Search

Research demonstrates that in women at different ages and with or without children the developmental-cycle regulates the 'biological clock' for childbearing. Subjects who do not achieve the goal within the developmental deadline are better off in resorting to goal disengagement and self-protection.

Ginsburg, Rogers, and Maslow, humanistic theorists, have maintained that the self is an emergent characteristic of one's biological makeup. The relationship between physical self-efficacy as an appraisal of subjective biology and self-actualization was examined in a sample of 160 black and white participants. An r of .46 supports the association of subjective biology and self-actualization. Whereas there were no gender or racial differences in scores on self-actualization, men scored higher on physical self-efficacy and subscales of perceived physical ability and perceived self-presentation confidence.

Developments in neuroscience underscore the fact that biology, especially physiology, affects the psychological features and the personality. However, Americans believing in the predominance of social experiences in formulating behavior have resisted this idea. The link between biology and behavior is limited, and new scientists' overemphasis of the impact of biology on behavior can be misleading. Research has proved that two psychological features, high, reactive and shy, and relaxed and sociable have physiological connections.