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This paper is based on our experience of running a one‐day participatory workshop at the Hull History Centre in the summer of 2023 titled ‘Watery Archives: Exploring Hull's flood histories’. The event was co‐designed by academics and archivists in direct response to feedback from our community participants as part of the Risky Cities project at the University of Hull. During the day, we invited participants to explore original historical material about Hull's flood histories from the seventeenth to the twentieth century, and then to produce creative and sometimes activist outputs that encouraged participants to critically engage with climate change today. The paper reflects on the value of community and participatory based approaches to open up access to archives and to unleash new learnings and discoveries. It considers some of the potential barriers to engagement in archives and shows how we addressed some of those challenges in our workshop design using methods of participatory learning and research. The paper shows how the 'Watery Archives' workshop built on the power of partnership between academic and heritage organisations to drive community‐led, place‐based research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Submarines and other underwater vessels are widely employed in the naval sector for defense purposes as well as in the civilian realm for scientifi c and recreational purposes. However, challenges such as biofouling caused by bacteria and algae can signifi cantly impact performance and environmental eff ects. This study investigated the impact of biofouling on the U209 submarine by analysing how the location of roughness aff ects drag, with particular emphasis on frictional drag. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was employed to assess the impact of biofouling on the turbulent fl ow characteristics of ship hull surfaces with varying roughness, operating within the range of velocity = 9.7 knot – 29.1 knot. The submarine analysis was conducted under complete submersion without any water disturbance. The increase in drag resulted from the variation in the surface of the submarine hull. The drag increased from 8.5% to 18.2% for partial hull roughness and from 30.5% to 46.9% for overall roughness. The entire surface irregularity of the hull led to a signifi cant increase in the drag. This can be explained by the results that as the surface area aff ected by biofouling increases, the amount of turbulent fl ow around the hull also increases, resulting in greater resistance, particularly in terms of frictional drag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile British artisans played a key role in the global diffusion of industrialization, taking their skills to Continental Europe and the USA. While research in recent decades among those who might be classed as minor innovators or tweakers has increased our knowledge and understanding of their contribution to this process, less is known about those skilled tradespeople who might be classed as implementers, in other words, those who proved capable of constructing, installing and operating new industrial plant and machinery but are not noted for their innovations. This article is the study of the life and context of William Harman, a highly mobile individual involved in the construction of steamships and locomotives and whose career took him from his home near Hull to France and across the United States as the frontier moved westwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formally self-dual (FSD) codes and linear codes with small Euclidean (resp. Hermitian) hulls have recently attracted a lot of attention due to their theoretical and practical importance. However, there has been not much attention on FSD codes with small hulls. In this paper, we introduce two kinds of polynomial four Toeplitz codes and prove that they must be FSD. We characterize the linear complementary dual (LCD) properties and one-dimensional hull properties of such codes with respect to the Euclidean and Hermitian inner products. Using these characterizations, we find some improved binary, ternary Euclidean and quaternary Hermitian FSD LCD codes, as well as many non-equivalent ones that perform equally well with respect to best-known (FSD) LCD codes in the literature. Furthermore, some (near) maximum distance separable FSD codes with both one-dimensional Euclidean hull and one-dimensional Hermitian hull are also given as examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present a new method for constructing self-dual codes over finite commutative rings R with characteristic 2. Our method involves searching for k × 2 k matrices M over R satisfying the conditions that its rows are linearly independent over R and M M ⊤ = α ⊤ α for an R-linearly independent vector α ∈ R k. Let C be a linear code generated by such a matrix M. We prove that the dual code C ⊥ of C is also a free linear code with dimension k, as well as C / H u l l (C) and C ⊥ / H u l l (C) are one-dimensional free R-modules, where H u l l (C) represents the hull of C. Based on these facts, an isometry from R x + R y onto R 2 is