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25. Royal academy of medicine in Ireland section of bioengineering: Proceedings of meeting held in Blessington, Co. Wicklow on 24th–25th January, 1997

Author

Prendergast, P. J., Callanan, I., Simms, C., Lyons, C. G., Brady, C. L., Feeney, M. S., Lennon, D., Curley, L. J., McCormack, B. A. O., O’Brien, T. M., Waide, V., McCormack, B. A. O., Carr, A. J., Ferris, P., Rice, H. J., Prendergast, P. J., Blayney, A. W., Tierney, S., Buckley, D., Bonnadio, F., Fitzpatrick, J. M., Gorey, T. F., Donnelly, P. G., Wright, G. T. H., Tanner, K. E., Bonfield, W., Girish Kumar, N. V., Rawlings, D., Sher, J. L., Cullinan, R., Young, M. T., O’Rourke, S. C., Howard-Hildige, R., Insley, G., Dowling, D. P., Donnelly, K., Kola, P. V., Kelly, T. C., Brummitt, K., Lloyd, L., Eloy, R., Therin, M., Weill, N., Battles, E. P., Hill, R. G., Devitt, A., Rice, J., McCormack, D., Felle, P., McManus, F., Bryan, K. J., Buggy, M., Kirrane, F., Malone, J. F., Coyle, E., Stewart, B., Hatfield, S., Farrell, M., Duignan, F., Reilly, R., Bray, D., Kenny, P., Rice, J., McCormack, B. A. O., O’Rourke, S. K., Ryan, A. K., Orr, J. F., Mitchell, C., Murphy, A. C., Hill, R. G., O’Neill, P., Chawke, P., Birkinshaw, C., Leahy, J. J., Taylor, D., O’Reilly, J. P., Manning, J. M., Masterson, B. F., Duffy, J. M., Winder, R. J., Gilmore, G. J., Orr, J. F., Gallagher, D., Graham, H. K., Rodda, J., Boyd, R., Cantillon, D., Fushimi, F., Birkinshaw, C., Nugent, C. D., Webb, J. A. C., Wright, G. T. H., Black, N. D., Boyd, A., Meenan, B. J., Akay, M., Leyland, N., Maher, S., McCormack, B. A. O., Smith, N., Sun, D. C., Stark, C., Dumbleton, J. H., Keenan, D. B., Owens, F. J., Donnelly, P. G., O’Rourke, S. C., Howard-Hildige, R., Pichon, D., Nawana, N., McCormack, B. A. O., Prendergast, P. J., Kavanagh, A., McGloughlin, T., van Driel, W. D., Prendergast, P. J., Huiskes, R., O’Connor, J., Leardini, A., Lu, T. W., Catani, F., Lee, T. C., Arthur, T. L., Gibson, L, J., Myers, E. R., Hayes, W. C., McGloughlin, T., O’Connor, J., Gill, R., Chen, W. L., and Kelly, P.

Published
1998
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30. Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland Section of Biomedical Sciences

