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This conceptual paper presents a decolonial critique of Eurocentric epistemic hegemony in South Africa and its impact on the curriculum. We argue that the propagation of knowledge from the Global North as 'universal' through conceptually vague framings of curriculum internationalization is contributing to the maintenance of Eurocentric hegemony. We explore how to think otherwise about the world, knowledge and curriculum, framing this around a critical understanding of historical and contemporary politics, geopolitics and coloniality of knowledge. This includes an interrogation of historical workings of power and domination, hegemonic and ideological assumptions, and how all this continues to shape knowledge and curriculum. We offer a set of critical questions that can assist academics and curriculum developers in assessing what is amplified and what is silenced in the curriculum. This can contribute to a genuine engagement with diverse global perspectives and promotion of epistemic plurality in higher education.

A hyper-standardized and alarmist educational climate in the U.S. propagates deficit discourses about students and creates a roadblock for teachers seeking to center their students' lives through critical and multicultural pedagogies. Scholars have called for attention to mapping as a pedagogical tool to unearth and push back against sociospatial injustice. In line with this, I offer the tool of "critical geospatial mapping" and provide two examples of how its application allowed preservice and in-service teachers to see the previously unseen strengths and resiliencies of historically-marginalized and multicultural communities. This allowed them to critique and reframe deficit narratives.

Military Families and the Arts is an ArcGIS StoryMaps collection that serves military families by mapping art museums and arts centers located near active-duty military installations. The interactive maps are organized by military branch and browsable by an alphabetical list of active-duty military installations. The ArcGIS StoryMaps collection serves three primary functions: to assist military spouses pursuing a career in the arts with finding a comprehensive list of potential employers, to assist military dependents with finding arts-related opportunities to network into their current or new communities, and to assist military families with finding art-related activities near their military installation in the continental United States.

This article addresses the issue of ethnoknowledge, focusing precisely on ethnoeomorphology in geographic science studies. Reserved a bibliographic review on the subject and methodologically leads us to analyze the national curriculum parameters of Brazilian education around the subject. We consider the existence of popular and cultural knowledge as primary sources to be addressed in teaching and, finally, for a better interpretation of relief.

The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed an alarming chasm between traditional higher education pedagogies and the lived experiences of students, posing new challenges to educators worldwide . Addressing this, our study proposes a curricular paradigm shift that foregrounds sensory and embodied learning. Influenced by a Critical Pedagogy of Place framework, we conceptualize the delivery of an urban studies module as an experience-centred encounter with the campus. Our research examines the implications of incorporating course activities and teaching styles that promote sensory-embodied forms of learning and their potential to break free from the confines of the physical classrooms. Empirical evidence from our study demonstrates a remarkable 87% increase in student theoretical comprehension, heralding the transformative potential of turning university campuses into sensorial and embodied critical spaces. Such a transformative pedagogical approach critically questions the outmoded banking education model and encourages students to interrogate deep-seated social and cultural norms and practices. In pushing the boundaries of traditional pedagogy, our study suggests the need to revamp higher education learning experiences to resonate more closely with contemporary students' lived experiences.

In this paper we reflect on our experiences teaching human geography across two modules that pedagogically centre student reflexivity through content that has potential to be dis-comforting. Drawing upon student experiences on two final year option modules, relating to social and spatial exclusion and "race", ethnicity and multiculture, we reflect on how learning experiences on these modules "stay with" students in ways that are potentially transformative. The paper draws upon our own reflections as teachers, alongside anonymous student work and crucially the student voice, through a questionnaire distributed to previous graduates. Foregrounding the student voice is a key contribution here, whereby we assess student relationships with taught content beyond their studies. Bringing this data together, we draw upon border pedagogy to suggest that discomfort is integral to a transformative approach, but how scaffolding is necessary to enable such learning experiences. We also acknowledge, though, that such learning experiences are not experienced equally and there are limits to such approaches, particularly within contemporary higher education institutions.

This article explores the teaching of atmosphere for undergraduate geography students. Though many scholars have observed an "atmospheric turn" in the discipline, teaching atmosphere in human geography has received less attention. To this end, the article examines the design and delivery of a "floating workshop" that engaged students in thinking and feeling the meteorological and affective qualities of atmosphere. Practically, the floating workshop involved the preparation, launch and floating of two solar-powered balloon-like sculptures made by the international artistic community "Aerocene." In contrast to practices of mapping or remote sensing with aerial devices like kites or drones that are familiar to geographical pedagogy, this creative practice-based workshop foregrounded sensual and affective observations of atmosphere, from the feeling of wind speeds to the transmission of emotions. This shared atmospheric experience and pedagogical experiment linked theory with practice, activated situated learning processes, and generated critical inquiry into the affective, aesthetic and material dimensions of air and atmosphere.