established, assuming that x + H u l l (C) and y + H u l l (C) are bases for C / H u l l (C) and C ⊥ / H u l l (C) over R, respectively. By utilizing this isometry, we introduce a new method for constructing self-dual codes from self-dual codes of length 2 over finite commutative rings with characteristic 2. To determine whether the matrix M M ⊤ takes the form of α ⊤ α with α being a linearly independent vector in R k , a necessary and sufficient condition is provided. Our method differs from the conventional approach, which requires the matrix M to satisfy M M ⊤ = 0 . The main advantage of our method is the ability to construct nonfree self-dual codes over finite commutative rings, a task that is typically unachievable using the conventional approach. Therefore, by combining our method with the conventional approach and selecting an appropriate matrix construction, it is possible to produce more self-dual codes, in contrast to using solely the conventional approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with uncertainties in ship repair specifications and their impact on docking duration. In some cases, on ships, repair specifications mention defects that are established by the crew when the ship is under exploitation. In the other part of the repair specifications, prepositions mentioned possible problems. Their current condition is determined when the ship is in dry dock, and they are considered indefinite. The paper analyses ten of the most common uncertainties in ship repair connected to hull condition, the condition of its underwater parts, steering gear mechanisms and machinery, and deck equipment. The evaluation of the impact on dry docking duration is done by the GUM method. On the basis of this method, the probability of clear information about ship repair is assumed to be 95%. The combined standard is evaluated with a safety coefficient of c = 1,00. The final result of the uncertainty evaluation for the first case is 3.70±7.45%, and for the second case it is 5.30±11.2%. Schematically, the Gant chart and GUM evaluation show the impact on ship repair duration and ship repair yard schedule.

Airship R.38 was on its fourth trial flight before being fully handed over to the US Navy as ZR-2 when it crashed into the Humber just off the waterfront of Hull in August 1921. This project aimed to recognise and elaborate the significance of the R.38/ZR-2 in time for the centenary of the crash in August 2021. The significance of R.38/ZR-2 is framed by its build, use and loss: the crash embodies the history of airship development to that time, but also encapsulates the future of airships and aspects of aeroplane development also. The continued curation of stories and items showed that the profound impact of the crash still clearly resonates down the generations. The project also brought a fresh focus to the crash site of R.38/ZR-2 as a heritage asset: bathymetric data indicate that material from the airship could still be present within the bed of the Humber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

British baseball had two periods when it developed professional leagues, in 1890 and the 1930s. A key element of the emergence of a professional game was transnational linkages provided by business, individuals and religion. Social and industrial links between the United States and Britain facilitated professional baseball. In the 1930s the enthusiasm for baseball by the industrialist John Moores saw the game rapidly develop from an amateur base in Liverpool to professional leagues in Lancashire, London and Yorkshire. It has been argued that, faced with hostility from elements of the media and established sports, especially cricket, establishing baseball as a professional spectator sport was challenging. The hiatus caused by World War Two left a shallow-rooted sport particularly vulnerable and it failed to re-emerge as a professional game. But the professional leagues inspired an amateur game, most notably in the city of Hull, which developed a substantial amateur league, encompassing four divisions and a women's section by 1939. In Hull amateur baseball survived the conflict, it re-emerged with a multi-divisional format that continued into the 1960s. However, as the generation enthused by professional baseball retired from active involvement, the game receded to minuscule levels of participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the interplay between isolated suborders and closures. Isolated suborders are a special kind of suborders and can be used to diminish the number of elements of an ordered set by means of a quotient construction. The decisive point is that there are simple formulae establishing relationships between the number of closures in the original ordered set and the quotient thereof induced by isolated suborders. We show how these connections can be used to derive a recursive algorithm for counting closures, provided the ordered set under consideration contains suitable isolated suborders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with uncertainties in ship repair specifications and their impact on docking duration. In some cases, on ships, repair specifications