuenta con pocos estudios relacionados con el conocimiento que tienen al respecto de los hongos. A través de métodos y técnicas etnográficas y aproximaciones para análisis cuantitativos desarrolladas a lo largo de casi cuatro años de trabajo de campo, el presente estudio muestra algunas de las especies que son reconocidas por este grupo, narrativas relacionadas con el lugar de estos organismos en su mitología, aspectos de su sistemática y nomenclatura, el uso y manejo de ciertas especies, así como un análisis cuantitativo de la similitud de conocimientos etnomicológicos entre las tres comunidades de lacandones donde se trabajó: Nahá, Metzbok y Lacanjá Chansayab. Los Lacandones reconocen y nombran en conjunto 164 especies. Los nombres asignados a los hongos por lo general parten de una descripción morfológica de las características propias de las especies. Del total de especies reconocidas, 37 de ellas tienen algún uso, principalmente como comestibles y medicinales. Si bien la mayoría de las especies no tienen un uso directo, sí tienen una relevancia manifestada en distintos aspectos lingüísticos y de su lugar en la cosmovisión de este grupo. Aparentemente existen diferencias en el conocimiento etnomicológico evaluado a través de la Importancia cultural de las especies y sus prácticas de aprovechamiento entre las poblaciones de lacandones del norte y del sur.

El yacimiento del abrigo de La Peña (Marañón, Navarra) es un referente básico para el conocimiento de los últimos grupos de cazadores y recolectores que se establecieron en el alto valle del Ebro a finales del Mesolítico. En este trabajo se dan a conocer los resultados de un análisis de huellas de uso del equipamiento lítico de sílex, recuperado en el nivel d, datado en el Mesolítico geométrico. La información funcional obtenida ha proporcionado claves para reconstruir, con más amplitud, las actividades que se llevaron a cabo, y que pueden insertarse dentro de un conjunto de estrategias de captación y transformación de recursos, desarrolladas por el grupo humano que ocupó el sitio.

Rotavirus (RV) is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children. While P[8] and P[4] are the most prevalent RV genotypes in humans, other genotypes are also reported in human infections occasionally, including human P[25]. The glycan binding and structural characteristics of human P[25] were explored in our study. Human P[25] VP8* recognized type A histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) in the glycan microarray/oligosaccharide binding assay and could specifically hemagglutinate type A blood cells. Moreover, the P[25] VP8* structure was determined at 2.6 A, revealing a similar conformation and a conserved putative glycan binding site as that of P[14] VP8*. This study provided further knowledge of the glycan binding and structural features of P[25] RV VP8*, promoting our understanding of the infection, prevalence, and host range of the P[III] RVs.

Human group activity recognition (GAR) has attracted significant attention from computer vision researchers due to its wide practical applications in security surveillance, social role understanding and sports video analysis. In this paper, we give a comprehensive overview of the advances in group activity recognition in videos during the past 20 years. First, we provide a summary and comparison of 11 GAR video datasets in this field. Second, we survey the group activity recognition methods, including those based on handcrafted features and those based on deep learning networks. For better understanding of the pros and cons of these methods, we compare various models from the past to the present. Finally, we outline several challenging issues and possible directions for future research. From this comprehensive literature review, readers can obtain an overview of progress in group activity recognition for future studies.

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) have been widely used to assess neurological function in clinical practice. A good understanding of the association between SEP signals and neurological function is helpful for precise diagnosis of impairment location. Previous studies on SEPs have been reported in animal models. However, few studies have reported the relationships between SEP waveforms in animals and those in humans. In this study, we collected normal SEP waveforms and decomposed them into specific time–frequency components (TFCs). Our results showed three stable TFC distribution regions in intact goats and rats and in humans. After we induced spinal cord injury in the animal models, a greater number of small TFC distribution regions were observed in the injured goat and rat groups than in the normal group. Moreover, there were significant correlations (P < 0.05) and linear relationships between the main SEP TFCs of the human group and those of the goat and rat groups. A stable TFC distribution of SEP components was observed in the human, goat and rat groups, and the TFC distribution modes were similar between the three groups. Results in various animal models in this study could be translated to future clinical studies based on SEP TFC analysis. Human studies were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster (approval No. UM 05-312 T/975) on December 5, 2005. Rat experiments were approved by the Committee on the Use of Live Animals in Teaching and Research of Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine of the University of Hong Kong (approval No. CULART 2912-12) on January 28, 2013. Goat experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University (approval No. GDY2002132) on March 5, 2018.

