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This book offers an extensive critical overview of eco-socialism, one of the most generative and significant aspects of contemporary debates within socialism. Marxism has played a foundational role in the development of ecosocialism since its inception and has also led to critical reflections on the 20th century Marxism and ecological interpretation of Marxist writings. Despite the relevance of ecosocialism to the pressing debates on the ecological crisis and the growing literature on ecosocialism, there has not been a comprehensive account on ecosocialism and its variations. This volume seeks to fill this important gap and to pave the way for a more systematic development of this emerging paradigm. The book not only engages with a critique of other non-socialist ecological schools of thought in defence of ecosocialism, but also provides a critical overview of debates within ecosocialism and of ecosocialism itself. The latter includes an appraisal of ecosocialism in Bolivarian Venezuela and the implications of current efforts in the People's Republic of China to build an ecological civilisation. Furthermore, the book contains a crucial discussion about the relation between eco-socialism and indigenous studies and movements.

This book presents a comprehensive vision of human life, ecology, and theology inspired by Spinoza. According to this vision, human beings and all other natural entities are not independent substances but are rather “modes” of nature, meaning that they are fleeting manifestations of nature's conatus. By intuitively (and not just intellectually) recognizing ourselves to be modes of nature, we can more fully realize ourselves. To achieve this requires a radical rethinking of our world, of ourselves, and of God, and a far richer understanding of ecology, and an ethics grounded in ecology, than those in current usage. Brian Fay explores this rethinking, and the result is a new, far-reaching vision of our world and how to be responsible, thriving agents in it.

Africa is largely dependent on natural resources in its quest to achieve sustainable development goals, with its woodlands and forests known to be among the most exploited ecosystems. Anthropogenic pressure has led to the progressive conversion of these woodlands and forests into patches of regrowth stands, savanna and cropland systems. Expansion with intensification of agricultural land and the unsustainable use of fuelwood biomass are among the major drivers of such landscape transformations and the associated decline of biodiversity and ecosystem services. This phenomenon is growing in magnitude and significance with emerging environmental issues including climate change, biological invasion, and pollution arising from various land use practices, thereby jeopardizing Africa's development pathway. Agroforestry holds promises to reverse this trend, as it provides the potential for designing multifunctional agricultural landscapes that guarantee trade-offs of food security, biodiversity conservation, and ecosystem services. Africa is characterized by highly variable ecological conditions and remarkable cultural diversity that influence the conception of landscape multifunctionality. Drawing upon the vast experience of researchers and many other professionals in Africa, this book contextualizes the roles of trees in African multifunctional landscapes, capturing the biophysical and societal diversity in the region, while scrutinizing the ongoing trend of landscape multifunctionality in Africa with reference to the global scenario. It is designed to provide a holistic and comprehensive understanding of the various roles of trees in African landscapes and shed light on the underlying functional attributes of trees, which will help readers to generate a better insight and problem-solving approach for landscape multifunctionality in the context of Africa. This book defines the multifunctional landscapes with reference to an African context. The book has fourteen chapters, covering five broad thematic areas (i) the multiple services, functions and role of trees in multifunctional landscapes; (ii) tree-based production systems, products and their contributions to rural livelihoods; (iii) drivers of land cover changes and their impacts; (iv) approaches for managing resources to integrate trees in multifunctional landscapes; and (v) external factors affecting landscape resources management in Africa.

This book aims to enhance understanding of the foundational principles and ethical considerations of citizen engagement in environmental conservation through an examination of successful cases of shared environmental governance in the Americas. It seeks to inform policymaking on strategies for fostering behavioral change and advancing towards co-management of national public resources and the commons. These cases are analyzed through a geographical lens to provide a framework for reimagining eco-citizenship grounded in bioregionalism. This perspective diverges from the notion of eco-citizenship as a universal culture, advocating instead for its integration within the collective habitats of citizen groups. Readers will gain insights into fostering reconciliation between nature and humanity by empowering diverse stakeholders to lead Blue/Green/Bee conservation initiatives. Emphasizing community learning, environmental awareness, and citizen participation, the book enriches decision-making processes and promotes environmental justice for all living organisms. The selected case studies from Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, and the United States highlight pioneering innovations in Blue/Green/Bee policy planning across urban, periurban, and rural settings. These initiatives propose empathetic and respectful approaches to nurturing our natural surroundings, including methods for co-management, networked urban gardening, wild native bee conservation, water source protection, community-based water management, river revitalization, and metropolitan green space stewardship. This book will be invaluable to students, urban and rural planners, researchers, academics, networking professionals, policymakers, international development practitioners, environmental organization personnel, and enthusiasts of the natural world alike.

This book conducts research on the evaluation and reduction mechanism of the negative effects of urban Transportation Energy Supply Network (TESN). By analyzing the current supply and demand situation of urban transportation energy supply network, the concept of negative effects of urban transportation energy supply network is defined, and specific definitions and measurement methods of negative effects are proposed. A TESN negative effect reduction mechanism was constructed from three aspects: site layout optimization, site cooperation game, and replenishment vehicle scheduling. The simulation validation of the urban transportation energy supply network was conducted using AnyLogic simulation software.

Das Buch zeigt Ihnen, wie sich Lernziele und Kompetenzen im Bereich Nachhaltigkeit ergänzen und hilft, die komplexe und vernetzte Natur der Nachhaltigkeit besser zu verstehen, und die damit verbundenen Herausforderungen zu erkennen und anzugehen. Dazu gehört auch die Vermittlung von Kenntnissen über die verschiedenen Aspekte der Nachhaltigkeit, wie z. B. ökologische, soziale und wirtschaftliche Aspekte, sowie deren Wechselwirkung miteinander. Darüber hinaus zeigt das Buch auf, wie Sie die möglichen Auswirkungen von Entscheidungen und Maßnahmen auf die Nachhaltigkeit einschätzen und bewerten können. Das Buch beschreibt die Zusammenhänge zwischen Nachhaltigkeit und Lernen. Es wird erörtert, wie Bildung und Lernen im Bereich der Nachhaltigkeit uns helfen können, die natürliche Welt und unsere Beziehung zu ihr zu verstehen und bessere Entscheidungen zu treffen, um unser Leben und die Umwelt zu verbessern. Es untersucht auch die Rolle von Technologie und Bildung im Bereich der Nachhaltigkeit und erkundet, wie Nachhaltigkeit in den Unterricht und das Lernen integriert werden kann. Schließlich enthält das Buch praktische Ratschläge zur Schaffung eines nachhaltigen Lernumfelds und zur Anwendung von Nachhaltigkeit in der Hochschulbildung und in den unteren Bildungsstufen.

