16 results on '"Human Biogeography"'
Search Results
2. Reconstructing colonization dynamics to establish how human activities transformed island biodiversity
- Author
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Sean Tomlinson, Mark V. Lomolino, Atholl Anderson, Jeremy J. Austin, Stuart C. Brown, Sean Haythorne, George L. W. Perry, Janet M. Wilmshurst, Jamie R. Wood, and Damien A. Fordham
- Subjects
Island biodiversity loss ,Human biogeography ,Human migration ,Process-based model ,Pacific ,Spatially explicit population model ,Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract Drivers and dynamics of initial human migrations across individual islands and archipelagos are poorly understood, hampering assessments of subsequent modification of island biodiversity. We developed and tested a new statistical-simulation approach for reconstructing the pattern and pace of human migration across islands at high spatiotemporal resolutions. Using Polynesian colonisation of New Zealand as an example, we show that process-explicit models, informed by archaeological records and spatiotemporal reconstructions of past climates and environments, can provide new and important insights into the patterns and mechanisms of arrival and establishment of people on islands. We find that colonisation of New Zealand required there to have been a single founding population of approximately 500 people, arriving between 1233 and 1257 AD, settling multiple areas, and expanding rapidly over both North and South Islands. These verified spatiotemporal reconstructions of colonisation dynamics provide new opportunities to explore more extensively the potential ecological impacts of human colonisation on New Zealand’s native biota and ecosystems.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Reconstructing colonization dynamics to establish how human activities transformed island biodiversity.
- Author
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Tomlinson, Sean, Lomolino, Mark V., Anderson, Atholl, Austin, Jeremy J., Brown, Stuart C., Haythorne, Sean, Perry, George L. W., Wilmshurst, Janet M., Wood, Jamie R., and Fordham, Damien A.
- Subjects
- *
COLONIZATION (Ecology) , *HUMAN migration patterns , *HUMAN migrations , *ISLANDS , *ECOLOGICAL impact , *ECOSYSTEMS , *BIODIVERSITY - Abstract
Drivers and dynamics of initial human migrations across individual islands and archipelagos are poorly understood, hampering assessments of subsequent modification of island biodiversity. We developed and tested a new statistical-simulation approach for reconstructing the pattern and pace of human migration across islands at high spatiotemporal resolutions. Using Polynesian colonisation of New Zealand as an example, we show that process-explicit models, informed by archaeological records and spatiotemporal reconstructions of past climates and environments, can provide new and important insights into the patterns and mechanisms of arrival and establishment of people on islands. We find that colonisation of New Zealand required there to have been a single founding population of approximately 500 people, arriving between 1233 and 1257 AD, settling multiple areas, and expanding rapidly over both North and South Islands. These verified spatiotemporal reconstructions of colonisation dynamics provide new opportunities to explore more extensively the potential ecological impacts of human colonisation on New Zealand's native biota and ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Root problems in human variation
- Author
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Gellis, Jason and Foley, Robert
- Subjects
Human evolution ,Dental anthropology ,Human biogeography ,Phenotypic variation ,Machine learning - Abstract
This dissertation is an investigation of post-canine tooth root morphology in a global sample of modern humans. Tooth roots are variable in number, shape and orientation, and internal canal form and number do not necessarily covary with external morphology. However, this variation is poorly understood in anthropological and biological contexts. This is, in part, due to the inaccessibility of tooth roots for metric and morphological assessment. Early studies relied on x-rays, which are problematic when visualizing root structures, which are often curved or layered one on top of another. Computed tomography (CT) allows for clear visualization of tooth roots, and has revealed a previously unknown, complex combination of external and internal morphologies. Using CT scans from a global sample of humans (n = 945) a novel phenotype system is developed comprised of five elements: Root presence/absence (E1), canal root presence/absence (E2), canal location (E3), external root morphology (E4), and canal morphology and configuration (E5). Together, these five elements capture the external and internal morphology of the tooth root complex and are used to carry out four objectives: (1) to test and describe patterns of variation and divergence between root and canal number in individual teeth and between populations; (2) to develop a predictive model of tooth root morphology based on canal count and configuration; (3) to identify and define the total tooth root phenotypic set of the human sample; (4) to investigate if and how the total phenotypic set can delineate and define geographic and population structure in our sample. Novel statistical approaches are developed and used to ascertain complex patterning. Results indicate that there are clear differences between patterns of root to canal number both within and between teeth of the maxilla and mandible, and that these patterns are different between populations; that root canal number and orientation are powerful predictors of external root morphology; that the combined phenotype elements capture variation within and between populations; and that the combined phenotype elements can accurately identify and delineate population substructures. These findings are discussed in terms of evolutionary and developmental biology and biomechanics, and population structure and diversity.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Network Models and the Past: Relational Thinking and Contingency Analysis
- Author
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Terrell, John Edward, Brughmans, Tom, book editor, Mills, Barbara J., book editor, Munson, Jessica, book editor, and Peeples, Matthew A., book editor
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Bioavailable Strontium in the Southern Andes (Argentina and Chile): A Tool for Tracking Human and Animal Movement.
