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In recent decades, nanotechnology has garnered significant attention for its diverse applications. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) biosynthesized using plant extracts as both reducing and capping agents offer versatile solutions to various biological challenges. This study aimed to advance ZnO nanoparticle synthesis using a low-toxicity, cost-effective phytochemical method employing Eucalyptus globulus leaf extracts. Optimization of key factors (time, temperature, plant extract volume, and reagent concentration) was conducted to achieve high yield, stability, and controlled size. Optimal conditions were determined as 4hours, 60°C, 1:1 ratio, and 1mM concentration. Characterization of the synthesized ZnO NPs was performed through UV-visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffraction (EDAX). UV—visible analysis revealed a characteristic absorbance peak at 370nm, confirming ZnO NP formation. SEM affirmed the spherical ZnO NPs with a particle size of 25–151nm. EDAX demonstrated high purity, highlighting Zinc (Zn) and Oxygen (O) atoms. FTIR spectroscopy identified key phytochemical bands, elucidating the nanoparticle’s ability to reduce Zn ions, including polyphenols (3739.97cm-1), surface hydroxyl groups (3419.79cm-1), and C-OH stretching (1575.84cm-1). As a result of this research, nanoparticle synthesis can be made eco-friendly and economically viable, making it useful for environmental and industrial purposes.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a vital agricultural commodity. It is widely cultivated and consumed in the world. The potato processing industry is emerging and generates an enormous amount of potato peel, which is considered waste. Inappropriate handling of this by-product gives rise to environmental pollution. Potato peel (PP) is an excellent resource of valuable bioactive compounds. It can potentially utilized as a food preservative, supply of dietary fiber in bakery products, pharmaceutical ingredients, animal feed, and renewable energy sources to boost eco-friendly food sectors. The potato peel powder is composed of crude fiber, moisture, ash, protein, and total lipids. However, utilization of potato peel waste can be improved economy. This review was designed to cover potato peel’s physiochemical properties and valorization. This predicts that using PP can not only shrink the waste load of the environment but also serve the pharmaceutical and food sectors considerably.

Minerals are essential to our diet. They affect nerve and muscle function, build materials for our bones, and regulate the body's water balance. The bioaccessibility and bioavailability of cereal minerals depend upon various aspects, such as plant cell wall configuration, storage chemical form of a mineral, plant tissue localization, and processing conditions. Fortification of minerals is done through classical methods and agro-biotechnological techniques to combat micronutrient deficiencies and improve bioavailability. The recent innovative approaches (chelation and encapsulation) overwhelm issues associated with classical fortification methods, specifically those influencing bioavailability and organoleptic properties. Food processing techniques, such as fermenting, soaking, cooking, and germination, significantly improved mineral bioavailability by reducing phytic acid and other antinutritional factors. Minerals, particularly micro-ones, are lost irreversibly during food processing, and their losses can be reduced by changing the processing strategies. The current review explores minerals in cereals, their bioaccessibility, bioavailability, fortification strategies, the impact of food processing on bioavailability, and their therapeutic potential.

Abstract Innovative environmental technologies such as solar energy, hydroelectricity, waste-to-energy, and rainwater reuse sources have the potential to completely transform the modern world to reduce climate change and dependency on fossil fuels. This study aims to investigate the role of environmental innovative technologies on customers' experiences of hotels with a mediating role of sustainable intelligence. The study theorizes that environmental innovative technologies enhance customers ‘experience and attitude towards hotels. The innovation diffusion theory is utilized as a main theoretical framework to address the research problem. The data was collected from tourists/visitors at top hotels with a usable sample size of 222 respondents. Survey results reveal that innovative technologies in the context of Environmental Responsibility and Economic Responsibility have a significant influence on Pro-Environmental Behaviour with the full mediating role of Sustainable Intelligence. These findings have important implications when implementing innovative technologies in the tourism industry to (1) improve customer satisfaction, experience, and attitude towards the hotels and destinations; (2) provide guidelines in tourism development policy and marketing; (3) help government agencies to effectively use pro-environmental technologies to change consumer attitude. After the investigation, some intriguing theoretical and practical conclusions have been made.

Abstract Background Lumbar disk herniation (LDH) is a cause of chronic low back pain (CLBP) treated using physical therapy (PT), including exercise and physical modalities such as ultrasound (US) and short wave diathermy (SWD). Despite the use of US and SWD, there is inconclusive evidence on their efficacy. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of US and SWD in the treatment of CLBP in patients with LDH. Methods A prospective randomized control clinical study. Individuals with radicular CLBP and LDH on magnetic resonance imaging, presenting to the Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Department were randomized into 3 treatment groups. All participants received 10 sessions of hotpack, transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS) and therapeutic exercises. In addition, Group 1 received 10 sessions of therapeutic US (1 MHz, 1.5W/cm2, 10 min), Group 2 SWD (27.12 MHz, wavelength 11.06 m, induction technique, 20 min) to the lower back. Group 3 (control group) received hotpack, TENS and therapeutic exercises alone. Visual analogue scale (VAS) for LBP, Modified Oswestry Disability Index (MODI) and Short Form 36 (SF-36) were evaluated pre and post treatment and at one and three months follow up. Results In all groups, VAS for LBP and MODI improved with treatment and at the one and three month follow up (p

Soil salinity, which affects plant photosynthesis mechanisms, significantly limits plant productivity. Soil microorganisms, including cyanobacteria, can synthesize various exometabolites that contribute to plant growth and development in several ways. These microorganisms can increase plant tolerance to salt stress by secreting various phytoprotectants; therefore, it is highly relevant to study soil microorganisms adapted to high salinity and investigate their potential to increase plant resistance to salt stress. This study evaluated the antioxidant activity of four cyanobacterial strains: Spirulina platensis Calu-532, Nostoc sp. J-14, Trichormus variabilis K-31, and Oscillatoria brevis SH-12. Among these, Nostoc sp. J-14 presented the highest antioxidant activity. Their growth-stimulating effects under saline conditions were also assessed under laboratory conditions. These results indicate that Nostoc sp. J-14 and T. variabilis K-31 show significant promise in mitigating the harmful effects of salinity on plant size and weight. Both strains notably enhanced the growth of Oryza sativa plants under saline conditions, suggesting their potential as biostimulants to improve crop productivity in saline environments. This research underscores the importance of understanding the mechanisms by which cyanobacteria increase plant tolerance to salt stress, paving the way for sustainable agricultural practices in saline areas.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the impact of fear of missing out, belongingness, and peer pressure on social media addiction and to find out the gender difference in social media addiction. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was designed to collect data from 471 young adults through purposive sampling. The study was conducted from 28th January 2020 to 23rd May 2020 in southern Punjab (Multan, Bahawalpur, Vehari and Layyah) region of Pakistan. An online survey consisting of Fear of missing out scale, Belongingness scale, Peer pressure scale, and Addictive social media usage scale (ASMUS) was shared with participants along with the informed consent. RESULTS: Out of 471 young adults 273 (58%) were females and 198, (42%) were males. Mean age of participants was 19.91±2.23 years. Fear of missing out is positively correlated with belongingness (r =0.26; p

Ion selectivity is a fundamental feature for designing advanced nanopores/channel systems, for example, biosensors or selectively permeable membranes. Comparison between different studies is a way to find and design the nanopore/membrane with pronounced selectivity. However, there is a huge hurdle in comparing the ion selectivities between studies, resulting from different equations from diverse scopes of science. Here, the authors from “Addressing challenges in ion-selectivity characterization in nanopores” emphasized the misinterpretation of the traditionally used Nernst and Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz equations in the previous literature and suggested the use of uniform criteria to overcome this ambiguity. We highlight the potential future applications of using uniform criteria in describing ion selectivity, which is beneficial to developing a massive AI-based databank. This databank would be advantageous for predicting and designing the ion selectivity of nanopores/nanomaterials in question for various applications in biological and material sciences.