This edited book includes more than four hundred short papers that were presented during the fourth edition of EMCEI, which was held in Sousse, Tunisia in November 2022. By presenting a wide range of environmental topics and new findings relevant to a variety of problems in the Mediterranean region and its surroundings, the book addresses emerging environmental issues along with new challenges by focusing on innovative approaches that contribute to achieving a sustainable environment in these regions. The book appeals to anyone working in the subject area and especially students interested in learning more about new developments in environmental research initiatives in light of the worsening environmental degradation of the Mediterranean and surrounding areas, making environmental and resource protection an increasingly important issue that impedes sustainable development and social well-being. The book addresses emerging environmental issues along with new challenges by focusing oninnovative approaches that contribute to achieving a sustainable environment in and around the Mediterranean Sea and by highlighting to decision makers from relevant sectors the environmental considerations that should be integrated into their own activities.

Delve into the fascinating world of soil science with'The Urban Soil Guide,'a comprehensive manual designed for everyone from science beginners to seasoned horticulturists. Whether you're an introductory science student, a passionate gardener, a landscape designer, or a professional horticulturist, this guide is tailored for you. Packed with a variety of hands-on activities, this guide makes learning soil science both accessible and enjoyable. From simple experiments that can be performed in your kitchen to more advanced techniques, it offers a practical approach to understanding soil. Written by a soil scientist, this guide bridges the gap between professional knowledge and amateur enthusiasm. The Urban Soil Guide is versatile enough to serve as a textbook in botanical gardens and university classes, while also being an invaluable resource for amateurs. Choose activities that match your interest and level of expertise. Embark on your journey to becoming a soil expert with The Urban Soil Guide – your hands-on companion in the world of soil science.

This edited book includes over one hundred and eighty short papers that were presented during the third edition of EMCEI, which was held in Sousse, Tunisia, in June 2021. Nowadays, experts as well as most of the general public know that the Mediterranean and surrounding regions are facing environmental degradation that is accelerating at an unprecedented rate. The main causes are the natural and human induced climate change, increasing pollution, urban growth, and the overexploitation and unsustainable use of resources due to rapid population growth. The effects are seen in several indicators such as the warming, more frequent extreme events, severe droughts, water shortages, contraction of natural resources, changes in land use and landscape deterioration, decreasing agricultural yields, biodiversity loss, deterioration of the ecosystems, corrosion of the natural coastal environment, sea-level rise, and ocean acidification. In addition to these more recent issues, the Mediterranean and surrounding region naturally experience a number of hazards such as floods, droughts, desertification, fires, catastrophic forest diebacks, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. By presenting a wide range of environmental topics and new findings relevant to a variety of problems in these regions, this book appeals to anyone working in the subject area and especially students interested in learning more about new developments in environmental research initiatives in light of the worsening environmental degradation of the Mediterranean and surrounding areas, making environmental and resource protection an increasingly important issue that impedes sustainable development and social well-being. The book addresses emerging environmental issues along with new challenges by focusing on innovative approaches that contribute to achieving a sustainable environment in and around the Mediterranean Sea and by highlighting to decision makers from relevant sectors the environmental considerations that should be integrated into their own activities.

This edited volume covers sustainable biomass valorization and its application in various sectors.Bioenergy has concerned enormous attention as a promising alternative to conventional energy resources. Abundance of bioresources and their renewable nature provides a distinct advantage to biofuels from sustainability perspective. Biofuels have found increasing applications in the energy and transportation sector in recent years. Blended fuels are being used worldwide. However, several challenges remain to be addressed due to the diverse nature of biomasses and inherent recalcitrant nature of biological materials used as feedstock. This book aims to provide an overview of recent developments in the production of bioenergy and its applications in various areas. Specific emphasis is given to production of biofuels from modern biomass such as agro-forest waste and dedicated non-edible energy crops that do not interfere with food production. The scope of the book covers synthesis and characterization of biologically derived fuels, advances in microbiological methods and enzyme engineering approaches. The book covers techno-economic analysis to identify challenges and prospects for commercialization of biofuels. The directions for future research should pave way for net zero scenario for a sustainable world.The book will cater to a wide range of readers interested in learning the fundamentals as well as advances in the field of biofuels.

This book describes the complex interplay between Earth's surface processes (erosion and sedimentation) and human interactions. Intensive as well as extensive research has been undertaken to infer modern sedimentation processes and to infer the mode of stratigraphic sequence building. However, the effort to understand the influence of sedimentation processes on society and the human impact on sedimentation is long overdue. This is a new upcoming multidisciplinary research field that is beyond the scope of leading traditional Earth and Environmental Science journals. To fill in the prodigious gap in the knowledge base, this book includes in-depth reviews and new data-based case studies from Asia, involving multidisciplinary research. It covers case studies of risk management of various hazards and risk management systems at regional, national, and local levels. The book proposes a comprehensive approach to reducing future risks by collaborating with various stakeholders and preparingfor the most effective responses towards complicated hazards, minimizing social damage. This publication will help researchers in the field of Environment and Earth surface processes, disaster risk reduction, and geoscientists to have a better idea of the current trend of research in the field and will provide updated synthesis on this important topic.

This book explores microbial intervention in wastewater treatment for resource recovery, bioenergy production, and environmental sustainability. It discusses the fate of pollutants, challenges in existing treatment strategies, and the need for innovation. Case studies illustrate wastewater-specific treatment strategies for bioenergy and resource recovery at different scales. The book emphasizes the use of wastewater for resource recovery through sequestration or biotransformation and highlights tailormade consortium development for sludge-free treatment. It also covers sustainable approaches like microbial biofilm reactors, microbial fuel cells and membrane technology for wastewater treatment. It also deals with nanotechnology in combination with microbial technology for handling refractory components in wastewater that could not be handled by microbes alone. This book provides insights into microbial technology for a clean environment and bioenergy production through a reduce, recover, and reuse approach. This valuable resource offers practical information that can be applied by engineers, researchers, and undergraduate and graduate students, as well as business professionals in the bioenergy field, aiding them in the implementation of renewable energy projects.