- Author
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Barberena, Ramiro, Tessone, Augusto, Cagnoni, Mariana, Gasco, Alejandra, Durán, Víctor, Winocur, Diego, Benítez, Anahí, Lucero, Gustavo, Trillas, Darío, Zonana, Inés, Novellino, Paula, Fernández, Mauricio, Bavio, Marta A., Zubillaga, Erica, and Gautier, Eduardo A.
- Subjects
ANIMAL tracks ,ANIMAL mechanics ,HUMAN mechanics ,STRONTIUM ,HOME range (Animal geography) - Abstract
Strontium isotopes allow tracking the scale and pattern of movements of people and animals. With the ultimate goal of reconstructing human mobility in the southern Andes (Argentina and Chile), we present isotopic values for rodent samples selected from the main geological units, thus contributing to building a macro-regional framework of bioavailable strontium. The results show an important variation between geological units with little isotopic overlap between the young western Principal Cordillera (0.70393 ± 0.0005), Eastern Principal Cordillera (0.70563 ± 0.0001), Frontal Cordillera (0.70670 ± 0.00087), and the old Precordillera (0.70946 ± 0.00073) east of the Andes. This substantiates the potential of this approach for archaeological and paleoecological analyses in the southern Andes. We also present the first set of isotopic results for wild and domesticated camelids from the southern Andes, suggesting that home ranges were similar. We reconsider published results for human samples from the last 2000 years in Mendoza Province (Argentina), a period characterised by intense socio-economic change. The observed pattern suggests little systematic human mobility between geological regions across the Andes. While this may not necessarily indicate low mobility, it clearly goes against scenarios of high residential mobility, as suggested on the basis of other isotope systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Drivers of global variation in land ownership.
- Author
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Kavanagh, Patrick H., Haynie, Hannah J., Kushnick, Geoff, Vilela, Bruno, Tuff, Ty, Bowern, Claire, Low, Bobbi S., Ember, Carol R., Kirby, Kathryn R., Botero, Carlos A., and Gavin, Michael C.
- Subjects
- *
LAND tenure , *NATURAL resources management , *CULTURAL transmission , *LANDFORMS , *HOME ownership - Abstract
Land ownership shapes natural resource management and social–ecological resilience, but the factors determining ownership norms in human societies remain unclear. Here we conduct a global empirical test of long‐standing theories from ecology, economics and anthropology regarding potential drivers of land ownership and territoriality. Prior theory suggests that resource defensibility, subsistence strategies, population pressure, political complexity and cultural transmission mechanisms may all influence land ownership. We applied multi‐model inference procedures based on logistic regression to cultural and environmental data from 102 societies, 71 with some form of land ownership and 31 with no land ownership. We found an increased probability of land ownership in mountainous environments, where patchy resources may be more cost effective to defend via ownership. We also uncovered support for the role of population pressure, with a greater probability of land ownership in societies living at higher population densities. Our results also show more land ownership when neighboring societies also practiced ownership. We found less support for variables associated with subsistence strategies and political complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Arqueología y Biogeografía humana en el lago Nahuel Huapi: evaluando el rol del ambiente boscoso-lacustre norpatagónico y su vinculación con la estepa.