AbstractThe present study aimed to explore fluctuations in fatty acids and phenolic profiles of olive oil extracted from fruits of Olea ferruginea Royle harvested at green raw and purple ripe stages from the district Zhob, Balochistan, Pakistan. First, fruit sampling was conducted on 26th June when green olives appeared on trees; second, purple ripe olives were picked on 26th August. Due to very small size and large pit size, oil is extracted without de-pitting the fruit. High-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) system was used for fatty acid and phenolic profiling of both oil samples. Results showed that fatty acid composition of oil extracted from raw green and ripe purple olives falls in the normal range set for purity criteria for olive oils and olive pomace oils by International Olive Council 2019 except for behenic, caprylic, capric and lauric in both oils and oleic acid and linoleic acid of oil extracted from raw green olives which do fall in standard ranges. Fatty acid composition of the olive oil showed that the oil is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (range 50.71% in oil of green olives and 58.77% in oil of ripe purple olives), polyunsaturated fatty acids (range 30.45% in oil of raw green olives and 19.32% in oil of ripe purple olives) and saturated fatty acids (range 15.27–18.58% in olive oil obtained from raw green and ripe purple olives). SFAs showed least variation with ripening stages. There was high concentration of total phenolics in oil obtained from green raw olives (33.41 mg kg−1) as compared to oil of ripe purple olives (18.49 mg kg−1). The present study revealed that alpha, beta, gamma and delta tocopherols showed a uniform trend along with ripening of olive fruit, i.e. there is a clear decline in total tocopherol content of olive oil obtained from ripe purple olives. Green raw olives showed high values of α-tocopherol (192.47 mg kg−1), β + γ-tocopherols (233.65 mg kg−1) and δ-tocopherol (1087.48 mg kg−1). The present work concludes that ripening of olive fruit affects chemical composition of olive oil.

Background: Stroke is one of the leading causes of long-term disability worldwide. The stroke survivors usually become complicated with sensor and motor problems which lead to compromised walking ability and functional limitation, after stroke occurrence the recovery of walking ability is considered one of the vital outcomes of stroke rehabilitation. Objective: To determine the effects of Compelled Body Weight Shift (CBWS) technique by using insole in the individuals with chronic stroke. Materials and methods: A randomized control trial (NCT04479774) was conducted from March 2020 to August 2020. The data was collected through non probability convenient sampling technique. The duration of the study was 6 months after the approval from Rehman medical Institute and Northwest General Hospital. A total n=27 were divided into control n=14 which received conventional physical therapy (CPT) and experimental group n=13 additionally received compelled body weight shift (CBWS) technique using insole shoe lift of 0.6 cm thickness. The tinetti (POMA) for balance and gait, 10 Meter walk test for gait parameters and analogue weight scale for weight distribution on both limbs were assessed at the baseline and after 6th week of intervention. Results: The mean age and BMI of the study participants was 49.84±6.18 years and 34±5.13 kg/m2 respectively. Between the groups analyses showed that all the domains showed no significant difference, but step length showed significant difference (p

Globally, 50% of people consume rice (Oryza sativa), which is among the most abundant and extensively ingested cereal grains. Rice bran is a by-product of the cereal industry and is also considered a beneficial waste product of the rice processing industry. Rice bran oil (RBO) is created from rice bran (20–25 wt% in rice bran), which is the outermost layer of the rice kernel; has a lipid content of up to 25%; and is a considerable source of a plethora of bioactive components. The main components of RBO include high levels of fiber and phytochemicals, including vitamins, oryzanols, fatty acids, and phenolic compounds, which are beneficial to human health and well-being. This article summarizes the stabilization and extraction processes of rice bran oil from rice bran using different techniques (including solvent extraction, microwaving, ohmic heating, supercritical fluid extraction, and ultrasonication). Some studies have elaborated the various biological activities linked with RBO, such as antioxidant, anti-platelet, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, anti-mutagenic, aphrodisiac, anti-depressant, anti-emetic, fibrinolytic, and cytotoxic activities. Due to the broad spectrum of biological activities and economic benefits of RBO, the current review article focuses on the extraction process of RBO, its bioactive components, and the potential health benefits of RBO. Furthermore, the limitations of existing studies are highlighted, and suggestions are provided for future applications of RBO as a functional food ingredient.

Background: Patient satisfaction is a reference point of that degree to which a client is satisfied with the attention and treatment or health care services they get from their health care professional. It provides an idea about the intervention that is effective or not and removes the different malpractice claims. Objective: To determine the level of patients’ satisfaction in outpatient departments of physiotherapy in tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar. Methodology: This study was a cross sectional survey in which purposive sampling was used and data was collected through MED-RISK patient satisfaction questionnaire. Both male and female aged between 18 to 75 and had received at least 3 or more sessions of physiotherapy were recruited in the study The sample size was n=375, participants were selected from physiotherapy (OPD) of Tertiary Care Hospitals of Peshawar. The 13 items, slightly modified form of Med Risk Patient Satisfaction instrument (MRPS) was used for data collection. The data was analyzed and presented in the form of frequencies and percentages. Results: The respondent characteristics of 375 patient showed that more than half were male 245 (65.3%) and the remaining were female 130 (34.7%). The overall patient satisfaction from physical therapy services was 4.38±0.70 which showed that majority of the participants were satisfied with physical therapy services. When comparing the public and private setups, it was observed that participant received PT services in private setup are significantly satisfied (p

Objective: To determine the protective effect of vitamin D on the articular cartilage of formalin-induced arthritis in rats. Study Design: Lab–based Experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Anatomy, Islamic International Medical College from September 2020 to September 2021. Methods: We randomly split thirty adult male albino rats weighing between 250 and 300 grams into three groups. (10 in total). On days 1 and 3 of the experiment, formaldehyde was subcutaneously injected into the right paw of every animal, with the exception of those in group A. The usual rat food was given to the rats in Groups A and B. Throughout the trial, Rats in group C were given vitamin D 4000IU/kg orally by adding cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) injection in a standard diet for 28 days. All of the animals were dissected after the experiment, and the right hind leg was taken out, processed, and stained with H&E for a microscopic assessment of the thickness of the unclarified cartilage. Version 21 of SPSS was used to analyze the results. Results: The oral administration of vitamin D exhibited a significant increase in unclarified cartilage thickness on intergroup comparison. Conclusion: Vitamin D is an effective antiarthritic agent in ameliorating the thickness of articular cartilage thickness in arthritic rat models. How to cite this: Shahid A, Beenish H, Khurshid T, Rashid A, Shahid U, Khan M. Ameliorative Effect of Vitamin D on Articular Cartilage Thickness in Arthritic Rat Model. Life and Science. 2024; 5(1): 107-112. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.570