In July 2022, the University of Tennessee and the Tennessee Geographic Alliance hosted a three-week summer institute funded by the National Endowment for Humanities (NEH) as part of its "A More Perfect Union" initiative to promote a deeper understanding of United States history and culture. Eighteen K-12 educators from across the country came to Knoxville to explore "The Role of Geographic Mobility in the African American Freedom Struggle." The institute focused on Movement as one of geography's five fundamental themes and highlighted the central role that migration, transportation, and travel and tourism have played in maintaining structural racism and facilitating Black antiracist resistance, self-determination, and world- making across multiple scales and historical periods. This article examines the NEH Institute.

The worlds we inhabit tell stories, stitched into the material and symbolic representations of the past that comes to define the features of our places. These stories are never neutral, anchored as they are in the intentional (re)presentation of a racialized white, masculine, and settler story as "our" story. Indeed, space, as an ostensibly neutral platform for storytelling, is called into service of settler-state anxieties to write itself into every (spatial) corner of our lives. This paper takes up this issue by theorizing how the street naming practices of settler communities write into everyday life a settler collective memory that, as a consequence, both shapes space into (settler) place and powerfully intervenes in individual (student) geographic consciousness. By way of vignettes woven throughout theoretical considerations as examples of everyday encounters, I unpack what it means to think of the language of invaded place with greater critical intention as an example of how walking through space can become a pedagogical method, with a focus on detailing what it might mean to support learner engagement with the names that make their communities coherent and media of normalized colonial memory.

This article extends the methodological proposal of "ground-truthing" in Critical Race Spatial Analysis (CRSA) to consider GIS as Critical Race Feminista Methodology (CRFM). Traditionally, GIS technicians are sent into the field to verify remote-sensing data via "ground-truthing." This process was repurposed in CRSA to "ground" mapmaking in the spatial wisdom of Communities of Color to examine "color-lines" and their everyday impact. Missing in this initial (re)conceptualization was the theoretical and methodological sensitivity to examine "spatiality" in these experiences--the more intimate aspects of space that center on identity and knowledge of place. The authors engage CRFM to extend ground-truthing to capture structural and embodied experiences in socio-spatial relationships by redefining technical GIS approaches key to ground-truthing--"projection," "layers," "scale," and "visualization." They conclude with implications for the ongoing practice of GIS, particularly the merits of ground-truthing as CRFM in educational research.

In times of the COVID-19 pandemic, teachers on all levels have had to adapt to an online or hybrid teaching environment. People in geography, a discipline that traditionally values field trips to connect theory to practice, have had to find online alternatives for educational activities that normally would have taken place in the field. This has led to several innovative practices, which, however, have only to a limited degree been purposively tested for efficacy because of the ad-hoc, enforced nature of the required changes. This project deals with this issue by studying, through student workshops dealing with the creation of online didactic walking routes in two cities, how students can obtain specific geographical competences such as interpreting different historical layers that collectively shape the current urban fabric through online cartography. We found that students reported clear improvements in geographical reasoning skills, regarding both GIS and heritage interpretation. There were no clear patterns regarding the role of familiarity with the studied city for the quality of the produced story maps. On final reflection, we argue that online cartographic exercises are a valuable addition to the geographers' educational toolkit to bounce forward to a more resilient, reflective educational practice after the pandemic.

This paper reflects on teaching sport in political geography undergraduate courses in the United States, through which I simultaneously aim to de-essentialize geopolitics and de-essentialize sport. I integrate sport examples in diverse courses on political geography and teach a dedicated "Geopolitics of Sport" course. By framing my approach to the political geographies of sport around the specific term "geopolitics," I deliberately tap into a sense among Americans that it is a "more serious" topic than "geography." Since students in my courses rarely come from Geography, but are primarily majors in Political Science and International Relations, "geopolitics" invites them to approach sports geography as a serious subject and to be more open to the field of geography. Since geography remains a neglected subject in US schools and universities, teaching sports geography through geopolitics, and geopolitics through sports geography, can be a powerful way to encourage critical geographic reasoning, especially among non-geography majors.

This article reflects on the author's experience of developing a standalone geographies of sport module that is taught using an active blended learning (ABL) approach. The article argues that an ABL pedagogy is an effective way of teaching meaningful sports geography to undergraduate students. It discusses how the approach allows a diverse range of relevant topics to be included, incorporating both "human" and "physical" geographies, and enables a personalised approach to learning. Teaching the geographies of sport provides students with opportunity to cement and enhance their understanding of fundamental geographical concepts whilst applying them to sports case studies that can be adapted to the interests of the student cohort. That is not to say that teaching of sports geographies comes without challenges, and this article reflects on some of those encountered. Most significantly, how to ensure that the module content is appropriate for final-year undergraduates as the body of dedicated geographical literature on sport is still comparatively limited.

