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Island communities, which rely on marine resources, are increasingly facing risks such as global climate change and overfishing, leading to lowered catch rates and biodiversity loss. This not only threatens ecosystems, but livelihoods as well; thus, sustainable ocean and fisheries management actions are critical in maintaining habitat integrity and increasing fish populations. Developing legal policy and restoring habitats are two important sustainability actions; however, these methods do not always ensure community buy-in or acceptance. A growing field in resource management involves the use of Behavior-Centered Design (BCD) and Community-Based Social Marketing (CBSM) to improve community involvement and adoption of management measures, working with communities to encourage behaviors that promote the sustainable use of ocean resources. BCD and CBSM combine how humans make decisions with steps to design programs to improve inclusion and collaboration, and enhance impact such as to increase successful adoption and implementation of conservation policies. It has been proven to be an effective tool, accelerating community support of sustainability initiatives. This project created a guidebook centered around implementing these behavioral approaches in the context of ocean and fisheries management, created with guidance from personale at the Waitt Institute, the Blue Azores Program, and the University of California San Diego. It will support conservation managers in their initiatives and outreach with communities by providing an easy-to-understand framework and knowledge base focused on behavioral approaches. The guide includes aspects such as successes and lessons learned in BCD throughout the industry, ethics and social justice,and strategies for implementation and testing for success. It presents a case study of São Miguel Island, a community with a rich culture of sustainability throughout history, as well as in current fisheries and ecosystem conservation programs. The island is in the Azores archipelago, an autonomous region located about 1000 miles off the coast of Portugal. A supplemental ArcGIS StoryMap web page was created to highlight the rich marine-based culture of communities on São, Miguel Island. The guide will act as a resource that can support marine managers in their initiatives, improving inclusion, equity, and increasing the chances of effecting long-term change.Please see media created for this project here: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a9faa311e62640a5b830b679cb80bb88

By employing a dynamic model with two limit order books, we show that fragmentation is associated with reduced competition among liquidity suppliers and lower picking-off risk of limit orders. Due to these countervailing channels, the impact of fragmentation on liquidity and welfare differs with asset volatility: When volatility is high (low), liquidity and aggregate welfare in a fragmented market are higher (lower) than in a single market. However, fragmentation always shifts welfare away from agents with exogenous trading motives and toward intermediaries. We empirically corroborate our model's predictions about liquidity. Our model reconciles the mixed results in the empirical literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses FAS 123R regulation to examine how reduction in CEO compensation incentives affects managerial "playing it safe" behavior. Using proxies reflecting deliberate managerial efforts to change firm risk, difference-in-difference tests show that affected firms drastically reduce both systematic and idiosyncratic risks, leading to an 8% decline in total firm risk. These reductions in risk are achieved by shifting to safer, but low-Q, segments while closing the riskier ones, without significant changes in investment levels. Our findings suggest that decrease in risk-taking incentives provided by option compensation, when not compensated for by alternative incentives or governance mechanisms, exacerbates risk-related agency problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether watching a movie, sports game, or musical performance, consumers often seek entertainment experiences that are produced by one or more individuals. And although consumers often witness producers acting spontaneously , little is known about the preference for spontaneity in entertainment. Six studies, including real consumer-relevant decisions and a Facebook field experiment, reveal that consumers prefer spontaneity (vs. planned behavior) across several entertainment contexts, as spontaneous producers seem more authentic than planned producers. At the same time, however, spontaneous actions are also believed to beget lower-quality outcomes, suggesting that consumers generally prefer spontaneity even despite the possibility of reduced quality. Subsequent experiments examine the characteristics of the entertainment context and the producer to provide further insight into how consumers manage the authenticity–quality tradeoff: by shaping when and why spontaneity is associated with increased authenticity and decreased quality expectations, as well as the relative importance of these dimensions, higher-stakes contexts (e.g. when consumers' outcomes are enmeshed with the producer's), negative inferences about spontaneity (e.g. laziness, lack of concern), and low-competence producers attenuate the effects. Together, this research advances knowledge about spontaneity and authenticity and has implications for those seeking to produce appealing entertainment experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human cognition supports complex behaviour across a range of situations, and traits (e.g. personality) influence how we react in these different contexts. Although viewing traits as situationally grounded is common in social sciences, often studies attempting to link brain activity to human traits examine brain-trait associations in a single task, or, under passive conditions like wakeful rest. These studies, often referred to as brain wide association studies (BWAS) have recently become the subject of controversy because results are often unreliable even with large sample sizes. Although there are important statistical reasons why BWAS yield inconsistent results, we hypothesised that the situation in which brain activity is measured will impact the power in detecting a reliable link to specific traits. We performed a state-space analysis where tasks from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) were organized into a low-dimensional space based on how they activated different large-scale neural systems. We examined how individuals' observed brain activity across these different contexts related to their personality. We found that for multiple personality traits, stronger associations with brain activity emerge in some tasks than others. These data highlight the importance of context-bound views for understanding how brain activity links to trait variation in human behaviour. Brain-wide activity patterns show stronger links to personality traits under certain task-contexts than others. These results emphasize the importance of situational factors in finding reliable brain-trait relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article profiles Dr. Laurel Trainor, a professor at McMaster University in Canada, focusing on her research in music and neuroscience. Dr. Trainor's work explores how infants learn music and rhythm, and how music influences social behavior and communication. She founded the McMaster Institute for Music and the Mind and directs the LIVELab, a research concert hall. The article also discusses Dr. Trainor's journey to becoming a neuroscientist, her experiences as a woman in academia, and her insights on the future of neuroscience research. [Extracted from the article]