Introduction: Pleural effusion is the commonest extra-pulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis in endemic populations. This is managed in routine, by diagnostic aspiration and treated with anti-TB medicines. A significant number of treated patients remain visiting pulmonology and thoracic surgery departments, for chest pain, abnormal chest x-ray, and shortness of breath due to residual pleural thickening (RPT). Aims &Objectives: The study was conducted to determine the usefulness of complete thoracentesis under ultrasound guidance over diagnostic aspiration in preventing residual pleural thickening. Place and duration of study: This case-control study was conducted from 01-07-21 to 30-06-2022 at Pulmonology- OPD of Gulab Devi Teaching Hospital Lahore-Pakistan. Material & Methods: After approval from IRB and informed consent, 300 consecutive patients with age 14-85 years, diagnosed TB-pleural effusion, willing for intervention and participation in study were included in the study while pediatric patients, non-TB effusions and unwilling for aspiration or participation were excluded. Two groups of 150 each were allocated through odd and even numbers. Therapeutic aspiration under ultrasound guidance for interventional group and diagnostic aspiration of 50-100 ml for control group was performed. All patients were treated with same standard and followed up according to the principles of DOTS. Pleural thickness was measured utilizing ultrasonography at day 0, 60 and 180. Outcome was compared in both groups. SPSS-24, software was utilized for analysis. p ? 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Only 31/150 patients (20.66%) from interventional group displayed residual pleural thickening while148/150 cases (98.66%) with residual pleural thickening were noted in control group. The P-value was 0.00001 Conclusion: Complete thoracentesis under ultrasound guidance is a tremendous tool for precluding residual pleural thickening in tubercular pleural effusions.

The current study is aimed at modifying the structural makeup of potato starch through the application of heat and moisture to better control the postprandial glycemic response. Heat-moisture treatment (HMT) was used to prepare potato starch using different moisture levels and temperatures. The samples were digested with pancreatin to determine the % of easily digestible, slowly digestible, and resistant starch. Subjects were given pudding made with HMT potato starch, and their postprandial glycemic response was tracked by measuring their blood glucose levels. In addition, incremental and total incremental areas under the curve (IAUC, TIAUC) were also assessed. The current findings of in vitro enzymatic digestibility of potato starch showed inconsistent results as measured at different time intervals. Adding moisture and heating the mixture to 30 and 70°C both increased the amount of rapidly digestible starch in all of the treatments from 20 to 40%. The maximum value of slowly digestible starch was 43.63% when the sample was heated to 30°C with a moisture content of 30%. The highest value (68.46%) for resistant starch was achieved at 20% moisture level and 30°C. After eating pudding, blood sugar spiked for the first 60 and 90 min before gradually dropping off over the next 240 min. As a whole, the highest IAUC and TIAUC values, as well as the glycemic index and load, were observed in potato starch heated to 70°C, which contained 40% moisture. Most parameters achieved their highest values when 40% moisture was added and the heat was applied at 70°C.

Background and Objective: COVID-19 disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) having a wide variety of clinical features ranging from asymptomatic carriers to respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. The objective of the study was to analyze the spectrum of different symptoms, laboratory findings and complications in patients who were admitted in either COVID ward or intensive care unit (ICU) of a local hospital. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of the medical records of 100 COVID-19 disease patients with PCR detected SARS-CoV-2 infection were collected. Participant information was retrospectively obtained from the hospital medical records which included clinical records and laboratory findings. All statistical analyses were done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Results: The mean age of the patients was 50.8 ±5.86 with male predominance (79%). Most frequent co-morbidities were diabetes mellitus (42%) and hypertension (36%). Most frequent symptoms were fever (95.9%) and fatigue (95.9%) followed by dry cough (86.5%), myalgia (85.1) and shortness of breath (70%). Amongst the patients admitted, leukocyte count was 10.95 x 103, C-reactive protein (CRP) was 12.8mg/dl, ferritin was 730.8ng/ml and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) was found to be 1254.7 U/l. Hepatic and renal functions were borderline deranged. Conclusion: COVID-19 disease has a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms. Patients with raised inflammatory markers have severe disease and are more likely in need of an ICU care. By carefully observing these markers may help in better management of COVID-19 disease.

Writing one’s own obituary has been promoted as a means to feel less anxiety regarding death and, as an experiential educational exercise, to clarify one’s values and goals and crystalize one’s professional visions. This study examined students' responses to engaging in an exercise that involved writing one’s own obituary as part of a college course in positive psychology. We conducted a qualitative content analysis of 97 assignments using a grounded theory approach. Students reported that they wanted to be remembered for positive personal characteristics and making a difference in people’s lives. Elements of a satisfying life included achievements both in the personal realm, as well as contributions to others and the world. Importantly, student reflections on the assignment indicated that they acknowledged that it was valuable in serving as a motivator to strive towards an ideal self, although some made comments relating to downplaying the role of achievements. Our findings contribute to prior literature exploring how psychology students interact with and benefit from experiential exercises in the classroom. They also provide much-needed insights into the subjective experiences of individuals engaging in this well-known positive psychology intervention.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a chronic and sometimes fatal condition which affects people all over the world. Nanotherapeutics have shown tremendous potential to combat chronic diseases—including DM2—as they enhance the overall impact of drugs on biological systems. Greenly synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Catharanthus roseus methanolic extract (C. AgNPs) were examined primarily for their cytotoxic and antidiabetic effects. Methods: Characterization of C. AgNPs was performed by UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The C. AgNPs were trialed on Vero cell line and afterwards on an animal model (rats). Results: The C. AgNPs showed standard structural and functional characterization as revealed by FTIR and XRD analyses. The zetapotential analysis indicated stability while EDX analysis confirmed the formation of composite capping with Ag metal. The cytotoxic effect (IC50) of C. AgNPs on Vero cell lines was found to be 568 g/mL. The animal model analyses further revealed a significant difference in water intake, food intake, body weight, urine volume, and urine sugar of tested rats after treatment with aqueous extract of C. AgNPs. Moreover, five groups of rats including control and diabetic groups (NC1, PC2, DG1, DG2, and DG3) were investigated for their blood glucose and glycemic control analysis. Conclusions: The C. AgNPs exhibited positive potential on the Vero cell line as well as on experimental rats. The lipid profile in all the diabetic groups (DG1-3) were significantly increased compared with both of the control groups (p < 0.05). The present study revealed the significance of C. AgNPs in nanotherapeutics.

Background. There is limited published literature on the feasibility of WHO 2009 guidelines for the management of dengue fever (DF) in Pakistani children. This study aimed to assess the outcome of children with DF who received outpatient treatment according to these guidelines during a DF epidemic. Method. This was a prospective cohort study conducted at Federal General Hospital, a secondary care hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from 1st August to 31st October 2019. Using WHO DF 2009 guidelines, children ≤13 years, diagnosed as confirmed DF (NS1 Ag +), were classified into the outpatient (DF) or the inpatient group (DF with warning signs or severe dengue (SD)). The inpatient group was admitted to the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, a tertiary care hospital, and discharged on recovery. These children were followed for the primary outcome, i.e., recovery or hospitalization by day 14 of enrollment. Additionally, clinical and laboratory features (Hb, HCT, TLC, PLT, and ALT) of the patients in the outpatient who remained stable with those who progressed to inpatient care during follow-up were compared; also, time of recovery of blood counts was assessed. Results. Of 93 children with DF, 87 (93.5%) received outpatient care at enrollment. Of these, 6 (7.8%) deteriorated by day 7 and were admitted to inpatient care. SD was present in 6/93 (6.4%) patients at presentation and were admitted. All children showed signs of recovery until day 14. Male gender (p=0.049), lower normal mean platelet (p=0.02), and high mean hematocrit (p=0.001) were associated with disease progression. Conclusion. The majority of children with confirmed DF who received outpatient treatment according to WHO 2009 guidelines were successfully managed. Additionally, confirmed DF with warning signs or SD were admitted and recovered. Regular follow-ups according to the guidelines are pertinent. Thrombocytopenia and high HCT were associated with disease progression.