This book reveals the interaction between the livelihood of people and the surrounding natural environment in rural and urban areas of Vietnam and discusses actions to be taken towards sustainable development, which provide some useful insights into several SDGs. After introducing the overview and environmental regulation of Vietnam, the book describes the impact of agriculture, fishery, and forestry activities on land and water in rural areas. The following chapters on the impact of urbanization on air, water, and material cycles in urban areas contribute to Goal 6 (Clean water and sanitation). The last chapter on environmental education, community development, and other useful information towards future development address Goal 11 (Sustainable cities and communities). Most of the topics covered in the book are based on field research for the past 20 years by the researchers of the Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University in Japan, and readers can recognize the reality of how people act on the environment in Vietnam, where rapid development may deteriorate the environment.

This book shows how to successfully adapt entropy measures to the complexity of environmental data. It also provides a unified framework that covers all main entropy and spatial entropy measures in the literature, with suggestions for their potential use in the analysis of environmental data such as biodiversity, land use and other phenomena occurring over space or time, or both. First, recent literature reviews about including spatial information in traditional entropy measures are presented, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of past approaches and the difference in interpretation of their proposals. A consistent notation applicable to all approaches is introduced, and the authors'own proposal is presented. Second, the use of entropy in spatial sampling is focused on, and a method with an outstanding performance when data show a negative or complex spatial correlation is proposed. The last part of the book covers estimating entropy and proposes a model-based approach that differs from all existing estimators, working with data presenting any departure from independence: presence of covariates, temporal or spatial correlation, or both. The theoretical parts are supported by environmental examples covering point data about biodiversity and lattice data about land use. Moreover, a practical section is provided for all parts of the book; in particular, the R package SpatEntropy covers not only the authors'novel proposals, but also all the main entropy and spatial entropy indices available in the literature. R codes are supplemented to reproduce all the examples. This book is a valuable resource for students and researchers in applied sciences where the use of entropy measures is of interest and where data present dependence on space, time or covariates, such as geography, ecology, biology and landscape analysis.

This book provides an exclusive and critical in-depth analysis of paddy straw waste valorization at a broad scale for different industrial applications. It explores and discusses the various valorization pathways of paddy straw into valuable products connected to biorefineries'products and byproducts. The book also examines the scope, potential, and availability of paddy straw in the field of biorefineries. Various lignocellulosic biomasses with expanded potential are known for their industrial applications, even at a broad pilot range. Among these biomasses, paddy straw has emerged as the most suitable lignocellulosic waste for various biorefinery applications. Paddy is a crucial and widely consumed crop globally, and it generates the highest annual production of waste compared to other cereal crops. The cellulose content, accounting for approximately 47% of the total cellulosic biomass, offers significant potential for valorization, along with hemicellulose and lignin, which can also be explored and expanded on an industrial scale. However, despite the tremendous scope for valorization, lignocellulosic biomass-based biorefineries face cost-effectiveness challenges that need to be addressed for sustainable and uniform expansion, distribution, and economic scalability in various applications. The book's specific feature lies in its targeted and specific valorization of paddy straw into biofuels and other biorefinery-based products, which hold promising industrial applications and easily scalable approaches for mass production. This book is an essential resource for students, scientists, engineers and practitioners working in the biorefinery industry and academia.

This book studies human settlements in China in terms of Human Settlements Trialism in 4 typical human settlement types: valley, plain, hilly, and arid regions. Focusing on three elements of Trialism — (1) natural and constructed environments, resources, and visual landscapes in human settlements background; (2) survival strategies, customs, culture, and values in human settlements activity; and (3) the layout of time and space as well as the planning and design of the urban, the country, and the wilderness in human settlements construction — the book analyzes the evolution of human settlements and predicts future trends. Presenting academic researchers and graduate students in various fields with insights from landscape architecture, urban planning, architecture, geography, forestry, art, and psychology, the book discusses the principles of interactive physiological thinking and systematically theoretical philosophy related to professional physiology, planning and design principles, and traditional and modern methods and technologies in urban and rural construction. The innovative multi-discipline book promotes the planning and design of five types of human settlement, which is helpful to the judgment of value, activity rule, and living style of human settlements, and also discusses the development of human settlements in the new millennium.

This book provides a critical analysis of the interactions of humans and wildlife in Zimbabwe. It does not only document conflicts, but it also considers opportunities for co-existence that can result in the successful conservation practices within protected areas. The book offers empirically rich case studies from across different areas of Zimbabwe both urban and rural where people interact with animals both negatively and positively. Chapters in the book discuss these interactions through the different lens including the contemporary politico-economic crises prevalent in Zimbabwe, the failures and successes of the CAMPFIRE programme, and gender dynamics of conflicts. The book provides an update into the human–wildlife interactions situation in Zimbabwe. Data presented has policy implications within Zimbabwe and beyond. It contributes to different categories policy and mitigation measures including HWC mitigation strategies as well as conservation policy. Beaven Utete and Joshua Matanzima have brought together a fascinating collection of papers on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence in Zimbabwe. The authors highlight the views, values and needs of people living with wildlife. Voices that are still too often ignored in conservation practice, policy and science. This is essential reading for anyone interested in decolonizing conservation and the future of wildlife in Africa. Professor Jan van der Ploeg, Professor Inclusive Conservation, Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands This is a valuable collection from a country we should hear much more from in the field of human-wildlife interactions studies. In addition to providing interesting case studies and data from Zimbabwe to inform and inspire international conservation efforts, I hope it will galvanize national and local efforts to tackle the complex challenges ahead for biodiversity conservation in Zimbabwe. Professor Simon Pooley, IUCN SSC Specialist Group on Human-Wildlife Conflict and Coexistence

This book articulates the traditional Japanese concept of conservation, called Satoyama, for effective management of nature's goods and services at a community–ecosystem interface in the climate milieu. The term Satoyama refers to socio-ecological production landscapes and seascapes, which are mosaics of diverse land uses and ecosystems that have long been shaped through sustainable human interactions with nature. This multilevel study of conservation science, therefore, serves an interdisciplinary academia, consistent with conventions on climate change, biodiversity and sustainable development, to establish links between conservation priorities and development objectives. In this book, the Satoyama is introduced as a rights-based neo-economic conservation paradigm for production-linked sustainable development, supplemented with case studies from Asia. The International Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative was established at the 10th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2010 to protect and revitalise Satoyama. However, even after a decade, this panacea for sustainability remains unfulfilled for practitioners and policy planners in the global south. Satoyama have been disappearing as a result of irresponsible consumption of natural resources and drastically changing agro-farming practices, threatening wildlife inhabiting those areas as well as the life and livelihood of marginal communities in the vicinity. In consideration of the global pandemic crisis, the present monograph aims for introspection within a traditional sustainable practice of Asia to augment community resilience and preparedness.