mention defects that are established by the crew when the ship is under exploitation. In the other part of the repair specifications, prepositions mentioned possible problems. Their current condition is determined when the ship is in dry dock, and they are considered indefinite. The paper analyses ten of the most common uncertainties in ship repair connected to hull condition, the condition of its underwater parts, steering gear mechanisms and machinery, and deck equipment. The evaluation of the impact on dry docking duration is done by the GUM method. On the basis of this method, the probability of clear information about ship repair is assumed to be 95%. The combined standard is evaluated with a safety coefficient of c = 1,00. The final result of the uncertainty evaluation for the first case is 3.70±7.45%, and for the second case it is 5.30±11.2%. Schematically, the Gant chart and GUM evaluation show the impact on ship repair duration and ship repair yard schedule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BCH codes are an interesting class of cyclic codes with good error-correcting capability and have wide applications in communication and storage systems due to their efficient encoding and decoding algorithms. Let F q be the finite field of size q and n = q m - 1 , where m is a positive integer. Let C (q , m , δ) be the primitive narrow-sense BCH codes of length n over F q with designed distance δ . Denote s = m - t , r = m mod s and λ = ⌊ t / s ⌋ . In this paper, we mainly investigate the dimensions and Bose distances of the codes C (q , m , δ) with designed distance of the following two types: δ = q t + h , ⌈ m 2 ⌉ ≤ t < m , 0 ≤ h < q s + ∑ i = 1 λ - 1 q r + i s ; δ = q t - h , ⌈ m 2 ⌉ < t < m , 0 ≤ h < (q - 1) ∑ i = 1 s q i . This extensively extends the results on Bose distance in Ding et al (IEEE Trans Inf Theory 61(5):2351–2356, 2015). Moreover, the parameters of the hulls of the BCH code C (q , m , q t) are studied in some cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hull of a linear code plays an important role in determining the complexity of algorithms for checking permutation equivalence of two linear codes and computing the automorphism group of a linear code. Regarding the quantum error correction, linear codes with determined hull are used to construct quantum codes. In this paper, we focus on the hull of Simplex codes and punctured Simplex codes. We firstly study the properties of the matrix produced by the column vectors of a projective space and determine the Euclidean and Hermitian hull of punctured Simplex codes completely. Secondly, we investigate the Euclidean and Hermitian hull of several classes of linear codes from Simplex codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion is damage caused by chemical reactions between metal materials and other natural elements and is destructive to metal. Corrosion is a weakness in ships made of steel, namely because the rate of ship corrosion, fatigue life is reduced, tensile strength and other mechanical properties are reduced. Corrosion is concentrated on only certain parts. In metal corrosion current flow out onto other parts of the metal surface. Corrosion gastric plates result in reduction Hull panel strength, slowing the ship and reduces security guarantees. The hull must be protected from corrosive attacks routine to prevent loss of additional plates substantially due to seawater corrosion. For Prevent hull corrosion in the painting process for coating, cathodic protection process. In this article, a system for automatically detecting ship hull painting results using image processing is explained. This system will be developed into a portable system. The results obtained show that the system is able to recognize whether the painting results can be accepted or rejected. Accepted means no need to repaint. and if it is rejected, it means a repainting process is needed.

In recent years, issues related to the impact of human activity on the natural environment have become pressing, and the challenge of global warming necessitates immediate action. To support environmental protection efforts, it has become imperative to adopt a broader perspective when evaluating various products and systems. A valuable tool for such assessments is a life cycle assessment (LCA), which enables a comprehensive analysis of the entire life cycle of a product.

Hulls of linear codes are widely studied due to their good properties and wide applications. Let n = q m - 1 r and C be an [n, k] cyclic code over F q , where r | q - 1 . In this paper, we present several necessary and sufficient conditions for BCH codes of length n that have k - 1 or k ⊥ - 1 dimensional hulls, where k ⊥ is the dimension of C ⊥ . Further, we give the parameters of several families of self-orthogonal codes that arise as hulls of BCH codes. We obtain many optimal codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh in-hull pistachio is a beneficial and highly desirable food product for consumers but is perishable and sensitive to contamination in storage. Here; the effects of some packaging types (ordinary polyethylene, antimicrobial polyethylene, ordinary polypropylene, and