The potential of cyanobacteria to perform a variety of distinct roles vital for the biosphere, including nutrient cycling and environmental detoxification, drives interest in studying their biodiversity. Increasing soil erosion and the overuse of chemical fertilizers are global problems in developed countries. The option might be to switch to organic farming, which entails largely the use of biofertilisers. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic, photosynthetic organisms with considerable potential, within agrobiotechnology, to produce biofertilisers. They contribute significantly to plant drought resistance and nitrogen enrichment in the soil. This study sought, isolated, and investigated nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterial strains in rice fields, and evaluated the effect of Mo and Fe on photosynthetic and nitrogenase activities under nitrogen starvation. Cyanobacterial isolates, isolated from rice paddies in Kazakhstan, were identified as Trichormus variabilis K-31 (MZ079356), Cylindrospermum badium J-8 (MZ079357), Nostoc sp. J-14 (MZ079360), Oscillatoria brevis SH-12 (MZ090011), and Tolypothrix tenuis J-1 (MZ079361). The study of the influence of various concentrations of Mo and Fe on photosynthetic and nitrogenase activities under conditions of nitrogen starvation revealed the optimal concentrations of metals that have a stimulating effect on the studied parameters.

Since the start of 2020, a COVID-19 emerged as a new strain of Coronavirus. Initially, it affected the population of Wuhan, China and after that it outspread all over the world and was declared as a pandemic by World Health Organization on 30th January, 2020.1 It has been identified that COVID-19 can cause mild illness including common cold to more severe condition known as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), if not treated promptly.2 While people of all ages are susceptible to COVID-19, those over 60 years of age and with cardiovascular diseases along with diabetes have even more chances of becoming seriously ill Whereas children seem to be less affected.3 Currently there is no pharmacological treatment, still some antiviral drugs have been proven to be helpful along with plasma transfusion in which plasma is extracted from the blood of patient who got recovered from COVID-19 an is transfused into the patient still suffering from the said disease.4 Symptoms of respiratory complications due to this disease influence the mind of a Physical Therapist (PT). Though after discussing the maneuvers of respiratory Physical Therapy with fellow professional colleagues as well as clinicians and practically applying it on respective relatives, friends and advice seekers after getting the informed consent from them; those who started to have initial symptoms of COVID-19 before being tested positive and then later got positive. It resulted in great ease for most of them to breathe and did not led to serious respiratory complications that include dyspnea and accumulation of thick and tenacious secretions inside the lungs, which ultimately is a precursor of pneumonia. Following were the PT interventions suggested to the patients showing acute symptoms; Steam inhalation, breathing exercises and postural drainage positions were inculcated in the treatment plan and guided respectively, steam inhalation therapy is normally advised to be used as primary care in acute respiratory diseases.5 It is most commonly used therapy at home and is inexpensive, moreover it promotes self-reliance in the patients; it is used therapeutically by inhaling steam through nose so that it reaches the respiratory system.6-8 Steam inhalation helps in loosening the mucus, it opens the nasal airway passages decreases mucosal inflammation and heat can prevent replication of viruses.9 It helps to relax muscles and relieves coughing by preventing excessive dryness in the mucosal membranes.10 Moreover, breathing exercises have been reported to have beneficial effects in improving symptoms and optimizing pulmonary function in patients. Breathing programs have been reported to have positive effects in alleviating symptoms and optimizing pulmonary function in patients.11 Breathing exercises aim to improve the individuals breathing pattern and increase in lung expansion, they also enhance the performance of respiratory muscles thus leading towards increase in functional residual capacity, and inspiratory reserve volume.12 Breathing exercises reduces breathlessness, increase exercise capacity and improve overall well-being of a person 13,14,15,16 The physiological effect of breathing exercises comprises of increase in intra-bronchial pressure thus preventing the collapse of bronchi and leading towards increase in inspiratory and expiratory flow rate.13,15 It act by stimulating the autonomic system thereby promoting relaxation and in return improves the physiological parameters.16 Furthermore, body positioning improves the efficiency and effectiveness of both primary and accessory muscles of breathing leading to ease in dyspnea and reduction in work of breathing.17 These positions improve the ventilation perfusion ratio and utilize the gravity to remove secretions.18 Positioning decrease the ventilation demand resulting in longer expiratory time thereby preventing hyperinflation and ultimately resolving dyspnea.19 As a healthcare professional and specially a Physical Therapist we would like to ask the imminent researchers to fill this gap by conducting different surveys and trials. Through our experience we’ve found that the manoeuvres we applied have been very effective and improved the overall outcome of the patients suffering from COVID -19.

The aim of this article is to investigate the key success factors of technology, pedagogy and content knowledge (TPACK) in language learning classrooms. We used multi criteria decision making (MCDM) technique namely analytical hierarchy process (AHP) along with group decision making (GDM) in order to classify and rank the critical factors involved in TPACK. The classification and ranking of each factor of TPACK systematized and regularized the importance of technology-driven teaching and learning in language classrooms. Our study provides a new decision making model for TPACK constructs, offering valuable understanding for improving technology driven instructional strategies in language learning.

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of triple-frequency ultrasound treatment (TFUT), germination (GE), and traditional soaking (TS) methods on the nutritional and techno-functional properties of two different barley varieties, including ZQ2000 and XMLY22. Both ZQ2000 and XMLY22 varieties exhibited the highest total phenolic content (TPC) with 840.73 ± 23.59 μg of GAE/g DW and 720.33 ± 30.56 μg of GAE/g DW, and total flavonoid content (TFC) with 520.79 ± 23.45 μg of QUE/g DW and 420.84 ± 19.80 μg of QUE/g DW, respectively. Enzyme activities, such as peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), were notably elevated, indicating enhanced defense mechanisms. The study also found increased γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) levels and antidiabetic potential through inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Further, gene expression analysis revealed differential regulation of phenylpropanoid pathway genes, contributing to the bioactive compound enhancement. Strong intermolecular interactions were observed in both ZQ2000 and XMLY22 samples subjected to TFUT, GE, TFUT + GE, and TS, as validated by FTIR and molecular docking analyses. The structural configuration of two barley types, ZQ2000 and XMLY22, was determined using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which indicated an increase in α-helix and β-sheet conformation and a decrease in random coil conformation in samples treated with TFUT + GE. Moreover, SEM observation provides convincing evidence that TFUT + GE improves and speeds up the breakdown of ZQ2000′s internal structures. Conclusively, this study suggests that the combination of ultrasound and germination treatments significantly enhances the functional properties of barley, making it a promising method for creating health-enhancing barley-based products offering potential applications in functional food development.