The famous German legal philosopher G. Radbruch has gone through a complex scientific path which influenced both his worldview and methodological foundations of the concepts proposed by him. The study traces the evolution of Radbruch's philosophy of law, which was formed under the influence of representatives of neo-Kantianism, in particular G. Simmel, H. Rickert, E. Lask and the school of «free law" -- G. Kantorovich, as well as historical events -- the domination of Nazism in Germany. The authors reveal the peculiarities of G. Radbruch's methodology; his position is based on the neo-Kantian methodology of distinguishing between "what is" and "what ought to be", on the methodology of the philosophy of values and the principle that it is logically impossible from what is to derive what is valuable, what is right, what ought to be. G. Radbruch viewed law as a cultural phenomenon, a value fact that differs from other normative systems by a special value that is important for the realization of justice. The law as a phenomenon has a positive form ( statute, custom, international agreement) and social significance (regulates human behaviour and relations). But law also has a normative character (it is an evaluation and a requirement for reality), it also has a social purpose (which is to achieve the public good), it has an individual purpose (which is to realise and ensure human rights) and a nature of universality, and therefore equality and it should embody justice. The authors examine the wellknown and fundamental concept of the "idea of law" which is fundamental to Radbruch's philosophy and consists of three elements: justice, expediency (sustability), and legal certainty. The idea of law is an essential requirement for positive law; it legitimizes it, makes it "correct law" and "lawfull law (statute)". Legislation that does not embody the idea of law essentially loses its legal nature. Justice is the formal equal treatment of equals and unequal treatment of unequals. Legal certainty reflects the social and individual purpose of law and justifies human freedom, equality and uniqueness on the basis of human value. Expediency (sustability) is the clarity, certainty, and comprehensibility of the law and should be understood as a basis for ensuring justice. G. Radbruch's concept of the "idea of law" is essentially a modern theory of the legitimation of positive law . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social bots are highly active on social media platforms, significantly affecting online discourse. We analyzed the dynamic nature of bot engagement related to Extinction Rebellion climate change protests in 2019. We found bots to impact human behavior more than the other way around during active discussions. To assess the causal impact of bot encounters, we compared communication histories of those who interacted with bots with matched users who did not. There is a consistent negative impact of bot encounters on subsequent sentiment. The impact on sentiment is conditional on the user's original support level, with a more negative impact on those with a favourable or neutral stance towards climate activism. Political 'astroturfing' bots induce an increase in human communications, while encounters with other bots result in a decrease. Bot encounters do not change activists' engagement levels in climate activism. Despite the seemingly minor impact of individual bot encounters, the cumulative effect is profound due to the large volume of bot communication. Our findings underscore the importance of monitoring the influence of social bots, as with new technological advancements distinguishing between bots and humans becomes ever more challenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physically connected humans have been shown to exploit the exchange of haptic forces and tactile information to improve their performance in joint action tasks. As human interactions are increasingly mediated through robots and networks it is important to understand the impact that network features such as lag and noise may have on human behaviour. In this paper, we investigated interaction with a human-like robot controller that provides similar haptic communication behaviour as human-human interaction and examined the influence and compensation mechanisms for delay and noise on haptic communication. The results of our experiments show that participants can perceive a difference between noise and delay, and make use of compensation mechanisms to preserve performance in both cases. However, while noise is compensated for by increasing co-contraction, delay compensation could not be explained by this strategy. Instead, computational modelling suggested that a distinct mechanism is used to compensate for the delay and yield an efficient haptic communication. Author summary: Increasingly humans are making use of networks and robots to coordinate haptic interactions through teleoperation. However, with networks there comes delays and noise that can change both the force that is transmitted and how we perceive that force. The haptic communication involved in joint actions, such as when moving a piano or performing a pair spin, has been shown to improve performance, but how does delay affect this behaviour? We tested how participants tracked a moving target with their right hand while connected to a human-like robotic partner, when perturbed by delay or noise. Through a comparison between noise and delay perturbation, in experimental performance and in simulation with a computational model, we found that participants could from small values of perturbation identify if the perturbation was from delay or noise and that they adopted different compensation strategies in each case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe body speaks. Embodiment has always been the essence of communication in African theatre and ritual. Rituals are the wellspring of interpreting universal features of human behaviour and underpinning the theatrical. Yet theatre makers grapple with showcasing explicit ritual as performance. Ritual remains exquisitely different from theatre, and if moved from its original place and intent, it loses its integrity and purpose. Postdramatic performers have (re)embraced that their bodies can be used as a tool that can “speak” and offer new ways of interpreting ritual aesthetics. Through a methodology of ukuzilanda this article describes the performance as research approach with the emphasis on Postdramatic practices where embodying is celebrated as the main modality