This paper addresses the discussion on the Anthropocene in environmental education research. It aims to enrich and widen the debate about the appropriateness of humanist approaches to environmental education and sustainability. In response to criticism about anthropocentric responses to human-made environmental destruction, the authors introduce a version of Eastern humanism: Tu Weiming's 'Anthropocosmism'. This idea of a non-anthropocentric humanism embedded in the cosmic order is strikingly different from the anthropocentric separatism typical of Western humanism. Moving beyond a blanket condemnation of humanism, this paper explores what a specific, non-Western form of humanism may have to offer in response to anthropogenic ecological crises. The argument is developed that Anthropocosmism can help us fully recognize humans' exceptional ethical responsibility in light of these crises without falling into the mistake of Western humanism's dominant discourse that connects this exceptionalism to forms of human superiority over and domination of other-than-human nature.

The smart teaching model of flipped classroom based on cloud learning platform is the trend of college classroom teaching reform. By means of the Chaoxing Learning Platform and the teaching practice of cultural geography, this paper constructs a peer instruction relied on the flipped classroom. The three stages that teachers and students need to complete, namely, before class, during class and after class can be utilized to evaluate the teaching effect of flipped classroom. Before class, students preview through micro-class resources material on Chaoxing Learning Platform provided by teachers, communicate with classmates and teachers in real time, discuss and cooperate with each other during class through cultural theme project-based learning and peer instructions, and think profoundly and self-examination after class. The analysis of students' learning effect indicates that such a teaching mode promotes students' subjective initiative in learning, improves the performance and comprehensive capabilities of students. As a new and efficient teaching method, "Chaoxing Learning Platform + Flipped Classroom" plays an important role in enhancing teaching quality and promoting the development of students' comprehensive quality, such as self-directed learning, communication and cooperation.

At present, one of the urgent problems is the systematization of information on elective courses and the identification of methodological features of its implementation. The article presents the program of the elective course "Cultural geography" for classes of the natural-mathematical direction. In addition, the methodological structure of the course "Cultural geography" has been worked out. The article provides an analytical review of the latest sources on the cultural geography in Russian and English.

The "New Latinx South" is a term used by a number of interdisciplinary scholars to describe recent demographic shifts in a region not traditionally home to large Latinx communities. While this scholarship often posits that examining the Latinx experience in regions of the South will shed light on developing processes of racialization, we argue that more specific attention needs to be paid to the construction of "Latinidad" in the "New Latinx South." More specifically, and applied to education, we ask what might be gained by interrogating constructions of "Latinidad within school spaces in the South. In this conceptual article, we draw on Black and Latinx geographies scholarship to analyze our own (auto)ethnographic layered accounts about living, teaching, and researching in Maryland and South Carolina. We pay particular attention to how the script (and subject) of Latinx is relationally deployed to mark Latinx as both forever outside the South "and" as a tool to perpetuate deficit notions of Black students and communities. We hold that in interrogating these relationally racialized discourses we might highlight opportunities in newer spaces to build emergent infrastructures and systems towards more just educational outcomes for marginalized and minoritized youth while guarding against the tendency to unintentionally reproduce essentializing and marginalizing ideas of ethnoracial categorization.

Parramatta Marist High School is a school in Western Sydney, New South Wales, that has over 14 years of experience in project-based learning in Stages 4 and 5 (Years 7-10). Over this period, projects have been constantly developed, redeveloped and improved by teachers based on their experience and feedback from their colleagues and their students. Growing out of this feedback cycle, GeoSTEM (an integration of geography and STEM) was formed to utilise complementary skills and concepts from both subjects in order to develop projects that better engage and reflect student learning in the 21st Century. In 2019, the first GeoSTEM project titled "The Urban Mess" was delivered to Year 9. This project focused on issues of urbanisation, sustainability and design within a local context, through the lens of the Stage 5 Changing Places unit. Through computer-aided design and fabrication, local geographical issues were exposed and resolutions proposed with the final products utilising laser-cut overlay maps to represent the various solutions.

This article examines the relationships between children's everyday lives and geographical education. Drawing on research with five young people in London, the article examines their narratives, analysed as relating to race and territory, critically considering the relationships between children's geographies and the geographies of race and racism in schools. Following hooks, the article begins with the argument that there is value in 'teaching to transgress' to challenge both legacies of imperialism in geography and education, and the inequalities and injustices that many children face. Following this, the article introduces the research, drawing on Aitken to argue the importance of consideration of children's voice, presence and rights in (geographical) education, before sharing the narratives of the young people. The article concludes by arguing for a reconceptualization of how 'the child' is constructed, and valued, in education.