The book discusses the various sustainable approaches to combine agrowaste and nanomaterials into catalysts or nanocatalysts with the objective of enhancing biofuel production. It explores the practical sustainability of agronanocatalysts in bioenergy production at a mass scale, while also addressing the existing challenges and proposes sustainable remedies to overcome these limitations. Additionally, the book dives into the cost considerations, recognizing it as a major concern for the widespread utility of catalysts, and explores viable commercial applications in this context.Nanomaterials continue to attract attention in the field of proteins and enzymes due to their versatile physicochemical properties and potential. They offer opportunities to enhance various biofuel production processes by serving as catalysts in the reaction medium. For instance, studies have highlighted the significant improvements in cellulase enzyme production, stability, pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass, and enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency achieved through the utilization of nanomaterials. The impact of nanomaterials on fermentative hydrogen production has also been documented. While the application of nanomaterials in biofuel production processes has been reported in the literature, there remains a need to focus on the type of nanomaterials, their synthesis, and their specific effects on important process parameters. Addressing and evaluating these factors is crucial to effectively improve and streamline biofuel production processes using nanomaterials. The book serves as a comprehensive introduction to nanomaterials and nanotechnology in biofuel production, catering to the needs of researchers, academicians and students.

This book provides a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in the biofortification of plants under climate change and how it affects food security globally. The need for mineral biofortification to eradicate or alleviate malnutrition through sustainable agriculture is also discussed. Biofortification of edible plants is considered the most appropriate approach to alleviate nutritional problems and nutrient deficiencies. In contrast, biofortification focuses on improving the nutritional content of the region's current agricultural biodiversity while preserving its habits and customs. Emphasis is also placed on recent advances and developments in omics, particularly metabolomics and related techniques, to unravel the potential alterations in plants caused by biofortification. The book brings together eminent scientists to present the latest developments in the field. This timely publication addresses practical scenarios of bio-fortified food production and climate change. The book focuses on the methods, techniques, and environmental changes used to enhance and improve agricultural products. This book is one of the first to provide information on the use of modern biotechnologies to modify crops for health benefits. It also examines the mechanisms of the plant responses to genetically induced biofortification, the production and responses of fortified plants under climate change, and their effects on food security. The book will be useful for students and researchers, especially crop scientists, environmental scientists, biotechnologists, botanists, and agronomists, to understand the techniques and mechanisms of biofortification, and responses of biofortified plants under climate change.

This highly illustrated volume is a compendium of evidence and examples of change on Heard Island, a World Heritage Site near Antarctica and one of the most remote places on earth. Drawing on records from the past two centuries, as well as his own expeditions to the island in 1997 and 2016, the author provides visual evidence for the changes wrought by climate change, erosion, and environmental policy. Various phenomena not previously observed on Heard Island are documented, such as fluid dynamic instabilities and the destruction of the seawalls of a major lagoon. Based on the past, the author makes predictions about Heard Island for specific years in the future: 2031 (decade), 2051 (tricade), 2121 (century), 3021 (millennium), and 1,002,021 (millionium). The book serves as an important link between the past and future of Heard Island.

This book evaluates the past, present, and future habitat suitability of giant pandas based on spatial observation technology involving optical remote sensing, microwave remote sensing, and LiDAR to discover the mysterious ecological environment of giant panda habitat. Considering the problems faced by the world natural heritage site protection, it takes the world natural heritage site “Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries – Wolong, Mt Siguniang and Jiajin Mountains” as the research area, exemplifies systematically the various techniques and methodologies of spatial information technology for monitoring, evaluation, and prediction of rare and endangered species habitats, and provides scientific suggestions for sustainable development of giant panda habitat based on a series of comprehensive case analysis at Wolong national nature reserve and Ya'an prefecture, Sichuan province, China. The book serves both as a textbook in the field of natural heritage protection, remote sensing, and GIS application, as well as a reference for managing natural heritage sites.

This book deals with every aspect of oceanography in detail including various aspects of physical, chemical, geological, and biological discourse. ‘Earth and Planetary Science'is perhaps the oldest, dynamic, and ever-evolving subject. Oceanography is one of its domains, which has become important in the present date, given the ubiquitous and undeniable climate change that we are experiencing. The subject domain of oceanography encompasses several environmental issues, which need serious attention from the present scientific community. Despite the ocean's significant role in the collective well-being of the human race, a multitude of anthropogenic activities has drastically polluted and degraded several crucial oceanic ecosystems within a short span. This book aims to present a concise yet succinct introduction to Oceanography as a subject and at the same time highlight the cutting-edge topics of research encompassing marine pollution, coastal processes, and many other associated phenomena. Oceanography is an interdisciplinary emerging subject and students all over the world who come from varied disciplines are pursuing it as higher studies. Long sections are devoted to ocean–atmosphere interaction, tides, waves, and related coastal processes. The book represents a comprehensive idea of human activities bestowing the ocean with particular reference to Indian examples. This book helps to understand marine pollution and the behavior of oil, plastic, and other agents in the light of real-world examples and empirical models. Harnessing electricity from waves and tides is a technological advancement in the field of unconventional energy. The vast resources of the ocean like oil, mineral, methane hydrate, and their proper estimation and exploitation is the topic of discussion in the third part of the book. This book is designated to meet the essential needs of the students studying oceanography and marine science. It may be helpful to professional oceanographers also.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the relationship between pantheism and ecology, particularly considering different cultural approaches and diverse religious, theological, and philosophical traditions. Environmental ethics arises from the dangerousness and harmfulness of human beings with respect to nonhuman species and, more generally, with respect to the environment. A common starting point for environmental ethics standpoints is that human beings are responsible for damaging nature. The famous four laws of ecology drafted by Barry Commoner precisely express this guilt on the part of human beings, who very often voluntarily violate the behavioral indications that emerge from nature itself. These aspects concern environmental ethics outlooks. Eco-theology, then, takes a further step: not only do we damage the ecosystem but also, as many authors suggest, when we humans destroy the natural world, we are wounding God. Such an idea implies a possible coincidence of God with the natural world –or the ecosystem. From this assumption, different questions may emerge: what is the kind of coincidence between God and the natural world? Are God and the ecosystem coextensive? If so, are we re-sacralizing the natural world and grounding intrinsic values in theological postulates and statements? These questions lead us to reconsider the cosmological assumptions that ground our environmental judgements, from theology to different religious traditions and cultures to philosophical worldviews. In particular, we will focus on the cosmological assumptions of pantheism (considering its differences with panentheism), discussing the symmetrical (or asymmetrical) relationships between God and the finite ways in which God manifests Godself.In this regard, the book is divided into three main parts: in the first part, the question of pantheism is approached from different traditions and with a special focus on the main thinkers in the history of thought, from Greek Stoicism to the present day. In the second part, some current ecological concerns are considered in relation to pantheistic cosmology: the authors will deepen issues from the discussion of the different “pan-conceptions” to the problem of evil, to Anthropocene. Finally, in the third part, the different chapters will focus on ethical issues in the field of the current environmental crisis with a huge connection with the pantheistic cosmologies. This book is oriented to a wide public, interested in environmental issues and looking for an approach from different cultures and traditions. Evidently, due to its “academic” nature, this book is also intended to be a great support for researchers interested in eco-theology and, more specifically, in the relationship between pantheism and ecology.It is not, in this sense, a “classic” book on environmental ethics, but a book that delves into the fundamentals of environmental philosophy, privileging the Ibero-American approach.