conveying messages in performance. This paper discusses the process undertaken to present ritual elements from the South African BaPedi male initiation in an aesthetic performance titled Wela (2021). Wela is a Pedi term which means “to cross-over” – this offers relevance both to the koma ritual it is representing as well as to the presentation of aesthetics of ritual through Postdramatic interpretations. Further, an approach coined as Go-itata embraces the (re)conceptual discussion of ritualised theatre that embraces the elements of embodied commentary, intent, and expressive narrative in the conceptual and staging processes. This paper offers Go-itata ritualised theatre performance modes to explore the (re)conceptual presentation of ritual aesthetics for the stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews a book titled "Care in social work with children and families: Theory, everyday practices and possibilities for social change," emphasizing the importance of holistic attention in social work to support the development of children and families. The book explores the intersection of care practices with policy, societal expectations, and economic conditions, offering a comprehensive framework for understanding care as a relational practice. It advocates for a more empathetic and collaborative approach in social work, highlighting the significance of emotional engagement and adaptability over rigid performance metrics. The book's focus on care theory provides valuable insights for social work students, educators, practitioners, legal professionals, and researchers interested in family dynamics and child welfare. [Extracted from the article]

The article highlights the urgent need for sustainable behavioral change interventions to effectively control rabies, especially in low- and middle-income countries where the disease remains endemic. Despite efforts, rabies continues to cause significant human and animal deaths globally, with 95% of cases concentrated in Africa and Asia. The article emphasizes the importance of integrating durable and adaptive behavioral interventions to prevent rabies virus transmission and reduce the disease burden. It also underscores the necessity of addressing human attitudes towards stray dogs, promoting responsible pet ownership practices, and enhancing community knowledge to mitigate the risk of dog bites and ultimately eliminate rabies. [Extracted from the article]

Distributed ledger technologies have opened up a wealth of fine-grained transaction data from cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. This allows research into problems like anomaly detection, anti-money laundering, pattern mining and activity clustering (where data from traditional currencies is rarely available). The formalism of temporal networks offers a natural way of representing this data and offers access to a wealth of metrics and models. However, the large scale of the data presents a challenge using standard graph analysis techniques. We use temporal motifs to analyse two Bitcoin datasets and one NFT dataset, using sequences of three transactions and up to three users. We show that the commonly used technique of simply counting temporal motifs over all users and all time can give misleading conclusions. Here we also study the motifs contributed by each user and discover that the motif distribution is heavy-tailed and that the key players have diverse motif signatures. We study the motifs that occur in different time periods and find events and anomalous activity that cannot be seen just by a count on the whole dataset. Studying motif completion time reveals dynamics driven by human behaviour as well as algorithmic behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Methods Results Conclusions Queer asylum‐seekers should be given an opportunity to have their claim evaluated in a fair and unbiased manner. Despite this, research shows they risk having their claims rejected based on stereotypes about sexual minorities. In the present study, we investigated how the Finnish Immigration Service evaluated credibility in asylum claims lodged by sexual minorities.We analysed 68 negative asylum decisions to assess the arguments made to reject the asylum claim. To do this, we developed a detailed coding scheme to investigate the specific themes and credibility indicators cited in the asylum decisions.We found that the asylum claims were most often rejected because the applicant's account of their sexual orientation was not found to be sufficiently detailed, consistent, or plausible. Officials appeared to hold assumptions around sexual identity development and interpersonal relationships that are partially unsupported by established psychological science.Assessments of SOGI claims would benefit from a greater consideration of the factors affecting queer asylum applicants' ability to describe their claims, including cross‐cultural differences in understandings of sexuality, variability in human behaviour, and practical barriers within the asylum procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As technological advancements continue to blur the boundaries between cyber and physical spaces, individuals' activities are not limited to physical space and increasingly transcend singular space. Prior research on interactions between cyber and physical spaces oversimplified or even overlooked the interactions between the two spaces due to limited access to human activity big data, for instance, the implications of cyber–physical interactions for tourism. Consequently, this study proposes an overtourism index framework intended to capture travel behaviors in both cyber and physical spaces to address the research gap. Based on extensive social media data from Hong Kong, the proposed framework is tested and validated efficiently to emulate tourism interactions between cyber and physical spaces at fine spatiotemporal resolutions. The results indicate that there is strong convergent interaction among the public in both cyber and physical spaces. Moreover, an online WebGIS interactive platform (https://arcg.is/0mzHyH) has been developed for visualizing these interactions and provides better decision‐making regarding tourism policy in Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Big data analysis of human behavior can provide the basis and support for the application of various scenarios. Using sensors for human behavior analysis is an effective means of identification method, which is very valuable for research. To address the problems of low recognition accuracy, low recognition efficiency of traditional human behavior recognition (HBR) algorithms in complex scenes, in this paper, we propose an HBR algorithm for Mobile Big data analytics in wireless sensor network using improved transfer learning. First, different wireless sensors are fused to obtain human behavior mobile big data, and then by analyzing the importance of human behavior features (HBF), the dynamic change parameters of HBF extraction threshold are calculated. Second, combined with the dynamic change parameters of threshold, the HBF of complex scenes are extracted. Finally, the best classification function of human behavior in complex scenes is