The purpose of this study was to determine a learning model for teaching "Population Geography" to geography education students in universities using international women's migration as a case study to increase their understanding of the material and their curiosity in the learning process. A case study and qualitative approach were adopted in this research with data collected from 15 Geography Education students currently taking Population Geography courses in Department of Geography Education Jakarta, Indonesia. Data were collected through interviews and focus group discussions (FGD) for approximately 120 minutes, three times during the learning process. The results showed that in-depth studies on international women's migration increase engagement and understanding of the course. Furthermore, it enables students to participate actively in the classroom learning process by asking questions, discussing, and giving their opinions. Students are able to give their opinion in the classroom with regard to the international women migration. For example, they are able to determine the use of remittances and the adaptation process after an immigrant returns to Indonesia. They also know about the main reason why some Indonesian women decide to work and migrate to abroad and leave their family. In addition, students' understanding is also visualized in the process of interpreting, giving examples, clarifying, summarizing, drawing conclusions, comparing, and explaining cases of women's international migration. This research is useful for educators, especially Geography Education Teachers and Lecturers.

A growing literature, much of it with cross-national comparisons, employs geographic lenses to secure insights into educational studies. Most of this literature focuses on schooling, though parts address kindergartens and higher education. The present paper, by contrast, employs geographic lenses to focus on the shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring. It is called shadow education because much of its content mimics that in schooling, but the paper shows that many dynamics are significantly different from those in schooling. Insights may be gained not only from physical geography but also from political, economic, cultural and pedagogical geography -- and from relationships between them. Intra-national, cross-national and cross-cultural comparisons show forces in a domain that is gathering momentum across the globe and causing significant shifts in the overall nature and role of education.

Research that tackles the pedagogical use of geolocated social media as an investigative tool for understanding cities in Geography and Urban Studies higher education programs has not been fully exploited. This study contributes by addressing the transferability of these sources as a research medium for enhancing student knowledge of urban phenomena. A collaborative problem-based learning activity was conducted in a third-year compulsory Urban Studies module of the Fundamentals in Architecture Degree at the University of Alicante. Two groups -- Spanish (25 students) and English (34 students) language, participated in the activity. Foursquare and Twitter datasets were used as sources of information, and scaffolding in QGIS software, data analysis, and visualization tools were provided. Pre- and post- activity questionnaires as well as the work submitted by students gave an indication of the extent to which the activity was useful for achieving the set objective. Recurring approaches adopted by students and their "how-to" make sense of social media information enabled them to align spatiotemporal and social phenomena to the use and perception of city spaces. Students developed critical thinking and interpretative skills that are key transversal competencies for understanding the huge volume of data available in today's digitalized world.

There is growing interest in assessing the knowledge acquired by students. More often and in diverse disciplines it is necessary to know the level of the students through different types of testing. In the case of teaching of geography in Spain, there is a decrease and loss of such learning for various reasons. The aim of this research is to analyze the literacy in geography of university students in the "Grado en Maestro de Educación Primaria" (Degree in Elementary Education Teaching) for its possible multiplier effect, since they will be the ones who teach geography to future generations. In order to achieve this, our data source is based on a sample of 629 mental maps from students from four Spanish universities located in different autonomous communities in Spain. The knowledge of the assessed administrative unit was taken into value, but also its location and representation, showing the importance of the where in geography. Results show the inconsistent knowledge of the future teachers depending on the place of residence and which level of the structure of the country they are asked about. In turn, these results reinforce the usefulness of mental maps as an optimal method to assess geographic knowledge.

This paper examines the pedagogies of collaborative doctoral education. Collaborative doctoral studentships link the academy to wider societal concerns and aim to address unease about employability post-PhD. Dominant discourses of collaboration by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), and its associated research councils, give primacy to importance of knowledge exchange within doctoral education. By drawing on my own experiences of undertaking a collaborative studentship this paper articulates the benefits of a reflective pedagogical approach to collaborative studentships. This reflective pedagogy is both a way in which collective aims are potentially accomplished and an opportunity to understand more about the institutions, systems and environments in which the research relationship is embedded. This approach resonates with participatory geographies literature and this body of work can be drawn on to support collaborative students to explore the relational dynamics of the research process and reflect on the role of the university. A reflective approach highlights the importance of the relationships that are produced through collaborative research and it is by attending to these relationships that collaborative students can understand more about the inner socio-political worlds of both the academy and their non-academic partners

This study examined whether an emotional geography-based community participation project enhanced students' civic engagement competence. The participants identified community problems based on emotional geographies, created their own spatial stories using spatial analysis and emotional mapping, and finally proposed spatial development strategies. A civic engagement competence questionnaire and reflective journals were used to examine the project's pedagogical effects. The results showed that civic engagement competence scores increased statistically significantly after the activities. The themes extracted via thematic analysis included the cultivation and manifestation of civic engagement competence, as well as emotional geography activities for civic engagement competence in educational contexts.