Objective: Determining the synergistic effect of Coenzyme Q10 & L-Carnitine on Oligodendrocyte necrosis and Myelination, in a rat model of Multiple sclerosis. Study Design: Laboratory based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Anatomy, Islamic International Medical College Rawalpindi, Pakistan from March 2022 to May 2022 in collaboration with NIH Islamabad, for a duration of 12 weeks. Methods: A total of fifty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five randomized groups, each with a distinct treatment plan. While Group 1 received a standard diet, the remaining four groups were induced with Multiple Sclerosis and administered 0.2% Cuprizone (CPZ) over a period of 12 weeks. After four weeks, Group 3 was given 150 mg/kg/day of Coenzyme Q10/Ubiquinone (CoQ10), Group 4 received 100 mg/kg/day of LCarnitine (L-Car), and Group 5 was treated with a combination of both, all while still receiving CPZ. Upon completion of the 12-week protocol, the rats were sacrificed, and their brains were extracted. H & E staining was performed on coronal sections to assess any changes in oligodendrocyte necrosis, while Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining was utilized to visualize alterations in myelination. Results: The combination of CoQ10 and L-Car was significantly better than the single agents in controlling the oligodendrocyte necrosis and controlling vacuolation of myelin, as evidenced by ANOVA and F-test. Conclusion: This study has unequivocally demonstrated that taking CoQ10 and L-Car together has a greater effect on promoting myelination and preventing oligodendrocyte necrosis compared to using them individually. Therefore, it is highly recommended to prescribe both medications simultaneously for those with multiple sclerosis, as it can potentially provide greater advantages for patients. How to cite this: Qureshi T, Ali S, Shahid A, Beenish H, Khurshid T, Fahad T. Synergistic Effects of Coenzyme Q10 & L-Carnitine on Oligodendrocyte Necrosis and Myelination, In A Rat Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Life and Science. 2024; 5(4): 471-476. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.547

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a cuisine spice of the Apiaceae genus extensively cultivated in tropical and temperate regions. Due to its commercial significance and considerable pharmaceutical industry uses, fennel is regarded as one of the world’s most important medicinal plants while being one of the oldest spice plants. The aim of the study is to discuss pharmacological qualities including antibacterial, antidiabetic, anticancer, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, anticancer, and other activities. Flavonoids, glycosides, and other phytoconstituents found in fennel are utilized as remedies for many illnesses. Fennel contains phenolic chemicals that are beneficial to human health. From this plant, bioactive substances like trans-anethole, estragole, fenchone, and quercetin have been identified. Several of these chemicals have been linked to potential human body systems. Fennel may be utilized in the creation of many drugs since it has a variety of pharmacological qualities and their bioactive components are crucial to maintaining human health.

In millennia, berries have captured great attention owing to their broad spectrum of functional as well as therapeutic activities, which is due to presence of their bioactive compounds. All edible forms of berries show important nutritional properties leading to their therapeutic potential and are considered as safe functional foods. Recently, various researches for further exploration of berries concerning nutritional and bioactive profiles as well as potential health benefits are on the way. This review highlights the latest research on bioactive compounds of all edible forms of berries and their related nutritional activities in humans and animals against different diseases. The current article revealed that berries have an array of bioactive moieties including phenolics, anthocyanins and ellagitannins with strong antioxidant potential contributing to their anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and cardio-protective roles. The demand and consumption trend is increasing day by day, due to their therapeutic effects as mentioned above. C-1: English and clarity of this paper must be checked by an expert, otherwise I will asked for professional editing

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and cyberchondria and to find out the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity in this relationship. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2021 to January 2022 at Bahauddin Zakariyya University, Multan, Pakistan. Participants ranging in age from 18 to 55 years were selected through purposive sampling techniques from different cities of Southern Punjab. Participants who actively use social mediums for online information-seeking of disease-related symptoms were included in the study and participants who confirmed having a physical or psychological health condition were excluded. Cyberchondria, anxiety sensitivity index-3, and intolerance of uncertainty scale were used for measurement. The data were analyzed using structural equation modelling. RESULTS: Out of 413 participants, 148 (42%) were males and 265 (64.2%) were females. Majority (n=188/413; 45.6%) spent >5 hours on net. Main symptoms searched on internet were psychological (n=61; 14.8%), Physiological (n=175; 42.4%) and both (n=177; 42.8%). Correlation metrics showed that intolerance of uncertainty has a moderate positive correlation with anxiety sensitivity (r=0.59) and cyberchondria (r =-0.41). Similarly, anxiety sensitivity is also positively correlated with cyberchondria (r=0.38). Results further revealed that intolerance of uncertainty has a significant impact on cyberchondria (β=0.48, R2=0.30). Anxiety sensitivity significantly mediates the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and cyberchondria among the general population (β=0.64, R2=0.41) (β=0.25, R2=0.26). CONCLUSION: A significant positive relation exists between intolerance of uncertainty, cyberchondria, and anxiety sensitivity. Intolerance of uncertainty significantly impacts cyberchondria. Anxiety sensitivity significantly mediates the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and cyberchondria.

Background: During exercise, athletes experience a significant elevation in physiological strain, influenced by a multitude of internal and external factors, including physical and environmental conditions. These factors dictate how different organ systems respond to physical activity. This study aims to investigate the psychophysiological strain reactions to endurance training in military male runners. Methodology: A cohort of 75 male military runners, engaging in daily 90 minute exercise routines and aged between 20 and 30, was recruited for the study. The study assessed various physiological variables in military runners, encompassing lactate threshold (LT), maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max), and percentage heart rate reserve (%HRR). Additionally, psychological assessments were conducted using the Brunel Mood Scale and Borg's Rate of Perceived Exertion. Results: The findings revealed a gradual increase in heart rate (HR) and VO2 max as running intensity escalated. Notably, the runners' perceived exertion rate rose following competitive running events, concomitant with a decrease in their positive mood scale ratings. This trend reflected their disappointment stemming from their performance outcomes. Conclusion: The study highlights that VO2 max and LT serve as robust indicators of male runners' potential. Furthermore, the evaluation of runners' mood and perception of exertion before and after the sprint demonstrated an augmentation in negative emotions post-exercise.

This study comprises developing a more appropriate hybrid wavelet-modified GMDH model for forecasting the monthly crude palm oil (CPO) price of Malaysia. In the proposed hybrid model, the complex data of monthly CPO price is decomposed into different sub series using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and then it has been linked with modified GMDH model. Sigmoid, radial basis, tangent and polynomial functions are selected as transfer functions in modified GMDH for the best fit and correct model compared to conventional GMDH. The monthly CPO data were taken from Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) spanning the period January 1983 to November 2019. The capabilities of modified GMDH and hybrid wavelet-modified GMDH in modelling and forecasting the monthly CPO price are determined by MAE, RMSE, MAPE, R and R2. The MAPE of the proposed hybrid wavelet-modified GMDH model for the monthly CPO price of Malaysia is less than 4 % and coefficient of correlation (R) is 0.99, which show an excellent fit compared to the individual modified GMDH model. The proposed hybrid model provides the best alternative tools to help the Malaysian industry deal with price variations and assists Malaysia in playing a dominant role worldwide in the international market.

BackgroundThe socio-cultural response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the level of adherence to evidence-based guidelines played a crucial role in determining the morbidity and mortality outcomes during the pandemic. This review aims to evaluate the impact of stigma and psycho-socio-cultural challenges on efforts to control the COVID-19 pandemic and to identify ways to mitigate such challenges in future pandemics.MethodsUsing keywords including COVID-19, coronavirus, stigma, psychosocial challenges, and others, the authors searched seven major databases with a time limitation of July 2021, which yielded 2,038 results. Out of these, 15 papers were included in this review.ResultsThe findings of the review indicated that several psychosocial, socio-economic, and ethno-cultural factors are linked to the transmission and control of COVID-19. The research revealed that stigma and related psychosocial challenges and others, such as anxiety, fear, and stigma-driven social isolation, have resulted in significant mental health problems.DiscussionThe review underscores the negative impact of stigma on COVID-19 patients, survivors, and the general population. Addressing stigma and psychosocial challenges is crucial to effectively manage the current pandemic and to prevent similar challenges during future public health crises.