Author

Ruddock, W., Burns, D. M., Brown, J. C. W., Allen, J. M., Hirst, D. G., Love, G. P., Keenan, A. K., Lally, C., Bird, A., Ryan, M. P., O’Connor, N., O’Boyle, K. M., McGeown, J. G., McCarron, J. G., Drummond, R. M., Fay, F. S., Connor, T. J., Kelly, J. P., Leonard, B. E., Gilmartin, L., O’Cuinn, G., MacDonncha, C., Watson, A. W. S., McGrath, S., Brady, K. J., McKillen, H-C., Taylor, C. W., Smith, S. K., Thornton, S., Martin, A. D., Bailie, J. R., McKeown, S. R., Higgins, C. A., Hatton, W. J., McKerr, G., Harvey, D., Carson, J., Hannigan, B. M., Morrow, D. M. P., McGlynn, H., Thompson, C. M. G., Higgins, C., Galligan, E. S., Murray, M. M., Leckey, J. L., Nevin, G. B., Soppitt, D. S., Esfandiary, M. H., Gilmore, W. S., Robson, T., Dineen, T., Greer, A., Houghton, J. A., O’Halloran, K. D., Bradford, A., McGuire, M., MacDermott, M., Coogan, A., O’Connor, J. J., Regan, C. S., Redmond, A. M., Harkin, A., Lowe, A. S., Baxter, G. D., Kennovin, G. D., Leek, M., Friery, O. P., Hejmadi, M. V., Patterson, L. H., Robinson, J., Hill, I., Kilbride, J., Cotton, K. D., Hollywood, M. A., McHale, N. G., Thornbury, K. D., Halligan, C. P., O’Connell, D. P., Harvey, B. J., Fanning, P., O’Farrell, A., Cantillon, D., Cryan, J. F., O’Leary, D., O’Malley, D. T., Nolan, A., Moran, A. P., Fitzgerald, K. A., O’Neill, L. A. J., McElligott, A., Baker, A. H., Joyce, K. M., Ruane, T., Hall, W. J., Markos, F., Carey, M. F., Galvin, C., Perl, E. R., Curran, A. K., Connolly, C., Abdullah, K., Docherty, J. R., Gavin, K. T., Browne, M., Frazer, C-A., Walsh, D. M., Atkinson, S., Brown, D., O’Connor, J. M., Wasson, G. R., Bonham, M. P., McKelvey-Martin, V. J., Strain, J. J., Downes, C. S., Dineen, T. M., Powell, R., Van Hemelrijk, B., Abujaffom, T. Mubarak, Caulfield, B., Garrett, M., Brennan, L., Griffin, M. J., McShane, A. J., Convery, P. N., Milligan, K. R., Quinn, P., Scott, K., Fee, J. P. H., Cashman, M., Dunne, A., Healy, E., Walsh, J., Watson, A. J., Walsh, D. M., Noble, G., Baxter, G. D., Allen, J. M., Campion, D. P., Leek, B. F., Ryan, J. P., Quinn, T., Dumbleton, M., Smith, K. M., McGrath, J. C., Macmillan, J. B., Doherty, L., Lynch, F., Sweeney, M., O’Regan, R. G., McLoughlin, P., Padua, R. A., Dudeney, S., O’Byrne, J., Moran, R., O’Kelly, K. U., McCormack, B. A. O., Lyons, C. G., Brady, C. L., Simms, C., Maher, S., Schreiber, B., Taylor, D., Carr, A. J., Higgins, B., Dempsey, G. J., Imam, S. Z., Harbinson, M., Adgey, A. A. J., Anderson, J., Aodha, S. Ní, Wilcox, D., Rice, J., Jenkinson, A., O’Rourke, K., O’Brien, T., Devitt, A., McCormack, D., Ikadi, Y., Quinlan, W., Noelke, L., McMahon, G. T., Mulville, J. P., Lee, T. C., Rizvi, A., Fitzpatrick, D., McCarthy, M. A., McGloughlin, T., Monaghan, J., Shine, J., Arendt, E., Lew, B., Lewis, J., Kelly, P. A., Lennon, A. B., Hill, R. G., Dunne, N. J., Thompson, C., Orr, J. F., Beverland, D. E., Prenderville, T., Prendergast, P. J., Huiskes, R., Søballe, K., Mukunda, M. C., Kelly, C. J., Cregg, N., Leahy, A., Dwyer, R., Watson, R. G. K., Bouchier-Hayes, D. J., O’Boyle, C. J., Murchan, P., Mitchell, C. J., Macfie, J., Delicata, R. J., Davies, E. V., Lloyds, D., Petitt, E. J., Carey, P. D., Buckley, D. J., Riordain, M. G. O., Barry, T., Gorey, T. F., Fitzpatrick, J. M., Rothwell, J., Flaherty, J., Wilson, G., Walsh, T. N., Hennessy, T. P. J., O’Donoghue, J., Panchal, J., Mehdi, S., O’Sullivan, S. T., O’Shaughnessy, M., O’Connor, T. P. F., Cox, M. A., Dingle, J. T., Flavin, B. M., Regan, M. C., and O’Connell, P. R.