In this study we designed, implemented, and evaluated a Problem-based Learning (PBL) course to teach undergraduate students about Viral Hepatitis from a Health Geography perspective. The course was attended by undergraduate students with no previous experience with PBL from a college in the Brazilian Amazon state of Acre. The course design was based on a combination of features from different PBL frameworks, allowing the students to gradually switch from a content-centered educational environment to a student-centered one. The PBL unit was based on an ill-structured real-life problem concerning the division of a hypothetical budget among actions to fight Viral Hepatitis in the state's municipalities. Student problem solutions indicated that they learned basic Viral Hepatitis and Health Geography concepts. Furthermore, perceptions of their own learning demonstrated that students regarded their acquired problem-solving skills and their knowledge of the course subject as their main educational outcomes. We argue that the combination of different PBL frameworks, the gradual transition from lectures to active learning and the social relevance of the course subject to students are among the putative factors that contributed to the course's success. This study, therefore, provides insights into the design of PBL courses for students inexperienced in active learning.

The article presents the results of a regional study analysing the factors that predict Latin American faculty adoption and use of geospatial technologies (GST) for teaching geography. The research involved an online survey with 337 participants from 17 countries, who answered a set of items adapted from the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology on five GST -- desktop GIS, web-based GIS, remote sensing, GPS, and digital globes. The data was analysed using a structural equation modelling. The results confirmed that faculty who identified pedagogical benefits of using GST considered technologies as easy to master, and valued the opinion of people influential to them about using technologies were more likely to be motivated to use GST for teaching. In addition, faculty willing to use the GST and report adequate institutional conditions were more likely to be using the technologies for teaching. Additional statistical testing found that human geography faculty expressed an infrequent use of these technologies compared to their physical geography and geospatial technologies colleagues, who did report a more consistent use of GST. These findings suggest a divide among Latin American faculty regarding the motivation and institutional conditions to implement technologies, based on their field of expertise.

Our paper revisits a neglected chapter in the history of geographic education--the civil rights organization SNCC and the Freedom Schools it helped establish in 1964. An alternative to Mississippi's racially segregated public schools, Freedom Schools addressed basic educational needs of Black children while also creating a curriculum to empower them to become active citizens against White supremacy. Emerging out of a history of Black fugitive learning, Freedom Schools produced a critical regional pedagogy to help students identify the geographic conditions and power structures behind their oppression in the South and use regional comparisons to raise their political consciousness and expand their relational sense of place. Freedom Schools have important implications for higher educators, especially as contemporary conservative leaders seek to rid critical discussions of race from classrooms. They offer an evocative case study of the spatial imagination of the Black Freedom Struggle while pushing us to interrogate the inherent contradictions, if not antagonisms, between public higher education and emancipatory teaching and learning. Freedom Schools prompt a rethinking and expansion of what counts as geographic learning, whose lives matter in our curriculum, where and for whom we teach, and what social work should pedagogy accomplish.

The article suggests an alternative teaching material to adapt to the current COVID-19 pandemic that impedes outdoor activities such as fieldwork or external visits in the university. The authors explore web documentary (hereinafter webdoc) as an option for asynchronous online teaching methods, an alternative to enable learning experiences. The result presents the students' response to a survey with close- and open-ended questions based on their experience of two different webdocs ("Montelab" and "Trozos Urbanos"). The results demonstrate great potential for webdocs in online teaching due to game element, emotional engagement and entertainment. Students felt empowered by the interactiveness of the webdoc which led to an overall positive evaluation. Moreover, the experience was well received when it was in line with course materials with potential to communicate geographical knowledge around interdisciplinary urban challenges. Therefore, teachers should dedicate efforts for identifying appropriate webdocs to provide students with beneficial geographical learning experience that fits the course aim. On the other hand, minor negative feedback was observed based on personal interest and the general cyber fatigue from the pandemic. We suggest teachers to explore webdocs based on their needs and conclude by providing a list of recommendations and useful references.

This article critically considers the importance of educators asking, 'who are the children we teach?' before attending to questions of purpose, curriculum and pedagogy. Through examining the relationships between identities, place and time-space, the article contributes to wider debates about how geography can enhance our knowledge of educational institutions, systems, processes, experiences and landscapes. Written in the context of a 'knowledge turn' in England -- in which supporting young people to engage with disciplinary and subject knowledge has been positioned by some as the central purpose of schooling -- the article argues that the geographies of children and young people have, at times, been under-considered in education. To counter this, drawing on a case study of five young people's narratives about London, the article uses the illustrative example of religion and identity to examine how the young people navigate multiple, sometimes contradictory, social spaces when constructing and representing their identities in London. The article concludes by arguing that for educators to truly empower young people in, and through, their schooling, it is of significant value for them to engage with the geographies of those they teach.