obtained by using the classification function of HBF in complex scenes. Human behavior in complex scenes is classified according to the HBF in the feature set. The HBR algorithm is designed by using the improved transfer learning network to realize the recognition of human behavior in complex scenes. The results show that the proposed algorithm can accurately recognize up to 22 HBF points, and can control the HBR time within 2 s. The human behavior false recognition rate of miscellaneous scenes is less than 10%. The recognition speed is above 10/s, and the recall rate can reach more than 98%, which improves the HBR ability of complex scenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has expanded the scope and meaning of digital labor, revealing certain positive factors that could potentially lead to labor liberation and the comprehensive development of human freedom. However, at its core, the positive aspects of digital labor in the AI era are ultimately geared towards the inherent nature of capital self-expansion. It still relies on the appropriation of human creativity as a prerequisite and reinforces alienated labor by separating human intelligence from the individual. In view of Karl Marx, the alienation of labor stems from the capitalist application of the machinery, while on the contrary the application of machinery is separated from their capitalist use within the machine system. Therefore, in the AI era, because the digital labor contributes to the comprehensive development of human freedom by reducing necessary labor time and transforming human-machine relations, it is essential to harness capital and establish ethical legislation for AI technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As clinical psychological science and biological psychiatry push to assess, model, and integrate heterogeneity and individual differences, approaches leveraging computational modeling, translational methods, and dimensional approaches to psychopathology are increasingly useful in establishing brain–behavior relationships. The field is ultimately interested in complex human behavior, and disruptions in such behaviors can arise through many different pathways, leading to heterogeneity in etiology for seemingly similar presentations. Parsing this complexity may be enhanced using "simple" tasks—which we define as those assaying elemental processes that are the building blocks to complexity. Using eyeblink conditioning as one illustrative example, we propose that simple tasks assessing elemental processes can be leveraged by and enhance computational psychiatry and dimensional approaches in service of understanding heterogeneity in psychiatry, especially when these tasks meet three principles: (a) an extensively mapped circuit, (b) clear brain–behavior relationships, and (c) relevance to understanding etiological processes and/or treatment. General Scientific Summary: Heterogeneity has been a major challenge in the study of psychopathology and clinical science. Here, we proposed that simple tasks, which allow scientists to assess elemental processes of complex human behavior, have great value toward this problem. To effectively leverage these tasks in understanding and embracing heterogeneity, we recommend they be used according to three key principles of utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that research aiming to understand or change human behavior must measure real behavior, not just behavioral intentions, to draw valid conclusions. The work highlights the well-established gap between people's intentions and behavior across various tourism and hospitality contexts. Methodologically, we encourage authors not to rely on behavioral intentions and instead measure real behavior. We provide an overview of methods available to capture real behavior either automatically or manually in tourism contexts. The article also introduces a special issue in the Journal of Sustainable Tourism that showcases the measurement of real environmentally significant tourist behavior using diverse methods, such as biometric techniques, big data analytics, field observations, and experiments. We conclude by discussing five issues that prevent studies form drawing causal conclusions about behavior, namely, (i) reliance on behavioral intentions; (ii) a sample that does not reflect the population of interest; (iii) errors in measuring latent psychological constructs; (iv) consumer hypocrisy and social desirability bias; and (v) situational factors and habits. By advocating for a transition towards measuring real behavior, the article and the special issue aim to increase the validity and impact of research seeking to understand human behavior and drive effective behavior change for addressing global challenges. Highlights: Much tourism research aims to understand or change behavior. Yet, behavior is not routinely measured, limiting the validity of findings. This article discusses the many possible approaches to capturing real behavior. This article outlines the most valid research design to study behavior (change). This article introduces the special issue on measuring real behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stronger theory on the nature of human well-being is needed, especially as well-being indicators are increasingly utilized in policy contexts. Building on Erik Allardt, who argued that a theory of well-being is, in essence, a theory of human nature, I propose four modes of existence each capturing one dimension central to human well-being: Having recognizes humans as biological creatures requiring certain material resources for survival. Loving captures human social nature and our dependence on others for well-being. Doing highlights the active and agentic nature of human existence. Being acknowledges humans as experiencing their existence. Each mode of existence gives rise to a few more specific needs, and a full assessment of human well-being requires both subjective and objective indicators tapping into these needs. The proposed theory integrates psychological well-being research with sociological and philosophical traditions and contributes to debates about how the progress of nations and sustainability should be measured. Well-being is something we all value individually, and it is also a key political goal. Accordingly, how we define and measure well-being influences what physicians, managers, policy-makers, politicians, and international organizations aim to improve through their work. Better theories of well-being make better measurement of well-being possible, which makes possible more effective and evidence-based advancement of human well-being. In this spirit, the present article argues that there are four fundamental dimensions to human well-being: Having highlights that as biological creatures, we have physical needs, loving highlights human social needs, doing highlights that we are active and agentic beings with goals and strivings, and being highlights that we feel and evaluate our lives. To assess well-being, we need measures tapping into all four of these dimensions. And to assess the sustainability of well-being, we need to examine how to provide well-being for all humanity while remaining