Published
1997
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32. Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland Section of Bioengineering: Proceedings of meeting held january 1995

Author

Taylor, D., Mcnamara, T., Broadhurst, M., Slemon, D., Howard Hildige, R., Waide, V., Mccormack, B., Tancred, D. C., Mccormack, B. A. O., Carr, A. J., Devitt, A., Quinlan, W., Rice, J., Cronin, A., Mccormack, D., Mcelwain., J., Dunne, N. J., Revie, I. C., Orr, J. F., Beverland, D. E., Engela, D., Dolan, A. M., Mccormack., D., Prendeville, T., Curley, L., Gough, M., Jenkinson, A., O≿brien, T., Shuaib, I., Hillery, M., Moore, D., Fogarty, E., Dowling, F., Smith, M., Sheahan, N., Malone, J. F. M., Reilly, R., Hanson, A., Dempsey, G. J., Wright, G. T. H., Crawley, M., Allen, J., Anderson, J., Imam, Z., Mcmechan, S., Mackenzie, G., Adgey, A. A. J., Johnston, P. W., Adgey, A. A. J., Mcallister, H. G., Black, N. D., Waterman, N., Li, M., Nicholson, P., Colville, J., O≿kelly, K. U., Clifford, A., Hampshire, S., Hill, R., Gallagher, D. G., Prendergast, R. J., Kelly, P. A., O≿connor, J. J., Battles, E., Hill, R. G., Schreiber, B., Carr, A., Mcmahon, G. T., Nolke, L., Mulville, J. P., Lee, T. C., Mullaney, M., Mcnamara, B. P., Jordan, M. F., Mcgloughlin, T., Monaghan, J., Brady, C. L, Lyons, C. G., O≿brien, M., Kernohan, G., Gibson, K., Duncan, I., Prendergast, P. J., Verdonschot, N., Huiskes, R., Mcavoy, G., Rice, H., Blaney, A., Williams, K., Van Driel, W. D., Burger, E. H., Kuiper, J. H., and Richardson, J. B.

Published
1996
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35. The predictive value of stress shielding for quantification of adaptive bone resorption around hip replacements

Author

Kuiper, J.H. and Huiskes, R.

Subjects
Bone resorption -- Physiological aspects, Finite element method -- Usage, Adaptation (Physiology) -- Analysis, Prosthesis -- Testing, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Science and technology
Abstract

The presence of a femoral hip stem changes local mechanical signals inside the surrounding bone. In this study we examined the hypothesis that the eventual loss of bone can be estimated from the initial patterns of elastic energy deviation, as determined in FE models of the intact bone and the operated femur. For that purpose two hypothetical relations between elastic energy reduction and resorption were investigated. Their estimates of bone loss were compared to the results of iterative computer simulations. Two kinds of FE model were used, and in each stem stiffness and remodeling threshold (a measure of 'biological reactivity') were varied. Provided that reasonable values of the remodeling threshold are assumed and that the stem is firmly bonded to the bone, we found that the difference between direct estimates and simulation models was 4 percent of bone loss. It is therefore concluded that initial patterns of elastic energy deviation give a reasonable indication of expected bone loss.

Published
1997

36. Mathematical optimization of elastic properties: application of cementless hip stem design

Author

Kuiper, J.H. and Huiskes, R.

Subjects
Artificial legs -- Design and construction, Prosthesis -- Research, Biomechanics -- Research, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Science and technology
Abstract

The designer of a cementless hip stem in total hip replacement must find a balance between two conflicting demands. On the one hand, a stiff stem shields the surrounding bone from mechanical loading (stress shielding), which may lead to bone loss, particularly around the proximal part of the stem. Reducing the stem stiffness decreases the amount of stress shielding and hence the amount of bone loss. However, this measure inevitably promotes higher proximal interface stresses and thereby increases the risk of proximal interface failure. The designer's task therefore is to optimize the stem stiffness in order to find the best compromise in the conflict. Yet, a better compromise might be found when the stem material was nonhomogeneous, in other words when an arbitrary distribution of the elastic properties inside the stem was allowed. The number of conceivable designs would increase enormously, making the designer's task almost impossible. In the present paper, we develop a numerical design optimization method to determine the optimal stiffness characteristics for a hip stem. A finite element program is coupled with a numerical optimization method, thus producing a design optimization scheme. The scheme minimizes the probability for interface failure while limiting the amount of bone loss, by adapting the parameters describing the nonhomogeneous elastic modulus distribution. As an example, a simplified model of a hip stem is made, whose modulus distribution is optimized. Assuming equal long-term bone loss, the maximum interface stress can be reduced by over 50 percent when compared to a homogeneous flexible stem, thus demonstrating the value of the new approach.