Human geographers engage students in learning about a world characterized by environmental and social disarray. It follows that our students are exposed to deeply confronting topics: climate change, global inequality, food insecurity, and racism, to name a few. Prompted by scholarly debate on the effects of painful emotions elicited by public climate change communication, we asked human geography students at the University of Wollongong about their experiences of our teaching. Via focus group discussions, we invited them to consider which emotions "belong" in our classrooms and how difficult emotions might be managed to minimize harm. The students explained that they expected to feel distress as part-and-parcel of their chosen area of study and found being confronted a productive experience. With regard to pedagogical practice, they considered the responsibility for managing difficult course-related emotions to be distributed, and identified a range of strategies to prevent painful emotions from corroding their wellbeing. Some of these strategies, particularly making room for difficult emotions -- by acknowledging, holding onto, and working through them in our classrooms -- will be challenging as more universities turn to online teaching.

The focus of this paper is the affective dimension of far-right discourses which we consider challenges for teaching. The rise of the far-right in many parts of the world has led to a growing body of work in the social sciences. However, as the topic has become the subject of academic scrutiny its controversial nature also demands a debate on teaching strategies and principles. Drawing on two courses on the political geography of the far-right taught at two German universities, we propose paying special attention to the affective potentials of far-right discourses and taking a normative anti-fascist approach to facilitate critical thinking, solidarity, and empathy in the classroom. Additionally, we also urge educators to pay close attention to emotions students might experience when analysing and discussing the far-right. This paper situates the case studies within the context of far-right mobilisations in Germany and describes the challenges of developing the syllabus and the teaching strategies. It concludes with data from a survey amongst students who attended the courses on the perception and emotional reaction towards the far-right showing that students are affected and potentially frustrated given the current success of the far-right but also see the need for counter action.

In the 1760s, France was the first European kingdom to formalise veterinary education. The world's first veterinary school was sponsored by Louis XV after receiving a proposal from equestrian and educator Claude Bourgelat. At the time, Bourgelat was a recognised expert on equine anatomy, medicine, and riding. The principal function of veterinary education was to extend his robust knowledge about horses to other economically essential livestock, primarily cattle and sheep. With the promise that standardised education of animal health would bring agricultural prosperity, the monarchy reimagined European statecraft as a multispecies affair. This ideological and economic shift endured the transfer of power from monarchs to the third estate and the Revolutionary governments who claimed to speak for their citizens' interests. The case study of regional politics of veterinary education in the Enlightenment illuminates several continuities and discontinuities between the Old Regime and the Republic when it came to vocational education. Using historical geography, the author reconstructs how the original placement of the first veterinary schools in the 1760s and its subsequent re-evaluation during the French Revolution marked the development of a new awareness that the place where one trained to heal cattle changed whose cattle were healed. Veterinarians successfully argued that when one considered livestock as an essential part of France's economy, urban spaces were dependent on the services of rural labourers. Debates about placement hinged on shifting ideas about the value of urban-elite knowledge versus the rural power of the peasantry during the Enlightenment as well as radically shifting governmental priorities from the monarchy to the Republic.

This paper addresses the tension between the need to create spaces for unsettling feelings as part of a decolonisation of the curriculum in Higher Education, and the need to create a sense of safety in the classroom. Decolonising the curriculum, here, means exploring how histories of coloniality structure educational institutions, established canons, and socio-natural relations, and cultivating collective practices that move beyond oppressive patternings. As part of this process, as we find ourselves imbricated in the struggles of others and as our emotional grip on the world is unsettled, we -- students and teachers alike -- may find ourselves experiencing discomfort. This raises an important question, for it is clearly part of the responsibility of an educator to create spaces that feel "safe" for students, and do not induce or trigger trauma. Drawing on experiences in the university classroom and lecture halls, this paper develops the concept of "scaffolding" as the basis for an ethos for embracing discomfort pedagogically. The affordances of physical theatre, film, and visual culture are considered alongside particular tactics as ways to foster the transformation of "settled" fabrics of feeling in care-full ways.

This paper will focus on how communities can respond to the impacts of a more dangerous world but will emphasize that there exist powerful barriers to climate change adaptation (CCA). This article explores why there are so many barriers to change and offers a simple mnemonic to organize the argument--A.D.A.P.T. The A.D.A.P.T. framework shows that CCA is an emerging threat to many localities that is not yet placed on center stage. Geographers have played important roles in furthering climate science, because they are familiar with the challenges of trying to integrate physical and human affairs. In addition, the discipline is very used to thinking about scale and connecting global, national, and local processes and outcomes. By giving more attention to local risks within the curriculum, geographers and their students can provide effective leadership to residents who are likely to be facing complex challenges in decades to come.