- Author
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Scartascini, Federico L., Emmanuel Vargas, F., and Gavuzzo, Alhue Bay
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FRAGMENTED landscapes ,COLOR in design ,TOPOGRAPHY ,SOUND recordings ,STEPPES ,ECOCRITICISM - Abstract
Copyright of Revista del Museo de Antropología is the property of Museo de Antropologia - IDACOR and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Biogeografía Humana y Tendencia Demográfica en el Monte Nordpatagónico. Una aproximación arqueológica desde El Corcovo (SE de Mendoza).
- Author
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Gil, Adolfo F., Sugrañes, Nuria, Acevedo, Agustín, Neme, Gustavo, Salgán, Laura, Giardina, Miguel, Tucker, Hugo, Fiore, Danae, Seitz, Viviana P., de la Paz Pompei, María, and Ayala, Miriam I.
- Abstract
Copyright of Revista del Museo de Antropología is the property of Museo de Antropologia - IDACOR and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Root Problems in Human Variation
- Author
-
Gellis, Jason
- Subjects
Human biogeography ,Machine learning ,Dental anthropology ,Phenotypic variation ,Human evolution - Abstract
This dissertation is an investigation of post-canine tooth root morphology in a global sample of modern humans. Tooth roots are variable in number, shape and orientation, and internal canal form and number do not necessarily covary with external morphology. However, this variation is poorly understood in anthropological and biological contexts. This is, in part, due to the inaccessibility of tooth roots for metric and morphological assessment. Early studies relied on x-rays, which are problematic when visualizing root structures, which are often curved or layered one on top of another. Computed tomography (CT) allows for clear visualization of tooth roots, and has revealed a previously unknown, complex combination of external and internal morphologies. Using CT scans from a global sample of humans (n = 945) a novel phenotype system is developed comprised of five elements: Root presence/absence (E1), canal root presence/absence (E2), canal location (E3), external root morphology (E4), and canal morphology and configuration (E5). Together, these five elements capture the external and internal morphology of the tooth root complex and are used to carry out four objectives: (1) to test and describe patterns of variation and divergence between root and canal number in individual teeth and between populations; (2) to develop a predictive model of tooth root morphology based on canal count and configuration; (3) to identify and define the total tooth root phenotypic set of the human sample; (4) to investigate if and how the total phenotypic set can delineate and define geographic and population structure in our sample. Novel statistical approaches are developed and used to ascertain complex patterning. Results indicate that there are clear differences between patterns of root to canal number both within and between teeth of the maxilla and mandible, and that these patterns are different between populations; that root canal number and orientation are powerful predictors of external root morphology; that the combined phenotype elements capture variation within and between populations; and that the combined phenotype elements can accurately identify and delineate population substructures. These findings are discussed in terms of evolutionary and developmental biology and biomechanics, and population structure and diversity., The State of California, USA
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. ESPACIOS INTERNODALES EN PATAGONIA SEPTENTRIONAL: BIOGEOGRAFÍA, INFORMACIÓN Y MECANISMOS SOCIALES DE INTERACCIÓN.
- Author
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Barberena, Ramiro, Romero Villanueva, Guadalupe, Lucero, Gustavo, Victoria Fernández, María, Rughini, Agustina A., and Sosa, Paula
- Abstract
Copyright of Estudios Atacameños is the property of Estudios Atacamenos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
12. Biogeografía humana en la cuenca del Río Diamante: información arqueológica y perspectivas.
- Author
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Giardina, Miguel, Otaola, Clara, and Franchetti, Fernando
- Abstract
Copyright of Revista del Museo de Antropología is the property of Museo de Antropologia - IDACOR and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. New estimations of habitable land area and human population size at the Last Glacial Maximum.
- Author
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Gautney, Joanna R. and Holliday, Trenton W.