within planetary boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation is a topic that receives substantial interest across the social sciences. However, in the human dimensions of natural resource literature, scholars have primarily treated motivation as a construct narrowly defined by the individual's desired goal state. In contrast, self-determination theory (SDT) suggests that multiple forms of motivation can influence levels of self-determination, integration of identities, and subsequent behavioral intentions, and has been utilized in multiple realms to understand human behavior. SDT forms a consistent and well-understood mechanism for human psychological development and optimal function and allows for the formulation of out-of-sample prediction, a cornerstone of science. In this manuscript, we review the basic theories that make up SDT and provide insight for its application to human dimensions of natural resource research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of diversity, equity, and inclusion in developmental science. It highlights the need for representative samples, diverse research participants, and inclusive scientific practices to enhance the understanding of human development. The text emphasizes the impact of sociocultural factors on developmental processes and calls for a broader perspective that considers global diversity. It also addresses challenges and opportunities in implementing open science practices to promote inclusivity and transparency in research. The article concludes by outlining priorities for achieving a diverse, equitable, and inclusive science in developmental research. [Extracted from the article]

"Wronged and Dangerous" by Karen Lee Ashcraft is a book that explores the intersections of gender, masculinity, and populism. Ashcraft argues that the global surge of populism is fueled by aggrieved masculinity, which she refers to as "viral masculinity." This connection between gender and populism poses a threat to public health, as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic. The book calls for a shift in perspective, focusing on how populism spreads rather than solely on its content, and emphasizes the need for empathy and understanding in addressing the issue. Ashcraft's framework adds valuable dimensions to the ongoing discourse on work and organizations, introducing concepts such as "lateral empathy," "aggrieved masculinity," and "viral masculinity" that contribute to a deeper understanding of contemporary organizations. [Extracted from the article]

Human Activity Recognition (HAR) is a highly promising research area meant to automatically identify and interpret human behaviour using data received from sensors in various contexts. The potential uses of HAR are many, among them health care, sports coaching or monitoring the elderly or disabled. Nonetheless, there are numerous hurdles to be circumvented for HAR's precision and usefulness to be improved. One of the challenges is that there is no uniformity in data collection and annotation making it difficult to compare findings among different studies. Furthermore, more comprehensive datasets are necessary so as to include a wider range of human activities in different contexts while complex activities, which consist of multiple sub‐activities, are still a challenge for recognition systems. Researchers have proposed new frontiers such as multi‐modal sensor data fusion and deep learning approaches for enhancing HAR accuracy while addressing these issues. Also, we are seeing more non‐traditional applications such as robotics and virtual reality/augmented world going forward with their use cases of HAR. This article offers an extensive review on the recent advances in HAR and highlights the major challenges facing this field as well as future opportunities for further researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing evidence suggests the relevance of affective temperaments in the development of mood disorders. This study aims to assess their potential role as a vulnerability factor for seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and subsyndromal SAD (S-SAD) in a sample of young individuals without a history of clinical diagnosis. Eight hundred and forty-six university students were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Participants were evaluated for exclusion and inclusion criteria and divided into Control, S-SAD, and SAD groups. They filled out two self-administered questionnaires to assess the degree of seasonality problems and the predominant type of affective temperaments, the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ), and the Temperament Evaluation Instrument of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Auto-questionnaire version scale (briefTEMPS-M version). We conducted a multinomial logistic regression model to explore the relationship between affective temperaments and seasonality. Our results evidenced that cyclothymic [χ2 (2) = 33.486, p < 0.001] and anxious [χ2 (2) = 86.991, p < 0.001] temperaments were significant predictors in the model, suggesting that individuals with cyclothymic and anxious temperaments are at increased risk of developing SAD, due to heightened seasonal changes in mood and behavior. In contrast, people with hyperthymic temperament appear less susceptible to experiencing seasonal problems. The homogeneity of the sample; only retrospective self-reported data were considered; measures of temperament and seasonality were simultaneously assessed. Understanding which affective temperaments may constitute a potential predisposing factor for vulnerability to seasonal changes can aid in better assessing SAD and predicting its outcome. [Display omitted] • Environmental changes associated with seasonal variations impact human behavior and mood. • Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a condition characterized by recurrent seasonal depression. • Cyclothymic and anxious temperaments are a factor of risk for SAD. • A comprehensive psychological evaluation is essential to managing and treating SAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhancing risk from human action and multi‐hazard interaction has substantially complicated the hazard–society relationship. The underlying vulnerabilities are crucial in predicting the probable impact to be caused by multi‐hazards. Thus, the evaluation of social vulnerability is decisive in inferring the driving factor and preparing for mitigation strategies. The Himalayan landscape is prone to multiple hazards as well as possesses a multitude of vulnerabilities owing to changing human landscape. Thus, an attempt has been made to inquire into the underlying socioeconomic factors enhancing the susceptibility of the region to multi‐hazards. The social vulnerability index (SVIent) has been introduced, consisting of 13 indicators and 33 variables. The variables have been standardized using the maximum and minimum normalization method and the relative importance for each indicator has been determined using Shannon entropy methods to compute SVIent. The findings revealed that female population, population above 60 years old, net irrigated area, migrant population, dilapidated