antimicrobial polypropylene), cold storage period (at harvest, 30th day, 60th day, and 90th day), and their interaction were determined on the storage stability of fresh pistachio. Firmness, chlorophyll, and carotenoid of hulls and kernels decreased with time. The anthocyanin of hulls declined over time, but in kernels, it was almost stable. The content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and DPPH scavenging capacity of kernels declined over time. Antimicrobial polyethylene packaging prevented the reduction in most of these parameters. Over time, the ion leakage, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide of hulls increased, but polyethylene packaging, especially the antimicrobial one, prevented this increase. The activity of polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase was stable in hulls for polypropylene packaging. In polyethylene packaging, especially in antimicrobial one, the activity of these enzymes and also the peroxidase, revealed an increase on the 30th day comparing harvest time, and this level reached the initial level afterward. Antimicrobial polyethylene packaging was the best packaging in terms of preserving the appearance, taste, and aroma of pistachios. HPLC analysis did not detect any signs of aflatoxin in the kernels at harvest and 90 days after harvest in any of the package. Among the four packaging types applied in this study, antimicrobial polyethylene is strongly suggested for the preservation of fresh pistachios in cold storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present a new method for constructing self-dual codes over finite commutative rings R with characteristic 2. Our method involves searching for k×2k matrices M over R satisfying the conditions that its rows are linearly independent over R and MM⊤=α⊤α for an R-linearly independent vector α∈Rk. Let C be a linear code generated by such a matrix M. We prove that the dual code C⊥ of C is also a free linear code with dimension k, as well as C/Hull(C) and C⊥/Hull(C) are one-dimensional free R-modules, where Hull(C) represents the hull of C. Based on these facts, an isometry from Rx+Ry onto R2 is established, assuming that x+Hull(C) and y+Hull(C) are bases for C/Hull(C) and C⊥/Hull(C) over R, respectively. By utilizing this isometry, we introduce a new method for constructing self-dual codes from self-dual codes of length 2 over finite commutative rings with characteristic 2. To determine whether the matrix MM⊤ takes the form of α⊤α with α being a linearly independent vector in Rk, a necessary and sufficient condition is provided. Our method differs from the conventional approach, which requires the matrix M to satisfy MM⊤=0. The main advantage of our method is the ability to construct nonfree self-dual codes over finite commutative rings, a task that is typically unachievable using the conventional approach. Therefore, by combining our method with the conventional approach and selecting an appropriate matrix construction, it is possible to produce more self-dual codes, in contrast to using solely the conventional approach.

Oat husk (hull) is a byproduct of oat processing that is rich in insoluble fiber. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of partially replacing wheat flour with oat husk (at levels of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/100 g) on the physicochemical properties and sensory acceptance of pasta. Additionally, UPLC-MS/MS analysis was performed to identify phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds, and the cooking properties of the pasta were evaluated. The test results indicate that oat husk significantly (p < 0.05) increased the ash and fiber contents in the pasta, while decreasing the protein and fat contents. Moreover, the redness and yellowness of both raw and cooked pasta increased, while lightness decreased as a result of pasta enrichment with oat husk. Oat husk also led to a decrease in the stretching force of cooked samples, although cooking loss increased significantly but did not exceed 8%. The contents of phenolics and antioxidant activity significantly increased with the incorporation of hull in pasta recipes. UPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that the enriched pasta was especially abundant in ferulic acid. Products with up to 10 g of husk/100 g of wheat flour showed good consumer acceptance. However, higher levels of this additive led to notably lower assessments, particularly in terms of pasta texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the experiment was to study the main nutrient contents of straw and blighted husk roughage, and to provide theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of roughage. The results showed as follows: The order for feeding value of 8 kinds of roughage were soybean hull, peanut straw, wheat hull, rice straw, wheat straw, soybean straw, rice hull, peanut hull, and the feeding value were 159.43, 133.82, 122.57, 112.17, 100.25, 91.64, 56.02, 46.27, respectively. The feeding value, grading index and the contents of dry matter, ether extract, crude ash and crude protein of different roughages were significantly different (P<0.01). The moisture