This study aims to investigate the potential of narrative-based geospatial technologies (NGSTs) in the teaching of regional geography to preservice geography teachers (PGTs). Reflective journals gathered from students who took a StoryMaps-based European regional geography class were analyzed using phenomenography. The results showed that NGSTs are useful for cultivating PGTs' understanding of and insights into regional geography studies and teaching through the integration of regional geography narratives, map layers, and multimedia technologies. These results provide meaningful insights into the education of PGTs, the practice of regional geography education, and the use of narrative-based geospatial technologies in the geography classroom.

In Germany, 93% of young people between the ages of 10 and 18 play video games daily. Political geography, in particular popular geopolitics, have found that video games can help to establish and develop people's understanding of geopolitics. Consequently, this affects geography education, providing both challenges and opportunities for teaching. Geography teaching is an integral part of political education as students need to understand how boundaries and territories create spaces with regards to social power and become the object of political conflict. Reflection plays a central role in understanding and deconstructing such spatial constructions. In this article, we examine representations and concepts of borders in digital strategy games and the perception and reflection of these by the players. The results provide an outlook on the potential and the challenges of digital strategy games for political education in geography lessons in secondary schools as well as for teacher training at universities. For this reason, possible approaches for education and training will be outlined on the basis of the results.

Despite its vast usefulness in natural science subjects, the use of the 5E learning cycle in social science is still minimal. The study was quasi-experiment to investigate the effect of the 5E learning cycle model on students' learning achievement in population geography. The participants were two classes of geography education students of academic year 2017/2018 in State University of Malang with forty students each. One class as an experimental group was instructed using the 5E learning cycle, while the other as a control group was traditionally instructed. Pre-test and post-test were administered and analyzed using independent sample t-test to compare learning achievement between two groups. The results showed that the experimental group had significantly improved learning achievement. The results suggest that the learning cycle can be implemented not only on natural sciences courses but also social sciences courses. The use of a learning cycle should be accompanied by a thoroughly planned instructional scenario to maximize the model advantages.

Three decades ago, Stephen Kemmis (1990) argued that curricula provide insights into how nations and states interpret themselves and how they want to be interpreted. He also noted that 'debates about curriculum reveal fundamental concerns, uncertainties and tensions which preoccupy nations and states as they struggle to adapt to changing circumstances' (Kemmis, 1990, p. 32). This empirical paper draws from the literature to review the inclusion of the Cross-Curriculum Priorities (CCP) as one of three basic dimensions of the Australian Curriculum. In doing so, this paper argues that the CCPs can be viewed as indicative of the curriculum challenges Kemmis canvassed and it raises questions about how particular approaches to curriculum can be integrated into subject-based curricula. In particular, the discussion focuses on the CCP of Asia and Australia's Engagement with Asia as a contested form of knowledge in the current curriculum, together with some of the challenges and opportunities Geography teachers face in planning to implement this CCP.

The present paper attempts to reason that social-constructivist spatial theory represents an essential approach for contemporary geography teaching. This approach is essential to show learners how space contributes to the organization of society. By contrast, German geography didactics and teaching practice, which are examined closely here by means of a content analysis based on curricula, textbooks, and classroom material, show that social-constructivist approaches are underrepresented and limited to a light-weight version of space as construct. This contribution concludes with a plea to grant the concept of space as a social construct with greater central significance and potential in teaching practice.

How are patterns of segregation related to families' engagement in public-school choice policies across U.S. metropolitan areas? This article examines how segregation in urban public schools and the spatial mismatch between school-age children and relatively high-performing schools relate to the shares of Black, Hispanic, and White students enrolled in charter schools, one particular school choice mechanism. Drawing on Core-Based Statistical Area-level data, I find that charter-school enrollment among Black students is positively associated with spatial mismatch. As the degree of geographic imbalance between Black and, to a lesser extent, Hispanic school-age children and high-performing schools increases, so too does the share of Black and Hispanic students who enroll in charter schools. There is no such relationship for White students, whose enrollment in charter schools is higher when school segregation is relatively low--that is, when they would be more likely to attend neighborhood public schools with Black children.

Studies document inequitable tobacco retailer density by neighborhood sociodemographics, but these findings may not be robust to different density measures. Policies to reduce density may be less equitable depending on how the presence of store types differs by neighborhood characteristics. We built a 2018 list of probable tobacco retailers in the United States and calculated four measures of density for all census tracts (N = 71,495), including total count, and number of retailers per 1,000 people, square mile, and kilometers of roadway. We fit multivariable regression models testing associations between each density measure and tract-level sociodemographics. We fit logistic regression models testing associations between sociodemographics and the presence of a tobacco-selling pharmacy or tobacco shop. Across all measures, tracts with a greater percentage of residents living below 150% of the federal poverty level (FPL) had higher density. A higher percentage of Black residents, Hispanic or Latino residents, and vacant housing was inconsistently associated with density across measures. Neighborhoods with a greater percentage of Black residents had a lower odds of having a pharmacy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI; 0.95, 0.97]) and tobacco shop (aOR = 0.87, CI [0.86, 0.89]), while those with a greater percentage of residents living below 150% FPL had greater odds of having a tobacco shop (aOR = 1.18, CI [1.16, 1.20]). Researchers and policymakers should consider how various measures of retailer density may capture different aspects of the environment. Furthermore, there may be an inequitable impact of retailer-specific policies on tobacco availability.