house, nonworkers, bank, and nonworkers seeking jobs were found to be relatively significant contributors to the vulnerability. The western part of the study area was classified as the highly vulnerable category (SVI > 0.40628), attributed to high dependence, and higher share of unemployed workers and high poverty. The SVIent was shown to have positive correlation between unemployment, socioeconomic status, migration, dependency, and household structure significant at two‐tailed test. The study's impact can be found in influencing the decision of policymakers and stakeholders in framing the mitigation strategies and policy documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Educational Philosophy and Educational Practice in Confucianism" delves into the central focus of pre-Qin Confucianism on human nature and its implications for educational philosophy. Confucius emphasized the innate similarity of human nature while highlighting the impact of postnatal factors on individual differences. The ethical teachings of Confucianism, particularly on benevolence, emphasize love for others as a fundamental virtue. Mencius further developed the concept of innate goodness in human nature, advocating for the nurturing of individuals' virtuous nature. Confucius's emphasis on rituals aimed at regulating behavior to maintain social order and harmony, with a focus on moral guidance rather than punishment. Xunzi, on the other hand, addressed the inherent evil within human nature and advocated for deliberate intervention through education to transform evil into goodness. [Extracted from the article]

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The article in the Queensland History Journal explores the life and work of Doris Louise Waraker, a Queensland writer born in 1894. Waraker was a journalist, broadcaster, poet, and playwright who documented her experiences and observations through various mediums. The article delves into her childhood, education, writing career, personal life, and legacy, highlighting her contributions to literature and theatre in Queensland. Waraker's work, including poetry, plays, and critiques, received both popular and critical acclaim during her lifetime. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Afrotropical malaria vectors are generally believed to bite nocturnally, leading to the predominant use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), which target indoor, nighttime-biting mosquitoes. This focus is reinforced by biases in entomological surveys, which largely overlook daytime mosquito activity. However, recent evidence challenges this paradigm, showing that Anopheles biting can extend way into the daytime, coinciding with human activities at dawn, daytime and evenings, suggesting a broader risk spectrum and potential protection gaps. We have therefore investigated the diurnal and nocturnal biting patterns of the malaria vectors Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus in south-eastern Tanzania, to better understand the scope of residual transmission and inform strategies for improved control. Methods: Host-seeking mosquitoes were collected hourly using miniaturized double net traps, both indoors and outdoors over 24-h periods between June 2023 and February 2024. Concurrently, human activities indoors and outdoors were monitored half-hourly to correlate with mosquito collections. A structured questionnaire was used to assess household members' knowledge, perceptions and experiences regarding exposure to mosquito bites during both nighttime and daytime. Results: Nocturnal biting by An. arabiensis peaked between 7 p.m. and 11 p.m. while that of An. funestus peaked later, between 1 a.m. and 3 a.m. Daytime biting accounted for 15.03% of An. arabiensis catches, with peaks around 7–11 a.m. and after 4 p.m., and for 14.15% of An. funestus catches, peaking around mid-mornings, from 10 a.m. to 12 p.m. Nighttime exposure to An. arabiensis was greater outdoors (54.5%), while daytime exposure was greater indoors (80.4%). For An. funestus, higher exposure was observed indoors, both at nighttime (57.1%) and daytime (69%). Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites were detected in both day-biting and night-biting An. arabiensis. Common daytime activities potentially exposing residents during peak biting hours included household chores, eating, sleeping (including due to sickness), resting in the shade or under verandas and playing (children). From evenings onwards, exposures coincided with resting, socializing before bedtime and playtime (children). Nearly all survey respondents (95.6%) reported experiencing daytime mosquito bites, but only 28% believed malaria was transmissible diurnally. Conclusions: This study updates our understanding of malaria vector biting patterns in south-eastern Tanzania, revealing considerable additional risk in the mornings, daytime and evenings. Consequently, there may be more gaps in the protection provided by ITNs, which primarily target nocturnal mosquitoes, than previously thought. Complementary strategies are needed to holistically suppress vectors regardless of biting patterns (e.g. using larval source management) and to extend personal protection limits (e.g. using repellents). Additionally, community engagement and education on mosquito activity and protective measures could significantly reduce malaria transmission risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functions associated with processing reward‐related information are fundamental drivers of motivation, learning, and goal‐directed behavior. Such functions have been classified as the positive valence system under the Research Domain and Criteria (RDoC) criteria and are negatively impacted across a range of psychiatric disorders and mental illnesses. The positive valence system is composed of three comprehensive categories containing related but dissociable functions that are organized into either Reward Responsiveness, Reward Learning, or Reward Valuation. The presence of overlapping behavioral dysfunction across diagnostic mental disorders is in‐part what motivated the RDoC initiative, which emphasized that the study of mental illness focus on investigating relevant behavior and cognitive functions and their underlying mechanisms, rather than separating efforts on diagnostic categories (i.e., transdiagnostic). Moreover, the RDoC approach is well‐suited for preclinical neuroscience research, as the rise in genetic toolboxes and associated neurotechnologies enables researchers to probe specific cellular targets with high specificity. Thus, there is an opportunity to dissect whether behaviors and cognitive functions are supported by shared or distinct neural mechanisms. For preclinical research to effectively inform our understandings of human behavior however, the cognitive and behavioral paradigms should have predictive, neurobiological, and pharmacological predictive validity to the human test. Touchscreen‐based testing systems provide a further advantage for this endeavor enabling tasks to be presented to animals using the same media and task design as in humans. Here, we outline the primary categories of the positive valence system and review the work that has