Objective: to recognize an alternate method for screening neonatal sepsis in patients while considering the sensitivity and accuracy of the diagnosis. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jun to Dec 2021. Methodology: Patients admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Combined Military Hospital were included in the study. Demographic data, including age, weight, gender, and gestational age, were recorded. In addition, a statistical comparison of total leucocyte count, absolute neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, and C-reactive protein test was carried out for the cases and controls. Results: It was evident from the results that a significant correlation between the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and neonatal sepsis exists. The mean NLR in non-septic individuals was (1.8±1.3) and in septic individuals, it was (2.9±1.9). The p-value was 0.001. Furthermore, ROC showed that at an NLR value of 1.6, sensitivity was 0.594 and 1-specificity 0.295. Conclusion: Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio was an efficient screening tool for determining sepsis in neonates, with comparable results to the C-reactive protein test.

Objective Spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs due to trauma or non-traumatic conditions may be associated with comorbidities related to cardiovascular system and higher risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). This study aimed to identify risk factors for VTE in patients with SCI. Material and Methods The study included 326 patients diagnosed as SCI that were admitted to the inpatient tertiary research hospital rehabilitation clinic and enrolled in a conventional rehabilitation program. The data were collected retrospectively. Risk factors for developing VTE were identified. Results There were no significant differences in age, comorbidities or SCI etiology between the patients with and without VTE. The groups differed significantly in gender, level of injury and duration of SCI. Risk factor for VTE were only level of injury. Conclusions The present findings show that paraplegic injury level may be considered risk factor for developing VTE in SCI patients. It should be considered when approaching the possibility of VTE in SCI patients.

Introduction: Cervical lymphadenopathy is very common as the presenting complaint in our outpatient departments. Its etiology may either be benign or malignant. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a comparatively cheap, easy to perform minimally invasive test. It has become the go to test to determine the cause of lymphadenopathy Aims & Objectives: To determine whether FNAC is a cost-effective diagnostic tool in evaluation of various benign and malignant Pathologies associated with cervical lymphadenopathy. Place and duration of study: It is a retrospective study conducted at Gulab Devi Hospital from April 2019 to April 2021. Material & Methods: The cyto-morphologic features seen in the aspirates were critically analyzed and correlated with their etiology. SPSS version 24.0 was analyzed for data analysis. A p-value of

Abstract Current and previous studies have extensively studied the physiological and ecological consequences of genome size (GS) on plants because of the limiting effect of GS on cell size. However, it is still obscure whether such limiting effect could be shifted by environmental pressures, or not. Here, we compiled a global dataset comprised of GS, xylem vessel diameter (Vdia), xylem hydraulic conductivity (KS), P50 (xylem water potential at the loss of 50% maximum KS), and climate factors of 251 phylogeny and habitat divergent species from 59 families. The results showed that GS could limit the Vdia of the species from the same family sampled in the similar climate conditions. But the expected positive relationship between GS and Vdia became uncertain and even negative across different environmental conditions. Vdia was strongly positively coordinated with mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), and potential evapotranspiration (PET). Furthermore, Vdia as the anatomic foundation of plant hydraulic performance was strongly positively coordinated with KS and negatively coordinated with −P50. The strong environmental selection on KS and P50 explained the concerted regulation of Vdia by environmental factors. The findings revealed the combined regulation of GS and environmental pressures on xylem cell size and thus affected plant eco‐physiological performance. The shifted cell size limiting effect of GS by environmental factors manifests plants great plasticity under changed environmental conditions.

Background. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a multifactorial, progressive chronic lung disease. COPD was rated as the third largest cause of death by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016. Cough and sputum are present in about 60% of COPD patients. For persons with COPD who are unable to attend the standard centre-based program, home-based pulmonary rehabilitation offers a cost-effective option. The aim. To compare the effects of supervised and self-directed pulmonary rehabilitation on cough and sputum expectoration in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods. Forty COPD-diagnosed subjects with ages between 40 to 60 years were recruited for this randomized clinical trial. The participants were randomly distributed into self-managed (n=18) and supervised (n=19) groups. Data was collected using a 6-minute walk test, the Leicester Cough Questionnaire and a cough and sputum assessment questionnaire at baseline after 6 weeks post treatment. Results. There was a significant difference found between self-managed and supervised groups for six-minute walk test with P value to be P > 0.005. While analysing LCQ, overall no significant difference was observed demonstrating between two groups with P > 0.05; besides, physical factors showed a significant difference during the pre-session which showed P = 0.004. No significant difference was found while analysing values from Cough and sputum assessment questionnaire with P > 0.05 Conclusion. Supervised exercise program and self-managed group show equal improvement in COPD patients. Self-management exercise should be encouraged for active involvement of patient during the treatment and to promote self-preventive behavior. Keywords: sputum, cough, self-management, pulmonary rehabilitation.

Objective: To study the neuroprotective effect of curcumin against tartrazine-induced neurobiochemical and histopathological changes in the gray matter of motor cortex of rat brain. Study Design: Lab-based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy, Islamic International Medical College, from Sep 2019 to Sep 2020. Methodology: Forty five adult male albino rats (250-300 gm) were divided randomly into three groups (n=15). Group A, rats were given standard rat diet. Group B, rats were given tartrazine orally by dissolving in tap water in the dose of 7.5 mg/kg body weight. Group C, rats were given 200 mg/kg of curcumin along with tartrazine orally by dissolving in tap water, daily for 28 consecutive days. At the end, all animals were dissected and their brain were removed. The neurobiochemical parameters including lipid peroxidation marker level along with microscopic changes widening of Virchow’s robin space and neuropil vacuolation in neurovascular unit were observed. Results were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: The curcumin administration significantly improved the MDA levels (p-value

Objective: To compare the efficacy of Selenium and Zinc in improving histological features on DEHP-induced toxicity in the thyroid gland of rats. Design of study: Laboratory based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Anatomy Department of Islamic International Medical College with the National Institute of Health (NIH), Islamabad Pakistan cooperation from Sep 2019 to Sep 2020. Methodology: Forty, eight weeks old rats were divided into four groups, each containing ten male rats. In control, Group-A rats were on the standard diet. In Group-B, rats were given orally 500mg/kg/day DEHP. In Group-C rats were given 500mg/kg/day DEHP and 1mg/kg/day Selenium orally. In Group-D rats were given 500mg/kg/day DEHP and 5mg/kg/day Zinc orally. After 28 days, rats were dissected, and the thyroid gland was removed. Histological parameters, vacuolization and number of follicular cells were observed with H and E stining among control and experimental groups. Results: In Group-B, 50% of rats showed severe vacuolization. In Group-C, 60% of rats showed minimal vacuolization. In Group- D, 40% of rats showed minimally, and 40% of rats showed mild vacuolization. Among quantitative parameters, the number of follicular cells was conserved more by Selenium than Zinc. Conclusion: Selenium and Zinc have a protective effect on thyroid histological changes caused by DEHP, but Selenium shows better conservation than zinc on thyroid histology.