content and feeding value and grading index of peanut straw among straw of roughage were the highest, and the contents of crude ash and crude fat were lower; The moisture content and feeding value and grading index of soybean hull among hull of roughage were the highest, and the contents of crude ash and crude fat were lower. Therefore, soybean hull and peanut straw can be developed and utilized as roughage of high nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hull of a linear code over finite fields is the intersection of the code and its dual code, which has been widely studied due to its wide applications. In this paper, we develop a general method for constructing linear codes with small hulls using the eigenvalues of the generator matrices. Using this method, we construct many optimal Euclidean and Hermitian LCD codes, which improve the previously known lower bound on the largest minimum distance. We also obtain many (near) MDS LCD codes and (near) MDS codes with one-dimensional hull. Furthermore, we give three tables about formally self-dual LCD codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ship biofouling is one of the main vectors for the introduction and global spread of non-indigenous organisms. Diatoms were the early colonizers of ship hulls; however, their community composition on ships is poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the diatom community on the hull samples collected from two Korean research vessels Isabu (IRV) and Onnuri (ORV) on September 2 and November 10, 2021, respectively. IRV showed low cell density (345 cells/cm2) compared to ORV (778 cells/cm2). We morphologically identified more than 15 species of diatoms from the two research vessels (RVs). The microalgae in both RVs were identified as Amphora, Cymbella, Caloneis, Halamphora, Navicula, Nitzschia, and Plagiogramma. Of them, the genus Halamphora was found to be predominant. However, both RVs had a varied dominant species with a significant difference in body size; Halamphora oceanica dominated at IRV, and Halamphora sp. at ORV, respectively. Molecular cloning showed similar results to morphological analysis, in which Halamphora species dominated in both RVs. The hull-attached species were distinct from species found in the water column. These results revealed diatoms communities that are associated with ship hull-fouling at an early stage of biofilm formation. Moreover, ships arriving from different regions could show some variation in species composition on their hull surfaces, with the potential for non-indigenous species introduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an overview of Second World War bomb damage to British towns and cities and a systematic evaluation of the relationship between damage, revisioning, replanning, and actual reconstruction in a sample of cities—Bath, Birmingham, and Hull. Two were severely affected by aerial bombing as port/industrial targets, and the third for propaganda purposes as a historical city. Two had extensive plans produced by eminent consultants (both involving Patrick Abercrombie) but the city managers of the third did not support “big plans.” Birmingham, without a specific plan, rebuilt extensively and relatively quickly. Hull’s plan was disliked locally and virtually vanished. Bath was repaired rather than rebuilt. These contrasting experiences have shaped the contemporary city via subsequent generations of replanning (not all of which was implemented) and, in Birmingham’s case, the demolition of major reconstruction investments after relatively short lifespans. The article demonstrates the difficulty of conceptualising a generic approach to post-catastrophe reconstruction and the problems of such large-scale change over a short period for the longer-term effective functioning of the city.

Suitability of S-Glass/carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite for submarine hull subjected to hydrostatic pressure has been investigated in the present study. Metallic materials have raised concerns owing to their decomposition due to low resistance towards salinity and hence polymer composites have been explored to showcase their mechanical stability to withstand transverse and impact loads. To this end, the mechanical properties of S-Glass/carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite were experimentally investigated and higher specific strength and stiffness of the composite in comparison to many metallic materials used for submarine hull were reported. The obtained experimental values were used for the static and dynamic crash analysis of the bow, stern and foil through Finite Element Analysis (FEA); where depth of travel was varied from sea surface level of 0–7000 m. Submarine assembly was later developed with the optimum shape and thickness of each part. We also report the nonlinear crash analysis upon impact at velocity ranging from 3 to 21 m/s. Besides, kinetic energy, acceleration peak and internal energy in struck submarine revealed that travel depth 1750 m and 3500 m is recommendable, more particularly, crash safety factor of the submarine is found to be within limit when submarine encounters crash at 1750 m.