Ist frische Luft ein Mythos? In diesem Werk durchstreift der Autor die Lebensräume des Menschen und bietet Einblicke in die jeweils anzutreffenden Luftqualitäten. Aerosole steigen nicht von allein in die Luft auf. Die Partikel lösen sich aus dem festen oder flüssigen Verband. In der Luft kommen alle flugfähigen Masseteilchen miteinander in Kontakt – als ein anschauliches Beispiel dient dem Leser die Entstehung von Wassertropfen. Jede Luftschicht der Atmosphäre wirkt unterschiedlich auf die Atemluft ein und der Wind spielt dabei seine ganz eigene Rolle. Einerseits ist er Verteiler von Schadstoffen, und andererseits Garant frischer Luft am Erdboden. Die Verschmutzung der Luft ruft den Gesetzgeber auf den Plan. Wir erleben derzeit eine rasante Entwicklung von der Aufhebung der Zünfte bis zur Klimadiskussion.Große Relevanz für die Gesundheit besitzt die Schnittstelle zwischen Luft und Mensch: die Atemwege. Deren Schleimhäute stehen im Zentrum unserer Immunabwehr, und müssen einen „Etagenwechsel“ von Infektionen der oberen Atemwege in untere Lungenabschnitte verhindern. Diese und viele weitere spannende Zusammenhänge und Themen im breiten Spektrum zwischen Meteorologie und Atemwegserkrankungen werden anschaulich, gut zugänglich und anhand praktischer Beispiele abgehandelt, um sich eine sichere Plattform zur Beurteilung der Flut von Umweltnachrichten zu schaffen.

This book studies human settlements in China in terms of Human Settlements Trialism in 5 typical human settlement types: river valleys, water networks, hills, plains, and arid areas. Focusing on 3 elements of Trialism—(1) natural and constructed environments, resources, and visual landscapes in human settlements background; (2) survival strategies, customs, culture, and values in human settlements activity; and (3) the layout of time and space as well as the planning and design of the urban, the country, and the wilderness in human settlements construction—the book analyzes the evolution of human settlements and predicts future trends. Presenting academic researchers and graduate students in various fields with insights from landscape architecture, urban planning, architecture, geography, forestry, art, and psychology, the study discusses the principles of interactive physiological thinking and systematically theoretical philosophy related to professional physiology, planning and design principles, and traditional and modern methods and technologies in urban and rural construction. The innovative multi-discipline study promotes the planning and design of 5 types of human settlement, which is helpful to the judgment of value, activity rule, and living style of human settlements, and also discusses the development of human settlements in the new millennium.

The book covers the chemistry of various nanosponges, as well as the methods for synthesizing them and altering them chemically, as well as their characterization and uses in environmental remediation. Sensors, adaptable materials for oil clean-up in the sea, the removal of dangerous organic and inorganic pollutants from wastewater, the adsorption of various poisonous and greenhouse gases from the air, and more are just a few of the environmental uses for nanosponges. This book aims to provide broad coverage of recent research progress or up-to-date knowledge addressing various aspects in this field. With this book, we aim to provide the readers with the opportunity to learn about different facets of environmental remediation using nanosponges. Thus, this book scrutinizes the state-of-the-art research and discovery in the use of nanosponges in environmental applications, highlighting the scope to which these novel materials have been incorporated by the community. Beyond bestowing asummary of recent research by major groups in the field, the book presents the approaches behind recent developments, providing a long-lasting situation for experienced researchers and novices in the field. This book also emphasizes the challenges with previous signs of progress and way for further research, details relating to the current pioneering technology, and future perspectives with a multidisciplinary approach. Furthermore, it presents up-to-date information on the economics, toxicity, and regulations related to these novel materials. This book is of interest to those in environmental science and applications, particularly graduate students, young faculty, and others exploring nanosponges.

This contributed volume brings out a comprehensive collection of information on environmental toxicology, its impact on living organisms in general and human health in particular. The main focus of this book is to address human health issues and risk assessment. Toxicological studies help in understanding the impact of harmful substances including both natural and synthetic chemicals on organisms and their environment. Contributions in the title include both laboratory and field based studies with a focus on human health. Moreover, day by day, there is an increase in the range of chemicals from pharmaceutical and other industries, agricultural runoffs, medicine, and many other sources which continuously contribute to the earth's chemical load. Almost all the countries are facing great difficulties in responding to the crucial and immediate need for effective management of such contaminants. The title compiles studies in regards to environmental toxicology and itseffect on human health. This book provides critical information and knowledge that can be used by regulatory agencies, decision-makers, policy makers, graduate and post-graduate students, researchers, environmental toxicologists, etc, and others to put programs and policies in place to limit our exposures to these substances thereby preventing or reducing the likelihood that a disease or other negative health outcomes would occur.