- Subjects
- *
LAST Glacial Maximum , *POPULATION density , *PLEISTOCENE Epoch , *ARCHAEOLOGICAL excavations , *SEA level , *ARID regions , *ETHNOGRAPHIC analysis - Abstract
The estimation of human population size during the Pleistocene is complex, and one which has been dealt with extensively in the literature. However, because many of these previous estimations are based in part on archaeological site distributions, they are more a reflection of present-day geography than of what the Earth looked like in the past. We address this issue by calculating an estimation of habitable land area during the Last Glacial Maximum (between 22 and 19 kya) when sea level was 120 m lower than today using the polygon creation function in Google Earth. We then subtract areas of land that were likely uninhabitable during the LGM – either due to glacier cover, extreme aridity, elevation, or areas at high latitudes. From this, the combined habitable land areas of Eurasia, Africa and the Australian landmass are estimated as 76,959,712.4 km 2 . This estimation is then coupled with population density data for medium-to large-bodied carnivores, and ethnographic population density data for hunter–gatherers culled from the literature. Total human census population size in the Old World during the Last Glacial Maximum is estimated at 2,117,000–2,955,000 based on carnivore densities and 3,046,000–8,307,000 for hunter–gatherer densities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Negative density–area relationships: the importance of the zeros.
- Author
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Pautasso, Marco and Weisberg, Peter J.
- Subjects
- *
ANIMAL population density , *POPULATION biology , *BIRDS , *MAMMALS , *HABITATS - Abstract
Aim Estimates of abundances and densities of birds and mammals have often been shown to be scale dependent, in that population sizes over large areas are overestimated if extrapolated from surveys of small plots. Previous tests of the mechanisms suggested to cause this decelerating scaling pattern found evidence of a biased choice of small plots in patches of homogeneous habitat. Here we show that negative density–area relationships can also arise as result of not considering plots where individuals of the species or assemblage of interest are absent in surveys of differing spatial resolution. Location We took a complete census of violets ( Viola spp.) in 800 m2 of chalk grassland in Wye, Kent, UK, and used human population censuses for Finnish, Swiss and Italian municipalities, English districts, states of the USA and European countries. Methods We used mixed models of logarithmically transformed number of individuals or densities as a function of area. Results The census of violets shows that by increasing the survey resolution and by not considering plots without individuals, the effectively occupied area diminishes and a negative density–area relationship arises. The finding that negative density–area relationships are also common for people is evidence that the non-random choice of plots in population surveys of varying areas can be responsible for many observed negative density–area relationships. The shallower slope of the people–administrative area relationship for Switzerland and Finland compared with Italy, as well as for England and the USA compared with Europe, confirms that less than proportionate individuals–area relationships can be the consequence of larger plot areas containing a higher proportion of areas without individuals. Main conclusions Densities should be reported together with the effective areas for which they were estimated. It should be clearly conveyed whether or not plots where the surveyed species was absent were included in the density estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. ‘To and fro’ the southern Andean highlands (Argentina and Chile): Archaeometric insights on geographic vectors of mobility
- Author
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Lucía Yebra, Valeria Cortegoso, Gustavo Lucero, Cecilia Frigolé, Ramiro Barberena, Alejandra Gasco, Anahí Benítez, Paula Novellino, Diego Winocur, Kelly J. Knudson, and Víctor Durán
- Subjects
010506 paleontology ,Archeology ,Historia y Arqueología ,060102 archaeology ,06 humanities and the arts ,01 natural sciences ,Archaeology ,Historia ,ANDEAN HIGHLANDS ,HUMANIDADES ,HUMAN BIOGEOGRAPHY ,OBSIDIAN GEOCHEMISTRY ,CERAMIC STYLES ,0601 history and archaeology ,STABLE ISOTOPES AND HUMAN PALEOMOBILITY ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The Andes mountain range is one key physiographic feature of South America with the potential to have acted as a barrier and corridor for human societies. The goal of this paper is to assess from where and how were the highlands utilized during the last 2000 years, which is a key period witnessing the development of productive economies and changes in the organization of mobility. We develop a regional case study focused on the highland wetland Laguna del Diamante (3300 masl), which is a highly productive ecosystem only accessible during summer. This case is based on a multidisciplinary approach