Linear codes with complementary dual (LCD codes) play an important role in armoring implementations against side-channel attacks and fault injection attacks. Hermitian LCD codes are a special class of LCD codes, which were proved to be asymptotically good. In this paper, several classes of optimal quaternary Hermitian LCD codes are constructed via constacyclic codes. The binary images of these classes of quaternary Hermitian LCD codes are characterized. Several classes of optimal binary LCD codes with minimum distance 6, and optimal binary linear codes with one-dimensional hull and minimum distance 6 are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hull of a linear code C is the intersection of C with its dual. To the best of our knowledge, there are very few constructions of binary linear codes with the hull dimension ≥ 2 except for self-orthogonal codes. We propose a building-up construction to obtain a plenty of binary [ n + 2 , k + 1 ] codes with hull dimension ℓ , ℓ + 1 , or ℓ + 2 from a given binary [n, k] code with hull dimension ℓ . In particular, with respect to hull dimensions 1 and 2, we construct all binary optimal [n, k] codes of lengths up to 13. With respect to hull dimensions 3, 4, and 5, we construct all binary optimal [n, k] codes of lengths up to 12 and the best possible minimum distances of [13, k] codes for 3 ≤ k ≤ 10 . As an application, we apply our binary optimal codes with a given hull dimension to construct several entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes (EAQECCs) with the best known parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to its geographical location and the collapse of its fishing and shipping industries, the UK city of Kingston upon Hull post-WWII rapidly acquired a reputation as a declining outpost of the British nation with no real links to the rest of the world. Yet, historically, Hull has always been a multicultural city that welcomed different migrant communities. Links with Italy, for instance, date back to the 1500s, as the recent ‘Italian Connections’ exhibition, held in one of the local museums, has shown. This exhibition was then also the opportunity to rediscover and reaffirm the existence of an Italian community in the city. This article presents a selection of stories from members of this community, which emerged during and immediately after the exhibition, as a means of exploring the nature of Hull’s historic Italian community and to analyse the extent to which an ‘Anglo-Italian’ identity emerges in this case. It focuses in particular on two case studies: the Coletta and Bottery families. Hirsh’s notion of post-memory and Bedingfield’s idea of trans-memory are used to investigate how members of these families view their Italian background and construct their identities, how memories are transmitted and “translated” across generations, which external factors impacted on their identity construction, and which image of Italy emerges from their recollections. Being able to discuss their family history matters to this group of people: they see this opportunity both as a mechanism by which to reaffirm their personal histories and heritage and as a way to uncover a hidden aspect of Hull’s past which can impact positively on the city’s future.

In the mobile jack-up unit, the leg supporting the hull is a very important structure, and it is important to closely examine the changes in accident load, environmental load, and seabed ground during jack-up operation. Generally, jack-up rigs are three-legged structures with a triangular hull that comprises several movable legs used to raise the hull above the sea surface. They can be operated in shallow water at less than 120 m, while large jack-up rigs, which have a structure that can withstand severe environmental loads, can be employed at depths ranging from 150 m to 200 m. However, a complex process is required to finalize the structural design of a jack-up rig, and the influence of various parameters must be comprehensively considered. In other words, the rig will encounter variable environmental conditions with variations in parameters such as wave height, wave period, wind speed, air gap, and so on. A unified procedure is proposed to review the structural strength of legs, hulls, and cantilevers, and different models and analyses can be configured so that it can be solved within a unit flow-chart. Through this process, we can expect that engineering time and cost can be reduced. From survey results, it was possible to determine the inputs to examine the effects of variables, and a large jack-up rig operating under extreme environmental conditions was modeled. In the present study, the jack-up rig was operating in the North Sea, and leg length and water depth were 160 m and 100 m, respectively. The basic environmental characteristics included wave height (20 m), wave period (10 s), wind speed (30 m/s), and air gap (22 m). A parametric sensitivity analysis was performed with varying environmental parameters. Through sensitivity analysis of environmental characteristics, the significance and sensitivity of the effect of each environmental parameter on leg strength was clarified. It is expected that this will be very useful guidance about the effect of parameters during the conceptual design stage of jack-up rigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article presents an overview of Second World War bomb damage to British towns and cities and a systematic evaluation of the relationship between damage, revisioning, replanning, and actual reconstruction in a sample of cities--Bath, Birmingham, and Hull. Two were severely affected by aerial bombing as port/industrial targets, and the third for propaganda purposes