been done cross‐species to investigate the neurobiology and neurochemistry underlying reward‐related functioning. Additionally, we provide clinical tasks outlined by RDoC, along with validity and/or need for further validation for analogous rodent paradigms with a focus on implementing the touchscreen‐based cognitive testing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landscape preferences refer to the subjective likes and dislikes people have regarding various types of landscapes. However, the specific role that emotions play in this question and their impact on influencing choices for landscape is still poorly studied. To address this gap, we hypothesise that landscapes evoke emotions and we explore whether they have a role in shaping landscape preferences. Using 109 semi-structured interviews we captured the diversity of emotions on different landscapes in SE Spain, employing a random parameter logit model to explain how emotions could influence the probability of choosing a landscape. Results revealed that different landscapes were perceived as preferred, with specific emotions associated with them. Results also showed that two main factors significantly influenced landscape preference choices: specific positive emotions and distinct landscape typologies. These insights may contribute to reframe human-nature relationships in landscape management, considering emotional bonds and human behaviour as important aspects for guiding conservation policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractSMART goals (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and timed) are advocated as the gold standard for goal setting. However, goals which are non-specific and exploratory, referred to as ‘open goals’, may be preferred in specific circumstances. In this pre-registered experiment, we compared SMART goals, compared to do-your-best (DYB), and open goals on creative performance. We also assessed the equivalence between open and DYB goals. Participants (N = 247, Mage = 30.40 years) completed the Alternate Use Task as a proxy for creative performance, before and after a goal setting manipulation in a 3 (between-groups: SMART, DYB, open goals) x 2 (within-groups: pre- and post-intervention) experimental design. There were no meaningful differences in creative performance for SMART, DYB, and open goals, DYB and open goals were not statistically equivalent. These findings cast doubt that SMART goals are always the most adaptive for human behaviour, given that open and DYB goals can be as effectual in some circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying taphonomy is crucial for understanding how post-depositional processes impact archaeological remains. This knowledge is pivotal for accurately interpreting the archaeological record. Although taphonomy has a long tradition in archaeology, it is less developed in the analysis of stone tool residues compared to other subdisciplines. To address this gap, our study aims to further develop our understanding of the preservation potential of stone tool residues in temperate environments through actualist experiments. To achieve this, we develop a multidimensional experimental program that features the first biweekly monitoring of weathering processes on residues over a one-year cycle, aiming to understand the short-term effects of weathering immediately after tool discard. Additionally, the program involves the study of longer-term burial and weathering visual effects on different residue types within various previously unexplored depositional environments. This approach allows us to observe the visual effects of both weathering and burial processes and to improve our understanding of the different mechanisms involved in the diagenesis of stone tool residues. While known factors such as microbial activity and soil acidity play a primary role in residue decay, specific stone tool-related factors also prove important, underscoring the need to develop further a specific branch of taphonomy related to stone tool residues. Moreover, our results show that certain residue types may survive within these environments that are often considered as being hostile. A residue analysis of stone tools from temperate contexts may thus contribute unique data that can improve our understanding of past human behaviour. Future research with more diverse residue types and depositional conditions will permit further refinement of our understanding of how taphonomy affects residue preservation and enhance the reliability of residue identifications. As such, stone tool residue analysis will become firmly rooted within broader functional approaches to address how humans use stone tools and how this affects stone tool variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the book "Social Work and the Grand Challenge to Eliminate Racism," which emphasizes the need for social work to confront systemic racism as a core professional responsibility. The book integrates theoretical discussions with evidence-based interventions, focusing on both macro-level advocacy and micro-level practice to address racism within the social work profession. It highlights the historical context of racism in social work, the impact of racism on individual and family well-being, strategies for systemic changes, and progressive approaches to eliminating institutional racism. The book encourages social workers to engage in advocacy and policy reform to dismantle the legal and institutional structures perpetuating racial inequities. [Extracted from the article]

Signatures of confidence emerge during decision-making, implying confidence may be of functional importance to decision processes themselves. We formulate an extension of sequential sampling models of decision-making in which confidence is used online to actively moderate the quality and quantity of evidence accumulated for decisions. The benefit of this model is that it can respond to dynamic changes in sensory evidence quality. We highlight this feature by designing a dynamic sensory environment where evidence quality can be smoothly adapted within the timeframe of a single decision. Our model with confidence control offers a superior description of human behaviour in this environment, compared to sequential sampling models without confidence control. Using multivariate decoding of electroencephalography (EEG), we uncover EEG correlates of the model's latent processes, and show stronger EEG-derived confidence control is associated with faster, more accurate decisions. These results support a neurobiologically plausible framework featuring confidence as an active control mechanism for improving behavioural efficiency. Feelings of confidence may have a functional role in decision-making. Here, the authors develop a neurobiologically plausible framework featuring confidence as an active control mechanism for improving behavioural efficiency in dynamic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Plutarch's comparison of Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar, highlighting their virtues, choices, and circumstances. Plutarch aimed to capture permanent truths about human nature rather than mundane historical details. The comparison essay between Alexander and Caesar is lost to history, but the article speculates on what Plutarch may have written based on his other works and original sources. The text explores the concept of "humanitas," a virtue exhibited by both Alexander and Caesar, which involves extraordinary generosity towards all human beings. The article also delves into the differences in motivation for humanitas between pagan leaders like Alexander and Caesar and Christians, emphasizing the unique aspects of each perspective. [Extracted from the article]