combining: a) geochemical characterization of obsidian sources located in the highlands and artifacts; b) isotopic approach to ranges of paleomobility of individuals by means of 87Sr/86Sr; and c) stylistic study of ceramic assemblages. The two main obsidian types from the highlands have restricted and decaying spatial distribution, suggesting that these archaeological distributions track part of human circuits of mobility instead of indirect transport acquisition. Their archaeological distribution is heavily skewed towards the western Andean slope. We present strontium isotope values for four teeth and bone samples from two individuals recovered in the area, which are interpreted in reference to a preliminary baseline of biologically available strontium. We infer that these individuals had ranges of paleomobility systematically connecting the western slope with the highlands. The analysis of the ceramic assemblages shows that most of the diagnostic sherds can be assigned to styles that have distributional cores in the Central Valley of Chile up until the time of Inca presence, while only a minimum portion of the sample can be assigned to distributional cores on the eastern slope. By integrating the patterns in the transport of obsidian and ceramic artifacts and the paleomobility of individuals, we find support for the existence of dominant access to the highlands from the western Andean slope. A GIS-based analysis of the seasonality of precipitation shows that the western slope presents more pronounced and drier summer months, providing a context that contributes to explain these patterns. These results contradict previous interpretations suggesting that the archaeological record from the highlands is more directly tied to human groups inhabiting the eastern lowlands during most of the year. Beyond the geographic debate, this issue has an impact on the subsistence organization of the incoming groups, on the socio-economic role of the highlands, and on the demographic contexts leading to trajectories of economic intensification in both Andean slopes. This research contributes to build a framework for comparative research on human use of highland environments. Fil: Duran, Victor Alberto. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; Argentina Fil: Cortegoso, Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina Fil: Barberena, Ramiro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina Fil: Frigolé, Cecilia Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; Argentina Fil: Novellino, Paula Silvana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; Argentina. Provincia de Mendoza. Ministerio de Turismo y Cultura. Museo de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas "Juan Moyano"; Argentina Fil: Lucero, Gustavo. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina Fil: Yebra, Lucía Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina Fil: Gasco, Alejandra Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina Fil: Winocur, Diego Alejandro. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina Fil: Benítez, Anahí. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina Fil: Knudson, Kelly Jo. Arizona State University; Estados Unidos
- Published
- 2018
16. BIOGEOGRAFÍA HUMANA EN LOS ANDES MERIDIONALES: TENDENCIAS ARQUEOLÓGICAS EN EL SUR DE MENDOZA
- Author
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Neme, Gustavo and Gil, Adolfo
- Subjects
ambientes marginales ,Central West of Argentina ,biogeografía humana ,Centro Occidente Argentino ,Human biogeography ,cazadores recolectores ,Southern Andes ,hunter gatherer ,Andes Meridionales ,marginal areas - Abstract
Este artículo presenta, desde una perspectiva biogeográfica, un modelo del poblamiento humano en los Andes Meridionales enfatizando el registro arqueológico del sur de Mendoza. Sobre la base de los conceptos de exploración, colonización y ocupación efectiva se intenta explicar la tendencia temporal y espacial de las ocupaciones humanas. La heterogeneidad ambiental del área en estudio genera una jerarquización de los diferentes sectores para los que se esperan diferencias cronológicas en su colonización y ocupación efectiva. El modelo es confrontado con los fechados radiocarbónicos disponibles y con las características del registro arqueológico regional. The biogeographic model of Southern Andes is presented in order to understand some aspect of the archaeological record from the Southern Mendoza (Argentina). The theoretical concept of explorations, colonization and effective occupation are employed to explain the temporal and spatial difference showed for the archaeological record. The environmental heterogeneity of the area is considered in order to propose a ranking to human exploitation. The radiocarbon date show a differential chronology to the different regions while the obsidian show that some area not human occupied until Late Holocene was exploited at least in its raw lithic from the Middle Holocene. The model presents some perspective to future research and it has hard potential to empirical refutation.
- Published
- 2008
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