"My most special place is my home(land) country ["Heimatland"], because there I always feel so comfortable." The spatial dimension of children´s well-being has been receiving more attention in child well-being research recently. Empirical studies show for example the effects of the built and natural environments on children´s objective and subjective well-being or the subjective meanings that children attach to the concept of well-being in respect to place and space. What is not well understood so far is the cultural dimension of these phenomena and understandings. The aim of this paper is therefore to outline a cultural analytical approach to the spatial constitution of well-being and to provide analytical heuristics to reconstruct the spatial constitution of well-being as a cultural construct in discursive practices that children take part in. The paper also provides an empirical example that illustrates this heuristic approach and shows how belonging(s) are constituted as a spatial construct beyond local and national territories. The paper ends with a summary of how the findings and the cultural approach might inform child well-being research and the spatial (re)constitution of well-being in the context of migration and digital technologies.

One of the most complex topics in Geography is linked to cultural landscapes. Although this concept has aroused the interest of scholars from different nations and the bibliography is diverse, among students there are still uncertainties concerning the meaning of cultural landscapes. Thus, at the Faculty of Geography, Babes-Bolyai University, in Cluj-Napoca, Regional Planning and Development M.Sc. programme, the students had in their first semester a discipline named Cultural Landscapes, which provided the theoretical background using international references. For assessment, students were asked to transfer their knowledge into practice by realising a postcard with cultural landscapes of Cluj-Napoca city. This paper analyses the process of learning during solving the task, presenting firstly different views about cultural landscapes in geographical literature. The methodology used comprises the analysis of the process of learning, starting from discussions on the theory and going to the presentation of the task, the evaluation and the actual process of making the postcards undertook by the students. There were eight postcards realised in pairs which were assessed using an especially designed grid. The whole activity carried out by the students was analysed from a didactic point of view. It is demonstrated that, being helped by theoretical discussions during the courses, the students managed to understand the cultural landscape and, moreover, to put into practice what they had learned. Thus, they managed to achieve a different perspective for some familiar landscapes from the city, in which they had lived for about three years. This learning activity actually put the theoretical frame into another light and so the students had become more aware of the meaning of cultural landscapes by experiencing them on their own.

The United States ranked 8th in 2015 according to the United Nations' Human Development Index, but empirical evidence shows that there are regions "within" the U.S. that would not classify as having "very high human development." We know about domestic poverty and hardship, but there are regions in the United States that are starting to look developmentally more like Albania or Kenya. Using multivariate quantitative data (health statistics, education levels, and income) to replicate international development indices like that of United Nations on the national level, U.S. counties were ranked according to their development status. In this way, widely recognized scales of development were translationally applied to the United States to fully understand the state of development, or rather regression, in the U.S. The results were displayed cartographically to show the geographic distribution of regression across the U.S., mainly the Mississippi River Delta and the Appalachian Region. In total, there were 66 counties that fell into fourth class, or the "low development" category, for all three development criteria.

Updated research is required on the geographies of the cultural issues that shape international students' experiences. The growing number of students traveling to different countries implies a need to cater to cultures and values from different parts of the world. Apart from cultural and geographical aspects, there is scarce knowledge about similarities between students' experiences abroad that takes into account their countries of origin (and, to some extent, their cultures) within those mobility flows. Using a probabilistic topic model on 59,662 international student reports from 167 countries on their mobility experiences, we examine links between the students' experiences and their countries of origin. The results show that the geographical features of the reports are connected not only to cultural issues, but also to other factors that might affect their international experience.

In this paper, we examine the conceptual understanding and experiences that students in German secondary schools have of boundaries. For our research we conducted qualitative interviews and surveys (interviews n=20; surveys n=21) with children (aged 14-17) born both in Germany and with refugee backgrounds. We asked for the children's conceptual understanding of the emergence and function of boundaries and their personal encounters with them. We studied the results of these interviews using qualitative content analysis to learn more about the conceptual understanding and experiences of students. Our findings on the emergence of borders show that students have limited understanding of boundaries and differing spatial concepts that exist for them. We also observed interesting distinctions between personal experiences of borders. The results may provide a base for further research and development in terms of conceptual-change-based methods for geography education on the topics of territories, borders and boundaries.