AbstractOne of the most important aspects of Plato’s Republic is the formulation of an abstract and transcendent idea of the “Good.” Distinguishing himself from older, more esthetically oriented concepts of goodness and nobility, Plato’s Socrates consistently insists that an abstract and purely rational idea of goodness both exists, and that knowledge of it is fundamental to the right ordering of all human action. While scholarly disagreement exists about the extent to which the arguments of Plato’s Socrates should be taken at face value, few scholars deny that the mind (the realm of abstraction) is presented as essentially superior to the body. The consequence of Socrates’ turn toward the abstract in the Republic—though perhaps not the intention of his argument—is a subsequent movement away from the body, and thus, also away from an emphasis on the particulars of human life. This in turn, I argue necessarily undermines the city’s existence as a multitude of distinct parts working toward a common goal. We can see the effects of the move toward abstraction most clearly by examining the consequences of the argument for sexual equality in Book V of the Republic, which I argue exemplifies the problems associated with a politics of pure abstraction. Specifically, I contend that the turn toward abstraction present in the argument for sexual equality undermines the vitally important role of mothers in establishing a sense of self, which in turn undermines the basic ground of the city as a composition of distinct parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human instructors fluidly communicate with hand gestures, head and body movements, and facial expressions, but robots rarely leverage these complementary cues. A minimally supervised social robot with such skills could help people exercise and learn new activities. Thus, we investigated how nonverbal feedback from a humanoid robot affects human behavior. Inspired by the education literature, we evaluated formative feedback (real-time corrections) and summative feedback (post-task scores) for three distinct tasks: positioning in the room, mimicking the robot's arm pose, and contacting the robot's hands. Twenty-eight adults completed seventy-five 30-s-long trials with no explicit instructions or experimenter help. Motion-capture data analysis shows that both formative and summative feedback from the robot significantly aided user performance. Additionally, formative feedback improved task understanding. These results show the power of nonverbal cues based on human movement and the utility of viewing feedback through formative and summative lenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given impulsivity's multidimensional nature and its implications across various aspects of human behavior, a comprehensive understanding of functional brain circuits associated with this trait is warranted. In the current study, we utilized whole‐brain resting‐state functional connectivity data of healthy males (n = 156) to identify a network of connections predictive of an individual's impulsivity, as assessed by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS)‐11. Our participants were selected, in part, based on their self‐reported BIS‐11 impulsivity scores. Specifically, individuals who reported high or low trait impulsivity scores during screening were selected first, followed by those with intermediate impulsivity levels. This enabled us to include participants with rare, extreme scores and to cover the entire BIS‐11 impulsivity spectrum. We employed repeated K‐fold cross‐validation for feature‐selection and used stratified 10‐fold cross‐validation to train and test our models. Our findings revealed a widespread neural network associated with trait impulsivity and a notable correlation between predicted and observed scores. Feature importance and node degree were assessed to highlight specific nodes and edges within the impulsivity network, revealing previously overlooked key brain regions, such as the cerebellum, brainstem, and temporal lobe, while supporting previous findings on the basal ganglia‐thalamo‐prefrontal network and the prefrontal‐motor strip network in relation to impulsiveness. This deepened understanding establishes a foundation for identifying alterations in functional brain networks associated with dysfunctional impulsivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a pressing public health issue in Ethiopia, exacerbated by rapid urbanization and motorization. Despite efforts, escalating rates persist due to various factors like human behavior and road infrastructure deficiencies. This study addresses the need for comprehensive data on RTAs in Ethiopia, aiming to uncover socioeconomic and behavioral factors to inform evidence-based policies. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted from March to April 2024, adhering to PRISMA guidelines. Major databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library were searched using specific keywords related to RTAs and Ethiopia. Studies conducted between 2014 and 2024 were included, with eligibility criteria. Data extraction followed a standardized Microsoft Excel format. Study quality was assessed using the JBI checklist, with high-quality articles included. Statistical analysis, conducted using STATA version 17, included descriptive analysis, forest plots for RTA prevalence, and examination of publication bias using Egger and Begs tests. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression explored moderating factors and sources of heterogeneity. Results: The systematic review identified eight studies meeting inclusion criteria, conducted between 2014 and 2022. RTA prevalence was 36% (95% CI: 23; 49). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the estimated prevalence. Publication bias was detected via Egger's test, though Begg's test was non-significant. Meta-regression found no significant influence of publication year or sample size on RTA prevalence. Socioeconomic factors like income level and driving experience, alongside behavioral factors like traffic rule violations and substance use, were identified as key drivers of RTAs in Ethiopia. Conclusions: The study highlights the significant burden of road traffic accidents in Ethiopia, influenced by socioeconomic and behavioral factors. Socioeconomic factors such as income level and driving experience, along with behavioral factors like traffic rule violations and substance use, emerged as prominent determinants of RTAs. Policymakers should prioritize evidence-based interventions targeting these factors to improve road safety nationwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]