Chlorinated flame-retardant dechloranes are emerging substitutes for restricted flame retardants. Recent studies have demonstrated that they are accumulated in wildlife and detectable in humans; however, their effects on human health are poorly understood. Here, for the first time, we revealed that widely used chlorinated flame-retardant dechlorane 602 (Dec 602) exacerbated airway inflammation in two mouse models induced by house dust mite (HDM) or IL-33, respectively. Deteriorated airway inflammation by Dec 602 was associated with a higher production of type 2 cytokines including IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and IgE, accompanied by enhanced mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. Mechanistically, we found that Dec 602 directly potentiated mouse and human group 2 innate lymphoid cells and, as such, promoted airway inflammation even in the absence of conventional T cells in Rag -/- mice. These findings provide novel immunological insights necessary for further studies of the health impact of emerging flame-retardant dechloranes including Dec 602.

It is proposed that cross-cultural neuropsychology analyzes the influence of cultural variables on cognition from a neurological perspective. It includes three major questions: 1. How are current neuropsychological tests affected by the cultural conditions? (2) Are there differences in the brain organization of cognition depending upon the culture? (3) How is brain pathology manifested in different cultural contexts? A history of cross-cultural neuropsychology is presented emphasizing that the interest in cultural issues is observed since the very beginning of neuropsychology. An analysis of culture is introduced, explaining how culture has been interpreted in different ways, but can be understood as the specific way of living of a human group. Further, it is discussed why culture is important in neuropsychology, followed by an analysis of some cultural variables. Special emphasis in schooling, considering that education represents a major variable affecting the performance in diverse cognitive tests. Several illustrative examples of research in cross-cultural neuropsychology are finally presented.

espanolEn el arte de reconstruir las historias regionales y locales el historiador se enfrenta a una realidad social que refleja una comunidad o un grupo humano, en un espacio concreto que ha establecido vinculos economicos, politicos, socioculturales y mentales entre sus miembros, definiendose su unidad historica. En el estudio de la microhistoria se reconocen las practicas culturales como factor esencial de la identidad local y regional que permite la distincion entre comunidades, grupos y regiones. El desarrollo de proyectos de investigacion historica demanda la necesidad de asumir un enfoque historiografico que conciba la dimension cultural del acontecimiento o proceso historico. Esta premisa cientifico-metodologica permite definir el objetivo de esta propuesta: argumentar la importancia del analisis de la dimension cultural de los procesos historicos a partir de la herencia y el aporte cultural del fenomeno historico en su condicion de obra humana. En este sentido, se destacan consideraciones epistemologicas, culturales y cientificas que se asocian a la incursion investigativa y su repercusion en el fortalecimiento de los valores tradicionales y el desarrollo integral de las localidades. El estudio incluyo el analisis de resultados historiograficos nacionales y locales, de los principios de la metodologia de la investigacion historica y los criterios mas actuales acerca de la historia total. EnglishIn the art of reconstructing the regional and local histories the historian faces a social reality that reflects a community or a human group, in a concrete space that has established economic, political, sociocultural and mental bonds among their members, being defined their historical unit. In the study of the microhistory the cultural practices are recognized as essential factor of the local and regional identity that allows the distinction among communities, groups and regions. The development of projects of historical investigation demand the necessity to assume a focus historiographical that conceives the cultural dimension of the event or historical process. This scientific-methodological premise allows to define the objective of this proposal: to argue the importance of the analysis of the cultural dimension of the historical processes starting from the inheritance and the cultural contribution of the historical phenomenon in their condition of human work. In this sense, they stand out epistemological, cultural and scientific considerations that associate to the investigative incursion and their repercussion in the invigoration of the traditional securities and the integral development of the towns. The study included the analysis of having been national and local historiography, the principles of the methodology of the historical investigation and the most current approaches about the total history.