This book suggests sustainable economy from the viewpoint of tourism fostering low carbon footprint. Focussed on conserving heritage, culture and endemic biota of a crucial biodiversity hotspot of the world, the book discusses the impact of a large population, fast-paced development and excessive consumption of earth resources by tourism in a developing economy. The book (i) assesses the impact of overexploitation of earth resources on environmental components such as air, water, land and people, (ii) examines the sustainability of tourism on the physical, economic and socio-cultural environment including human lifestyles, (iii) presents the potential of tourism in promoting sustainable development, poverty alleviation and conservation of nature and (iv) formulates recommendations for tourism, fostering sustainable development in Goa, India. The book offers students, researchers, academics and professionals a comprehensive discourse integrating geological and societal perspectives on core issues. It generates critical thinking on the complex issue of sustainable tourism by providing in-depth perspective on peoples of different hues and their role in safeguarding the future of this unique region.

Architecture has played a very important role in colonization of the society and the earth, and today we have the urgent task to crack the theory and practice of this same Architecture. We can achieve this only by working collectively towards reframing concepts that has been at the centre of a dominant universalist western knowledge creation. Rethinking and reframing the ideals of community, participation, commons, agency, design, and land, this book puts forward a collective effort to shift the centre of architectural thinking and practice, and create as many ways possible to understand our role as architects today. We acknowledge unrecognized practices by bringing back everyday-life experiences, different paths and forms of knowledge production and storytelling that inform our understanding of architecture. The book is part of a series of six volumes that explore the agency of the built environment in relation to the SDGs through new research conductedby leading researchers. The series is led by editors Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen and Martin Tamke in collaboration with the theme editors: - Design for Climate Adaptation: Billie Faircloth and Maibritt Pedersen Zari - Design for Rethinking Resources: Carlo Ratti and Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen (Eds.) - Design for Resilient Communities: Anna Rubbo and Juan Du (Eds.) - Design for Health: Arif Hasan and Christian Benimana (Eds.) - Design for Inclusivity: Magda Mostafa and Ruth Baumeister (Eds.) - Design for Partnerships for Change: Sandi Hilal and Merve Bedir (Eds.)

A completely revised and updated new edition of this successful book focused on urban policy innovations that promote the application of blue-green infrastructure in managing water resources sustainably. Since the first edition published, nature-based solutions in general and blue-green infrastructure, in particular, have become a more recognised solution to various societal challenges, including mitigating climatic extremes in cities while restoring the natural environment and enhancing biodiversity. This new edition provides updated research on urban policy innovations that promote the application of BGI in managing water resources sustainably. In particular, the book contains case studies that illustrate how cities of differing climates, lifestyles and income levels have implemented policy innovations that promote the application of BGI in managing water, wastewater and stormwater sustainably to enhance resilience to climate change and reduce environmental degradation. The seven case studies are leading cities that have implemented various fiscal and non-fiscal policy tools to encourage the implementation of BGI on both public and private property to reduce stormwater runoff volumes, enhance the health of waterways, enhance resilience to climate change and meet regulatory requirements.

This book will address the importance of the soil management concept, vis-à-vis chemical fertilizer use on soil. Historically, soil testing has been used to quantify bio availability of plant nutrients to field grown crops. However, contemporary soil tests are based on philosophies and procedures developed several decades ago without significant changes in their general approach. For a soil test to be accurate, one needs to clearly understand the physico-chemico-physiologic processes at the soil-plant root interface, and, an understanding of soils and plant root systems as polycationic systems is essential. It is this knowledge that leads to sound prescriptive soil management practices inasmuch as nutrient bioavailability vis-à-vis chemical fertilizers application is concerned, because, of all the factors that govern sustainability of crop production, the nutrient factor is the most important, yet, it is also the least resilient to effective management. The author's research spanning over three decades in Europe, Africa and Asia, establishes the fact that precise quantification of the nutrient's “buffer power” holds the key to a clear understanding of the plant bioavailability of some of the most important plant nutrients in crop production, such as, phosphorus, potassium and zinc. “The Nutrient Buffer Power Concept” attempts to clearly explain the bio availability of the three plant nutrients named above on the basis of the diffusion model, as that is the process by which these three important principal plant nutrients are absorbed from the soil by the plant root. Possibly, other plant nutrients which are taken up by the plant roots by the same diffusive model, would also conform to the principles of the concept. A thorough knowledge of thermodynamic principles on the part of the researcher is an absolute pre requisite for this. The book chronicles more than three decades of the professional journey of the author in Europe, Africa and Asia, understanding soil for human sustenance, and developing the revolutionary soil management concept, now globally known as,'The Nutrient Buffer Power Concept', which has brought the author a string of international recognitions, including the nomination for the'Alternative Nobel Prize'(The Right Livelihood Award),of Sweden, and succour to millions to poor and marginal farmers across Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Studies on South Asia are an emerging interdisciplinary field, this volume expands on the currently limited literature available on South Asia and focuses on the regions environmental, climatic and natural resource base by looking at case studies from Nepal, India and Bangladesh. The book contains twelve chapters which deal with various environmental challenges, such as the impacts of climate change on floods and droughts, population structure and regeneration dynamics of dominant treeline species, environmental changes and rural livelihoods, and change analysis and impacts of hard coastal structures. Apart from the various thematic areas and diversity of geographical coverage, most of the studies also demonstrate the application of geospatial techniques for the collection of environmental data, and the use of GIS for spatial analysis of the data. The specific application of geospatial techniques and methods includes NDVI, NDWI, NDBI, SMI, SPOT-VGT NDVI, environmental flow, distribution and trend estimation of tropospheric formaldehyde, vegetation sensitivity to climate change, variability of tropospheric ozone, and geo-environmental problems. The contributors are seasoned researchers currently engaged in academic and research activities, and work at universities in USA, India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Japan.

This book is the first to give a comprehensive and detailed overview of the complete physical geography of Georgia in English. It discusses natural and environmental conditions, hydrology, geomorphology, landscapes, and resources and elaborates issues of environmental protection, natural hazards, resource potentials, tourism and many other topics of this multifaceted country.This volume will appeal to researchers, educators and students in the fields of natural and environmental sciences, geography, geology, regional studies and related areas.