as a historical city. Two had extensive plans produced by eminent consultants (both involving Patrick Abercrombie) but the city managers of the third did not support "big plans." Birmingham, without a specific plan, rebuilt extensively and relatively quickly. Hull's plan was disliked locally and virtually vanished. Bath was repaired rather than rebuilt. These contrasting experiences have shaped the contemporary city via subsequent generations of replanning (not all of which was implemented) and, in Birmingham's case, the demolition of major reconstruction investments after relatively short lifespans. The article demonstrates the difficulty of conceptualising a generic approach to post-catastrophe reconstruction and the problems of such large-scale change over a short period for the longer-term effective functioning of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suitability of S-Glass/carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite for submarine hull subjected to hydrostatic pressure has been investigated in the present study. Metallic materials have raised concerns owing to their decomposition due to low resistance towards salinity and hence polymer composites have been explored to showcase their mechanical stability to withstand transverse and impact loads. To this end, the mechanical properties of S-Glass/carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite were experimentally investigated and higher specific strength and stiffness of the composite in comparison to many metallic materials used for submarine hull were reported. The obtained experimental values were used for the static and dynamic crash analysis of the bow, stern and foil through Finite Element Analysis (FEA); where depth of travel was varied from sea surface level of 0-7000 m. Submarine assembly was later developed with the optimum shape and thickness of each part. We also report the nonlinear crash analysis upon impact at velocity ranging from 3 to 21 m/s. Besides, kinetic energy, acceleration peak and internal energy in struck submarine revealed that travel depth 1750 m and 3500 m is recommendable, more particularly, crash safety factor of the submarine is found to be within limit when submarine encounters crash at 1750 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oat (Avena sativa L.) by-products are valuable sources of many bioactive compounds and minerals. This paper aimed to study the possibility of using micronized oat husk (hull) as a partial replacement for wheat flour (at levels 5, 10, 15, and 20%) in shortbread production. The physicochemical and sensory properties of control and enriched cookies were studied. The incorporation of oat husk into shortbread increased the fiber and ash content, and decreased the available carbohydrates in the cookies. The color of the enriched shortbread significantly changed and the total color difference between the control and enriched cookies ranged from 4.76 to 11.00. Moreover, the total phenolics content and antioxidant activity linearly increased with the percentage of husk in the cookie recipe. Importantly, micronized oat husk at a level of 20% had little influence on the sensory acceptability of cookies. However, replacement of wheat flour higher than 10% resulted in a harder texture of cookies and lower scores for this attribute were obtained. To summarize, in this work we showed that micronized oat husk can be a valuable additive for cookie fortification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hull of a linear code C is the intersection of C with its dual C ⊥ . The hull with low dimensions gets much interest due to its crucial role in determining the complexity of algorithms for computing the automorphism group of a linear code and for checking permutation equivalence of two linear codes. The hull of linear codes has recently found its application to the so-called entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes (EAQECCs). In this paper, we provide a new method to construct linear codes with one-dimensional hull. This construction method improves the code lengths and dimensions of the recent results given by the author. As a consequence, we derive several new classes of optimal linear codes with one-dimensional hull. Some new EAQECCs are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oat husk (hull) is a byproduct of oat processing that is rich in insoluble fiber. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of partially replacing wheat flour with oat husk (at levels of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/100 g) on the physicochemical properties and sensory acceptance of pasta. Additionally, UPLC-MS/MS analysis was performed to identify phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds, and the cooking properties of the pasta were evaluated. The test results indicate that oat husk significantly (p < 0.05) increased the ash and fiber contents in the pasta, while decreasing the protein and fat contents. Moreover, the redness and yellowness of both raw and cooked pasta increased, while lightness decreased as a result of pasta enrichment with oat husk. Oat husk also led to a decrease in the stretching force of cooked samples, although cooking loss increased significantly but did not exceed 8%. The contents of phenolics and antioxidant activity significantly increased with the incorporation of hull in pasta recipes. UPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that the enriched pasta was especially abundant in ferulic acid. Products with up to 10 g of husk/100 g of wheat flour showed good consumer acceptance. However, higher levels of this additive led to notably lower assessments, particularly in terms of pasta texture.