Abstract Background Hemodialysis (HD) patients suffer from musculoskeletal disorders. The most reported musculoskeletal problem is arthralgia. Hip arthralgia has been commonly reported in patients undergoing HD. Hip pain can lead to a decrease in levels of physical activity, limitation in joint range of motion, and consequently difficulties in performing activities of daily living (ADL) and impair the quality of life (QoL). The aim of the study is to reveal the prevalence of hip pain and related factors in HD patients. This cross-sectional study included 73 patients on prevalent HD whose ages ranged from 25 to 65 years and who were on HD for more than 6 months. Physical examination and radiological imaging were done to every patient. Visual analog scale, Barthel Index, and Short Form-36 were used to evaluate pain, ADL, and QoL, respectively. Results Hip arthralgia was detected in 32 patients. Around 43% of which were diagnosed hip osteoarthritis, 34% greater trochanteric pain syndrome, 15% femoroacetabular impingement, and 6% soft tissue calcifications. Diabetes mellitus and hemodialysis duration were found to be significantly different between the groups of hip pain and without hip pain. Diabetes mellitus was identified as an independent risk factor for hip pain in hemodialysis patients. ADL and QoL were significantly lower in patients with hip pain compared to those without (p < 0.01; p < 0.05, respectively). Conclusions The results of our research show that HD patients should be screened for the presence of hip pain and other musculoskeletal disorders and that this is an area which requires further consideration and medical research.

Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a high burden respiratory issue all over the world. It has high morbidity and mortality in the United States. Bronchiectasis is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is under diagnosed as diagnostic tools like HRCT though easily available but an expensive test in developing countries like Pakistan. We aim to establish the frequency and patterns of bronchiectasis in patients of COPD. Aims and Objectives: To establish the frequency and pattern of bronchiectasis in COPD in our population so that we can improve patient care and quality of life of these patients. Place and duration of study: We did a cross sectional survey in Department of Pulmonology, Gulab Devi Hospital, Lahore. Study was completed from 1st September 2017 to 28th February 2018. Material & Methods: After taking an informed consent 150 already diagnosed COPD patients were included. Bronchiectasis was seen on high resolution CT scan (HRCT). Data was collected on a structured proforma and analyzed on SPSS version 20. Results: Bronchiectasis was observed in 76 (50.6%) patients of COPD while 74 patients had no bronchiectasis. Out of 76, cylindrical bronchiectasis was seen in 82%. Lower lobe and bilateral involvement was more common. Means of age, gender, exacerbations of COPD, and history of pulmonary tuberculosis were not related to bronchiectasis while pack years of smoking, duration of illness and Modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) Dyspnea Scale were significantly related to bronchiectasis. Conclusion: This is observed that bronchiectasisis quite common (50.6%) in patients of COPD in our population.

Background: To the best of our knowledge, the general population of Pakistan has never been evaluated for age-related cognitive performance. We aimed to determine the decline in cognitive abilities using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Mini-Cognition (Mini-Cog) in the three age brackets, i.e. younger, middle-aged and older adults. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted over a sample of 200 subjects (both male and female) divided into three different groups with respect to their age, i.e. younger, middle-aged and older adults. For cognitive assessment, MMSE and Mini-Cog were used with predetermined cut-off values. A point was scored for each correct answer based on the participant’s familiarization of environment, memory, speech, and ability to follow instructions to read or write. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: Based on the study findings, MMSE suggested that 2.5% of participants had severe cognitive impairment, and 23% had mild cognitive impairment. Of these, 23 participants were in between 56 to 75 years of age, indicating increased cognitive decline among older adults. The mean MMSE score was 26.58 among young adults, which further decreased to 24.06 among older adults. The results of the regression analysis displayed that age, occupational load and educational levels were independent predictors of cognitive performances (higher MMSE score) (p

Abstract Pangasius fish is one of the rapid growing fresh water species in aquaculture. This study was aimed to assess the microbial number, physical quality and sensory evaluation of the Pangasius fish fillets from Nepal. Pangasius fish were collected from Chitwan and Nawalparasi districts, fillets were prepared and blast frozen simultaneously. The microbial number decreased rapidly during storage in frozen condition while Staphlylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (which were present initially in fillets) disappeared during storage. The sensory panellists preferred air blast frozen fillets stored for one month than stored for two months. Different parts of the fish body showed different textural properties. Hardness was increased during second month of storage while other textural properties were found satisfactory in first month of storage in frozen condition. This study showed that sensory qualities of air blast frozen Pangasius fish fillets changes with time even in frozen storage. Keywords: fillet, microbial number, Pangasius, sensory, texture Abstrak Ikan Pangasius adalah salah satu spesies ikan air tawar yang dapat tumbuh cepat saat dibudidayakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kualitas mikroba, kualitas fisik, dan evaluasi sensorik fillet ikan Pangasius di Nepal. Ikan Pangasius didapatkan dari daerah Chitwan dan Nawalparasi kemudian dibuat fillet dan dibekukan secara langsung. Jumlah mikroba menurun drastis saat penyimpanan dalam kondisi beku, sedangkan Staphlylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli (yang memang ada di bahan sejak awal) tidak ada selama penyimpanan. Panelis sensoris lebih memilih fillet ikan dengan pembekuan air blast yang disimpan selama satu bulan daripada dua bulan. Bagian tubuh ikan yang berbeda menunjukkan sifat tekstur fillet yang berbeda. Tingkat kekerasan fillet ikan meningkat saat penyimpanan bulan ke dua, sementara sifat tekstur yang lain paling diminati saat penyimpanan bulan pertama dalam kondisi beku. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa kualitas sensoris fillet ikan Pangasius dengan pembekuan air blast berubah seiring waktu bahkan dalam penyimpanan beku. Kata kunci: fillet, jumlah mikroba, Pangasius, sensori, tekstur

Introduction: Choosing a specialty after graduation plays an important role in the life of a student. However, little is known about students' preferences about selection of specialties in physical therapy students in developing countries. This study aimed to find out specialties' preferences and factors that influence students' choices of selection any specialty in physical therapy students studying in final year. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on students of physical therapy institutes located in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study was carried out from November 2018 to April 2019. Data was collected from final year students only. All students who were eligible, were included for this survey and a total of 185 students participated in this survey. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and questionnaires were distributed amongst them. The data collection tool used for this study was a semi-structured questionnaire. SPSS version 22 was used for data analysis. The measure of frequencies was obtained for variables and chi-square test was applied to measure the association between variables. Results: A total of 185 students, 101 (54.6%) female and 84 (45.4%) male with a mean age of 23.44 ± 1.54 years participated in this study. Among all the participants, 145 (78.3%) intended to specialize in the future. The most preferred specialty amongst these participants was Musculoskeletal Physical Therapy (n=80,43.2%). The least chosen specialty was Geriatrics Physical Therapy (n=2, 1.1%). Among male participants no one selected Gynecological Physical Therapy as specialty. Prestige within the profession was considered the most important factor for specialty preference (n=118, 81.4%). Conclusion: Musculoskeletal Physical Therapy remained preferred choice of specialty amongst students of final year studying Doctor of Physical Therapy in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The most important reported factor effecting specialty preferences amongst physical therapy students is prestige within the profession.

Cancer is the most complex and leading cause of fatality worldwide. Despite meritorious research in the field of cancer, it is still a substantial threat to human life. In this article, we address a question on the present strategies and manifest the importance of critical biomarkers for cancer screening and early diagnosis before the symptoms appear. However, this goal can only be achieved if scientists will focus on ultra-sensitive detection techniques such as “Nanopore.” Nanopore sensing is a simple and rapid single-molecule detection technique that can detect multiple cancer biomarkers in femto-Molar concentrations in real time. Last but not least, we propose a systematic policy to win the war against cancer that is a big challenge to science.