The design of a building can facilitate the process of use and promote the well-being of users if it meets their needs. Knowledge of user needs and processes of use is important for a good design. However, it is not self-evident what these user needs really are, how user needs and processes of use can be researched, and how that knowledge can be used in a design. This book introduces an integrated methodology for the analysis of user needs, programming and evaluation that answers these questions. The purpose is to improve the interaction between the users and their environment and to avoid failure costs by facilitating proper design decisions. The theoretical perspective and the conceptual framework originate from environmental psychology, more specifically P-E fit theory. The target group consists of those who are interested in creating environments for people (designers, users, real estate managers; students and scientific staff). Designers are a special audience for whom the bookcan be a guide to working for and with users. The theoretical perspective and the conceptual framework can also be relevant for scientific research into the interaction between users and buildings.

El Niño can have drastic effects on livelihoods in affected regions. As the climate changes, there will also be changes in El Nino behavior and therefor in its impacts around the globe on human activities such as agriculture, water resources and weather extremes. The country-specific studies covered in this book are undertaken by experts on climate, water and weather-related fields in the countries being studied. Furthermore, aspects from other disciplines, for example from social sciences have been drawn upon in order to cover crosscutting themes which are identified: depicting similarities and differences in responses to El Nino's impacts such as drought, floods, famines, health-related issues and the like.

This book provides a comprehensive study of the notion of responsibility in environmental governance. It starts with the observation that, although the rhetoric of responsibility is indeed all-pervasive in environmental and sustainability-related fields, decisive political action is still lacking. Governance architectures increasingly strive to hold different stakeholders responsible by installing accountability and transparency mechanisms to manage environmental problems, yet the structural background conditions affecting these issues continue to generate unevenly distributed, socially unjust, and ecologically devastating consequences. Responsibility in Environmental Governance develops the concept of responsibility as an analytical approach to map and understand these dynamics and to situate diverse meanings of responsibility within larger socio-political contexts. It applies this approach to the study of food waste governance, uncovering a narrow governance focus on accountability, optimization, and consumer behavior change strategies, opening up spaces for organizing more democratic solutions to a truly global problem.

This book focuses on regions for which until now the geomorphology was very poorly studied and relatively unknown. Nevertheless, the landforms and landscapes of the Horn of Africa are highly attractive, diverse and in a few cases unique, since they span very different environments, from highland plateaus and mountains to lowlands (even below sea level) and coastlines with a high degree of diversity and from monsoon to arid climate conditions. The main topics addressed in the book include the links between the geological evolution and the current large scale geomorphology of the Horn of Africa; the large differences between the highlands and lowlands climate, river hydrology and their variation through time within a climate change perspective. This part of the world was home of the very first hominids. The landscape in which they lived and evolved throughout the Pleistocene is described in comparison with the arid and inhospitable, though immensely scenic, environment of today. Perennial and ephemeral rivers with very different morphology, processes, and hydrology drain the area, and, in combination with the past and recent uplift, substantially contributed to provide the region with peculiar landscapes and landforms. Long lasting weathering and erosion processes result in a typical inselberg landscape such as the Bur region, or the currently exposed flatland of old peneplain surfaces. Their changes through time, induced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, are addressed by a couple of case studies. Though the region has few inhabitants, they had to struggle to find their livelihood in a land that offers poor resources. This resulted in landscape change and land degradation. Examples of human impact on the landscape are presented at different scales. This book provides readers interested in geography and geomorphology with essential scientific and educational information on the Landscapes and Landforms of Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia through simple, though scientifically, rigorous texts illustrated with several color maps and photos. One main prerogative of this book is therefore to give an insight into a region of the world where, for geographical and historical constraints, geomorphological investigation was very limited, thus enriching its intrinsic informative value.

This unique book focuses on environmental degradation in Asian countries including land degradation and soil erosion. The land degradation covers assessing environmental degradation using geospatial technology, land use land cover mapping, environmental and anthropogenic degradation, assessment of land degradation vulnerability, evaluation of the impact of earthquake and the environmental control of the sand dunes. It also addresses the soil degradation and environmental pollution and presents several case studies such as tectonic activity and erosion, assessment of aircraft sound, soil degradation assessment for the arid territories, soil pollution, waste engine oil contamination, soil degradation, soil erosion modelling, land use and land cover change and its effect on soil erosion changes. Additionally, the book discusses the impact of climate change, and human activities including urban environmental quality, air pollution and the impact of armed conflict on theenvironment. Moreover, topics such as vegetation degradation including forest changes, hydrological and agricultural drought are presented. The book includes authors and scientists from Egypt, Iraq, Iran, India, Mongolia, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Republic of Kazakhstan, USA, Turkey, South Africa, Italy, China, Malaysia, Poland and Russia. Graduate students, researchers, engineers, policy planners, policymakers and stockholders could benefit from the information and the knowledge in this book.

Die Autorin analysiert die gesellschaftlichen Auseinandersetzungen um den frühen Implementierungsversuch einer Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologie. Diese Maßnahmen sind vom Weltklimarat als ein Baustein zur Eindämmung des Klimawandels anerkannt. Die EU setzte eine solche Technologie, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), bereits im Jahr 2009 auf die politische Agenda der Mitgliedstaaten. Die Arbeit untersucht die restriktive Regulierung der Kohlendioxidabscheidung und –speicherung in Deutschland, die im journalistisch-öffentlichen Diskurs auch als gescheitert dargestellt wird. Statt die (fehlende) öffentliche Akzeptanz von CCS zu erklären, untersucht die Arbeit die gesellschaftliche Politisierung des Technologie-Sets. Auf der Grundlage von Theorieansätzen der Science and Technology Studies werden die Deutungsrahmen von Interessengruppen auf Bundesebene analysiert. Die Inhaltsanalyse, der öffentlichen Dokumente von Gesellschaftsakteuren im Kontext des Gesetzgebungsverfahrens (2009-2012), zeigt die Verknüpfung von Carbon Capture and Storage und bestehenden soziotechnischen Systemen sowie deren gesellschaftspolitische Kontexte. Die qualitative Analyse behandelt ein vergangenes Beispiel einer umstrittenen technologischen Intervention. Dies ist zugleich zukunftsweisend, da nachträgliche Methoden der CO2-Entnahme aktuell im Zusammenhang von sog. unvermeidbaren Restemissionen erneut diskutiert werden.