Los objetivos incompatibles son inherentes a toda agrupación humana, en ella las relaciones sociales estructuran un componente teórico que, advierte en la conflictividad la presencia del actor colectivo que opera las relaciones de influjo de unos sobre los otros. El poder, eje central del conflicto establece en la cultura códigos propios que entretejen las acciones de la grupalidad. ¿Cuál es el significado que le otorgan los diferentes grupos identificados en interacción individual-colectiva a los conflictos establecidos en el contexto organizativo? En el proceso de investigación se destaca la visión del mundo y los intereses del investigador que lo conducirán a acercarse de una forma o de otra a los hechos. La etnografía es el enfoque para investigar los grupos humanos, este es un trabajo micro o básico que analiza las interacciones del actor colectivo a partir de la idea de la maquinaria social que entretejen el conflicto escolar.

SUMMARYWe present a robot navigation system based on Behavioral Finite State Social Machine. The paper makes a robot operate as a social tour guide that adapts its navigation based on the behavior of the visitors. The problem of a robot leading a human group with a limited field-of-view vision is relatively untouched in the literature. Uncertainties arise when the visitors are not visible, wherein the behavior of the robot is adapted as a social response. Artificial potential field is used for local planning, and a velocity manager sets the speed disproportional to time duration of missing visitors.

AI is turning up everywhere, but when people try to use it to as a tool help make better decisions it often stumbles…users reject it, rely too much on it, and so forth. Not only is this a problem for AI-as-tool applications, it is increasingly clear that AI without human oversight is prone to bad mistakes, typically because the AI has such a narrow view of the world and can't tell when it is violating norms or when the context has changed. As a consequence, AI-automation is getting serious pushback from citizens and lawmakers. What are we to do in order to integrate AI tools into human group decision making?

Artificial mediators are promising to support human group conversations but at present their abilities are limited by insufficient progress in group behaviour analysis. The MultiMediate challenge addresses, for the first time, two fundamental group behaviour analysis tasks in well-defined conditions: eye contact detection and next speaker prediction. For training and evaluation, MultiMediate makes use of the MPIIGroup Interaction dataset consisting of 22 three- to four-person discussions as well as of an unpublished test set of six additional discussions. This paper describes the MultiMediate challenge and presents the challenge dataset including novel fine-grained speaking annotations that were collected for the purpose of MultiMediate. Furthermore, we present baseline approaches and ablation studies for both challenge tasks

Background The relationship of people with natural resources is guided by different sociocultural, ecological and evolutionary factors. Regarding food plants, it is not different. Studies around the world have evaluated the effects of socioeconomic factors, such as age, gender, income, profession, education level, time of residence, ethnic diversity, religion, festive rituals, access to urban areas and migrations. In this sense, the objective of the present study was to characterize the diversity of knowledge and use of food plants by people from Serra dos Morgados and evaluate if the socioeconomic factors influence knowledge and consumption of food plants in the community. Methodology This research was conducted in the village of Serra dos Morgados, municipality of Jaguarari, Bahia, with the purpose of evaluating the factors that influence in the knowledge and use of food plants. Socioeconomic data such as age, gender, time of residence, and monthly income were collected. The free list technique was applied during the collection of ethnobotanical data in order to analyze the preference of the plants based on the salience index (SI). To analyze the factors that influence knowledge and use forms, we used GLM Lasso. Results A total of 33 people were interviewed, 8 men and 25 women; their age ranged from 30 to 82 years. People cited 98 species of plants, 41 species being identified of spontaneous occurrence. The plant with the highest salience index (SI) was “cheirosa” (Psidium ganevii) (SI = 0.5679), followed by “massaranduba” (Micropholis sp.) (SI = 0.4323); “araça” (Campomanesia guazumifolia) (SI = 0.3320); and “cambuí” (Siphoneugena sp.) (SI = 0.3144). Conclusions The main factors that influence knowledge and use forms in the locality were family income and the collection site, with homegardens cited as the preferred area for collection of food plants. This study provided an overview related to potentially important species for a community located in a region where there are few ethnobiological studies. The results presented here can be used in future studies, providing clues for investigations. Also, there is a contribution to the conservation of biocultural aspects related to the use of food plants in a community living in mountainous regions.