Rice hulls or husks have the potential to aid in wood pelletization as they possess high calorific values. However, this material also has a high ash content and is therefore not viable to be of use in the pelletization process without modification. This study focuses on using rice hull-derived bio-oil from pyrolysis, which decreases the overall ash content when compared to the original rice hulls and was postulated as a means to improve wood pellet characteristics (e.g., pellet durability index and the calorific value). Two groups of rice hull-derived bio-oil were used as an additive in wood fiber pelletization: Group 1 consisted of heavy bio-oil (products with a distillation vapor temperature only above 100°C) at a 0.2% (H2) and 0.5% (H5) additive inclusion rate (dry basis) with a matched control group (C1), and Group 2 consisted of bio-oil with light keys (products with a distillation vapor temperature of 20°C to 95°C and above 100°C) added from distillation process at a 0.2% (L2) and 0.5% (L5) concentration (dry basis) with a matched control group (C2). The C1, H2, H5, C2, L2 and L5 treatments had a mean pellet durability index (PDI) of 97.6%, 97.7%, 98.0%, 98.2%, 98.2%, and 98.3%, respectively. The C1, H2, H5, C2, L2, and L5 treatments had average bulk density values of 683.2, 678.4, 678.4, 673.6, 687.2, and 681.6 kg m-3, respectively. The mean higher heating values (HHV) for the C1, H2, H5, C2, L2, and L5 treatments were 24.6, 24.8, 25.0, 24.0, 24.0, and 24.0, MJ kg-1, respectively. The normalized energy requirements for production for the C1, H2, H5, C2, L2, and L5 treatments were 105.7, 96.3, 96.7, 97.9, 97.4, and 93.2 kWh Mg-1, respectively. An economic feasibility analysis showed that the discounted net present value (NPV) at a rate of 12% could be improved when using the H2 and H5 additives when compared to the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oat consumption has increased during the last decade because of the health benefits associated with its soluble dietary fiber (β-glucan), functional proteins, lipids, and the presence of specific phytochemicals, such as avenanthramides. Oat is consumed mainly as whole grain, and the hull (seed coat), comprising 25–35% of the entire grain, is removed, generating a large amount of waste/by-product from the milling industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of biotechnological strategies, such as sprouting for oat grain (OG) and hydrolysis for oat hull (OH), to enhance antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and lower the glycemic index (GI). Sprouting produced significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in free (32.10 to 76.62 mg GAE (100 g)−1) and bound phenols (60.45 to 124.36 mg GAE (100 g)−1), increasing significantly (p ≤ 0.05) the avenanthramide (2c, 2p and 2f) soluble phenolic alkaloid content and anti-inflammatory properties of OG. On the other hand, the hydrolysis of OH using Viscoferm (EH2-OH) and Ultraflo XL (EH21-OH) increased by 4.5 and 5-fold the release of bound phenols, respectively; meanwhile, the use of Viscoferm increased the 4.55-fold soluble β-glucan content in OH, reaching values close to those of OG (4.04 vs. 4.46 g (100 g)−1). The study shows the potential of both strategies to enhance the nutritional and bioactive properties of OG and OH and describes these processes as feasible for the industry to obtain an ingredient with high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Single or combined biotechnological tools can be used on oat grains and hulls to provide nutraceutical ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the history of an overlooked monument to the so-called 'Pilgrim Fathers' dedicated at Immingham, Humberside, in September 1925. Drawing upon contemporary press coverage as well as the rather limited extant archival record, the article connects the monument to overlapping local, national and international contexts, including the Anglo-American diplomatic rapprochement of the post-1890 period, the Mayflower Tercentenary of 1920, the post-1918 economic challenges of Hull and the surrounding region, and the transatlantic tensions which emerged after the war (especially around naval disarmament and the Treaty of Versailles). In doing so, the article shifts attention away from the far more familiar south coast geography associated with commemorations of the Pilgrim Fathers, it reveals the important role played in the project by civic and municipal elites, and at its broadest it uncovers what might be reasonably termed the local history of Anglo-American relations in the post-1918 period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hull of a linear code C is the intersection of C with its dual C⊥, where the dual is often defined with respect to Euclidean or Hermitian inner product. The Euclidean hull with low dimensions gets much interest due to its crucial role in determining the complexity of algorithms for computing the automorphism group of a linear code and for checking permutation equivalence of two linear codes. Recently, both Euclidean and Hermitian hulls have found another application to quantum error correcting codes with entanglements. This paper aims to explore explicit constructions of families of MDS linear codes with one-dimensional hull for both cases. We use tools from algebraic function fields in one variable to study such codes. Sufficient conditions for an algebraic geometry code of genus zero to have one-dimensional hull are provided, and some construction methods are presented. We construct many families of MDS linear codes with one-dimensional hull for the Euclidean case and three families for the Hermitian case, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]