Der Zusammenhang zwischen liberaler Demokratie als Staats- und Lebensform, politischer und ökologischer Bildung und einer angemessenen Einrichtung und Neuausrichtung menschlicher Naturverhältnisse im Lichte des Klimawandels ist nicht zuletzt auf Grund der Bewegung „Fridays for Future“ ein Thema, das in der aktuellen öffentlichen Selbstverständigung dauerpräsent ist. Zugleich ist dieser Konnex mit Grundsatzfragen verbunden, die das Selbstverständnis liberaler Demokratien und ihrer Erziehungs- und Bildungssysteme in ihrem normativen Kern betreffen. In dem Band werden unterschiedliche miteinander verschränkte Problemdimensionen des Zusammenhangs zwischen Bildung, Demokratie und Klimawandel theoretisch und empirisch rekonstruiert, analysiert und diskutiert.

This book provides a cross-sectoral, multi-disciplinary assessment of different problems associated with estuarine acidification with special thrust on mangrove dominated Indian Sundarban estuaries. The arms of ocean acidification have extended to coastal and estuarine waters, where a wide spectrum of biodiversity thrives with unique adaptation extending several ecosystem services. Impact of acidification in these areas is a matter of concern as acidification potentially has more immediate effects on the health of estuaries and inshore regions as well as regional economies. Ground zero data collected for more than three decades have made the book stand on a strong base.

Worldwide demand for sand and gravel is increasing daily, as the need for these materials continues to rise, for example in the construction sector, in land filling and for transportation sector based infrastructural projects. This results in over-extraction of sand from channel beds, and hampers the natural renewal of sediment, geological setup and morphological processes of the riverine system. In India, illegal sand mining (of alluvial channels) and gravel mining (of perennial channels) are two anthropogenic issues that negatively affect the sustainable drainage system. Along the Kangsabati River in India, the consequences of sand mining are very serious. The construction of Mukutmonipur Dam (1958) on the river causes huge sediment deposition along the middle and downstream areas, these same areas are also intensely mined for sand (instream and on the flood plain). Geospatial models are applied in order to better understand the state and the resilience of stream hydraulics, morphological and river ecosystem variables during pre-mining and post-mining stages, using micro-level datasets of the Kangsabati River. The book also includes practicable measures to minimize the environmental consequences of instream mining in respect to optimum sand mining. It discusses the threshold limits of each variable in stream hydraulics, morphological and river ecological regime, and also discusses the most affected variables. Consequently, all outputs will be very useful for students, researchers, academicians, decision makers and practitioners and will facilitate applying these techniques to create models for other river basins.

This book features a comprehensive analysis of the development of shale gas resources in China, with a focus on the potential environmental impacts that may result. China has the world's largest shale gas resources, which it is keen to develop to alleviate air pollution and successfully transition to a low-carbon energy future. However, one significant obstacle standing between the ambition and reality is the potentially serious environmental impacts of shale gas production. This book offers a systematic assessment of these potential impacts, including the risk of water contamination, ecological disruption due to the huge consumption of water and methane leakage. It presents valuable first-hand data collected from the authors'fieldwork in Sichuan and Chongqing and the latest information on China's current shale gas operations and also includes a set of models and methods developed to quantify the impacts. It allows readers to gain a deeper understanding of environmental regulatory management systems regarding shale gas production in China by examining whether the existing monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) systems and environmental regulations can effectively prevent adverse impacts from shale gas production. Providing a detailed study of shale gas development in China based on an unprecedented primary dataset, the book is a valuable resource for scholars, engineers and students who are interested in the energy development and environmental risks.

Globale Klimaveränderung und Klimakollaps sind in Medien und Gesellschaft ein inzwischen viel beachtetes Thema geworden. Der Zusammenbruch alter Hochkulturen wird dabei in Verbindung mit plötzlichen Klimaveränderungen gebracht. Anhand neuester Forschungsergebnisse gibt das Buch Antworten auf die Rolle von Klimaveränderung für den Kollaps alter Hochkulturen zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten und Kontinenten – von Mesopotamien bis nach Grönland. Dabei erfolgt eine Zusammenschau von archäologischen und paläoklimatischen Erkenntnissen unter Berücksichtigung der damaligen ökonomischen, politischen und religiös-kulturellen Verhältnisse. Der Geograph Gerhard Gerold legt mit diesem Buch eine detaillierte Analyse der schon in historischer Zeit bestehenden komplexen Vernetzung kulturgeschichtlicher und umweltökologischer Bedingungen vor, die für unsere heutige globalisierte Welt eine große Aktualität besitzen. Das Buch bietet zahlreiche Beispiele für den Vergleich damaliger und heutiger Umweltkrisen. Der Autor: Gerhard Gerold gehört als Mitglied der Nationalen Akademie der Wissenschaften Leopoldina zu den Wissenschaftlern, die sich schon seit den 80er Jahren mit Themen der Umweltzerstörung in den Tropen beschäftigt haben. Der Zusammenbruch früher Hochkulturen in Verbindung mit regionalen Klimaänderungen faszinierten ihn im Rahmen seiner umfangreichen geoökologischen Forschungsarbeiten.

This book is highly informative and carefully presented, providing scientific insights into the flood resources utilization in the Yangtze River Basin both for scholars and decision-makers. The book is for the purpose of analyzing the potential utilization of flood resources in the Yangtze River Basin and exploring effective ways to put forward the countermeasures against the risks. Major objectives of this book include: (1) revealing the characteristics of the inflow and the sediment variation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, quantitatively evaluating the potential utilization of the flood resources in the Yangtze River and demonstrating the feasibility of its utilization in the Basin; (2) proposing the necessity and feasibility of utilizing the flood resources by the Three Gorges Project; (3) shedding new light on the characteristics of the flood resources, presenting different methods of flood resources utilization in different regions over the Basin and raising the overall risk-optimized strategies of the flood resources utilization in the Yangtze River; (4) analyzing the risk of flood resources utilization for the Three Gorges Project regarding flood control, sediment, ecology, etc., and putting forward the risk-optimized countermeasures of flood resources utilization for the Three Gorges Project.