Published
1997

38. Microdamage and osteocyte-lacuna strain in bone: a microstructural finite element analysis

Author

Prendergast, P.J. and Huiskes, R.

Subjects
Finite element method -- Usage, Bones -- Fractures, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Science and technology
Abstract

Damage accumulation in living tissues occurs when the rate of damage formation is greater than the rate of damage repair. For very large increases in the loading rate of bones, this can result in 'stress fractures' due to the growth and coalescence of fatigue related microdamage. At lower increases of loading rates, the damage accumulation process is halted because there is time for adaptive bone remodeling to occur in response to the new load. However, it is not known if there is a relationship between microdamage and bone remodeling per se. One hypothesis for the control of bone remodeling is that osteocytes sense strains and mediate osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether damage generates strains which may trigger bone remodeling. If this were true, then accumulative damage would cause adaptive bone remodeling. This study applies the methods of finite element analysis to determine the effect of observed damage mechanisms on the proposed sensors of remodeling in Haversian bone. Individual lamellae are modeled and osteocyte-lacunae are included in a generalized plane strain geometric representation. It is predicted that microdamage alters the local deformation behavior around lacunae, and that the changes increase as microdamage accumulates. Hence, if damage accumulates in a bone, it could be sensed as a change in strain at a microstructural level. The results give theoretical support to the experimental studies that have shown a correlation between microdamage and the initiation of resorption as a first step in bone remodeling.

Published
1996

43. Development and validation of a three-dimensional finite element model of the pelvic bone

Author

Dalstra, M., Huiskes, R., and Erning, L. van

Subjects
Finite element method -- Research, Pelvis -- Models, Bones -- Models, Biomechanics -- Models, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Science and technology
Abstract

Due to both its shape and its structural architecture, the mechanics of the pelvic bone are complex. In Finite Element (FE) models, these aspects have often been (over) simplified, sometimes leading to conclusions which did not bear out in reality. The purpose of this study was to develop a more realistic FE model of the pelvic bone. This not only implies that the model has to be three-dimensional, but also that the thickness of the conical shell and the density distribution of the trabecular bone throughout the pelvic bone have to be incorporated in the model in a realistic way. For this purpose, quantitative measurements were performed on computer tomography scans of several pelvic bones, after which the measured quantities were allocated to each element of the mesh individually. To validate this FE model, two fresh pelvic bones were fitted with strain gages and loaded in a testing machine. Stresses calculated from the strain data of this experiment were compared to the results of a simulation with the developed pelvic FE model.

Published
1995

44. Effects of fit and bonding characteristics of femoral stems on adaptive bone remodeling

Author

Weinans, H. and Huiskes, R.

Subjects
Artificial hip joints -- Models, Artificial bones -- Models, Computer simulation -- Research, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Science and technology
Abstract

Bone atrophy caused by stress-shielding may cause serious complications for the long-term fixation of hip stems. In particular, uncemented total hip arthroplasty is threatened by this problem, because the stems are usually larger and, as a consequence, stiffer than those of cemented implants. In the present study, the effects of fit and bonding characteristics of femoral hip stems were investigated, using the (nonlinear) finite element method in combination with adaptive bone remodeling theory to predict the bone density distribution in a bone or bone/implant configuration. Unknown parameters used in the theory, such as a reference equilibrium loading stimulus and a threshold (dead) zone of this stimulus, were established (triggered) by using the method to predict the density distributions in the natural femur and around fully coated uncemented implants. The computer simulation method can provide long term predictions of remodeling patterns around various implant configurations. Several cases were analyzed, whereby the coating conditions (fully, partly, or noncoated) and the fit characteristics (press fitted or overreamed) were varied. The computer predictions showed that partly coating can only significantly reduce bone atrophy relative to fully coated stems, when the coating is applied at a small region at the utmost proximal part of the stem. For smooth press-fit stems the predicted amount of bone loss (35 percent in the proximal medial region) was less than for a one-third proximally coated or a fully coated stem (50 to 54 percent predicted bone loss in the proximal medial region). The results showed that overreaming the femoral canal in the press fit case can have important effects. Distal overreaming gave reduced proximal atrophy. Proximal overreaming (or undersizing) resulted in a distal jam of the stem, a proximal 'stress-bypass,' and dramatic proximal bone loss (up to 90 percent).

Published
1994

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