Introduction: Evidence Based Practice (EBP) constitutes of clinical skills, patients values and high-quality clinical research for decision-making in-patient care. EBP provide better use of resources for improving the emerging questions in clinical setup hence improving the effectiveness of the treatment. The physical therapists and physical therapist assistants shall provide services which increase patients care and hence improve quality of life. Materials and Methods: The research design for this study was cross sectional survey and was conducted in tertiary health care hospitals of Peshawar and district hospitals of KPK. The duration of this study was 6 months: from September 2018 to February 2019. Census sampling was performed, and 103 participants were screened. Inclusion criteria was applied, and 96 participants were included in the research. Inclusion criteria for this survey was clinical physical therapists having at least one-year clinical experience and decline consent was excluded from this survey. The questionnaire we used in the study was modified APTA standard Questionnaire. Results: The respondents' characteristics of 80 participants shows that more than half were male 47(58.8%) and the remaining were females 33(41.3%). Respondents held positive attitude and beliefs regarding EBP application with a majority of 35(43.8%) strongly agreed while 6(7.5%) PT's strongly disagreed. The most common barrier reported by 49 (61.3%) respondents was inability to apply research findings to individual patient with unique characteristics. Conclusion: Clinical physical therapists of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have positive attitude towards EBP. Majority of the respondents showed an interest in adopting evidence-based practice in their clinical setups and also claimed that evidence-based practice is necessary for daily clinical practice.

Introduction: Patients satisfaction is an important and commonly used an indicator for measuring the quality in health care. It affects clinical outcomes, patient retention, and medical malpractice claims. Patient satisfaction affects the timely, eficient, and patient-centered delivery of quality health care. The importance of patient satisfaction in quality health care has been reported but there is scarcity of quality research on patient satisfaction in the field of physical therapy especially in developing countries. This survey was designed to assess level of patients’ satisfaction level receiving physical therapy services at Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar. Material & Methods: A total of 187 patients from three wards and physical therapy OPD participated in this survey. We used Med Risk instrument for measuring Patient Satisfaction (MRPS) questionnaire for assessing levels of satisfaction among these patients. The questionnaire was modified in order to make it applicable for all the areas including cardiac, musculoskeletal and neurological conditions for both in- and outpatient departments. Data was analyzed through SPSS version 20. Results: A total of 187 with less than half (45.5%) males and the remaining female population participated in this survey. High satisfaction level of patients receiving physical therapy services was witnessed amongst the patients who participated in this survey. Majority of the patients were from cardia ward due to specialized nature of the hospital which is famous for dealing conditions with cardiac conditions. The mean score for the patients’ satisfaction level was recorded to 4.68±0.63 which is higher than reported in other trials. Conclusion: Patient getting physical therapy services at both in- and outdoor facilities at Rehman Medical Institute have high level of satisfaction.

Objective: To compare protective potential of cinnamon extract and green tea against Bisphenol A induced changes in tubular histology of rat kidney. Design of Study: Randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: Duration of study was six months and was conducted in Islamic International Medical College in collaboration with NIH. Material and Methods: Sixty adult male rats of Sprague Dawley strain were placed in 4 cages having 15 rats each. Experimental duration was 30 days. Rats in control group A were subcutaneously injected with distilled water. Rats in experimental group B were given subcutaneous injections of BPA at dose of 30mg/kg/day. Rats in group C were given cinnamon (200mg/kg/day) orally along with s/c injection of BPA while group D rats were given green tea orally along with s/c BPA injections. All rats were dissected after 30 days and right kidneys were taken out to examine histological changes in proximal and distal convoluted tubules. Results: Histological parameters of proximal and distal convoluted tubules were observed in experimental and control groups. Marked deterioration of tubular structure was observed in group B as compared to control group. Although both groups C and D showed nephroprotection against tubular histological changes but group D offered greater nephroprotection than group C. Conclusion: Green tea was more effective than cinnamon in combating the oxidative stress induced neprotoxicity caused by BPA. Co-administration of cinnamon and green tea with BPA reduced the histological damage in proximal and distal convoluted tubules of nephrons in rats caused by Bisphenol A.

The western hype over Abraham Accords is evident from their exploitation of the overused phrase “historical moment” in international relations. A shift in Arab-Israeli relations has been stamped with the signing of Abraham Accords, whereby the Arab veto over the recognition of the Palestinian state, in return for Israeli recognition, is practically over. The unexpected shift of alliances in Middle East have defined new battle lines. Israel has joined forces with UAE, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia – against perhaps Iran and Turkey. Despite the commitment to halt further settlements, Palestine is the ultimate victim. The two-state solution, in spirit, is all but buried. Comprehensive peace processes are multi-level and multi-layered and involve pragmatic efforts to build the widest consensus possible around a shared future. However, Abraham Accords lacks just that; it is both elitist and imposed. The paper is an attempt to explore the changing ground realities by exploring both history and the contemporary scenario. It examines both long-term and short-term impact of the accords on the stakeholders and the regional players

Objectives: To determine the frequency of tuberculosis and malignancy in transudative pleural effusions. Material and Method: The study was conducted in Pulmonology-OPD, Gulab Devi Teaching Hospital Lahore from Oct. 2017 to Feb. 2019. One hundred and twenty-eight consecutive patients with transudative pleural effusions and 14-69 years age, willing for invasive investigations & ADA estimation were included, while those not willing for further investigations, participation in the study, and exudative effusions were excluded. The clinical features, pleural fluid analysis findings, ADA(Adenosine deaminase) estimation results, hematology, echocardiography, bronchoscopy, Lymph node biopsy, CT-thorax, ultrasound chest & abdomen results were recorded on a preformed proforma. Findings were summarized, tabulated, and analyzed statistically using SPSS-16 software. Results: Out of 1370 cases of pleural effusion, 128 cases (9.34%) with pleural transudate were isolated. In all patients, pleural fluid protein/serum protein level was < 0.5. The age ranged 14-69 years with a mean of 39 years + 11.3. Fifty-two cases (40.62%) had right-sided, 38 cases (29.68%) left-sided while 38 cases (29.68%) had bilateral pleural effusions. Seventy-six aspirates (59.37%) were yellow, 20 (15.62%) reddish, 18 (14.06%) straw-colored and 14 fluids (10.93%) were watery in color. Out of 128 transudative effusions, malignant etiology was found in 23 cases (17.96%), tubercular in 17 cases (13.28%) and 19 cases (14.84%) of Para-pneumonic origin were detected. Conclusion: Tuberculosis and malignancy can be the possible etiology of transudative effusion.

The present study was aimed to isolate and characterize cereal cell walls with special reference to monosaccharide and total phenolic content. For the purpose, two varieties of each cereal, i.e. wheat (Ujala-16 and FSD-08), barley (Jau-87 and Haider-93), and sorghum (Sorghum-11 and JS-02) were procured from Ayub Agriculture Research Institute, Faisalabad. In phase I, endospermic cell walls were isolated from cereals through popping method. In phase II, isolated cell walls were analyzed for monosaccharides, beta-glucan, and total phenolics according to their respective methods. Higher cell wall contents were shown by both varieties of barley (8.32–8.99 g/100 g) followed by wheat (5.21–5.68 g/100 g) and sorghum (3.88–4.02 g/100 g) varieties. Results regarding monosaccharides of endospermic cell walls revealed that these cell walls had arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucose with glucose absence in wheat and mannose and galactose absence in sorghum. Furthermore, barley varieties were higher in beta-glucan and total phenolics content followed by wheat and sorghum. Conclusively, barley cell wall was considered more nutritious as compared to wheat and sorghum.