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Fractionation is important for the application of milk fat (MF). In this study, the contents of fatty acid (FA) and triglyceride (TAG) of MF and its fractions distilled by short-path molecular distillation (SPMD) were detected. The results showed that a total of 19 FAs and 109 TAG molecular species were detected. Moreover, the short-chain saturated FA, medium-chain saturated FA, low-molecular-weight TAG, medium-molecular-weight TAG, S3 (TAG molecular species with three saturated FAs) and L2S (TAG molecular species with two long-chain FAs and one short-chain FA) were easily accumulated in the distillate, and the percentage of these components all increased first and then decreased during the whole distilling process. Compared with the distillate, polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) and high-molecular-weight TAG (HMW-TAG, with the carbon numbers: 41–54 and molecular weight: 704–888) were enriched in the residue, and the increasing ratio of PUFA and HMW-TAG was 393.75% and 8.58% respectively. Further analysis showed that the 16:0/4:0/16:0, 16:0/4:0/14:0, 16:0/12:0/4:0, etc. were the discrepant TAG molecular species during SPMD. Therefore, these results demonstrated that different fractions of MF could be obtained by adjusting the fractionation temperature, and it also would provide more important theoretical guidance for regulating MF fractionation, enriching the nutritional information of MF fractions.

Milk phospholipids (PLs) are critical components of infant growth. This study aimed to discover PL in mature human milk (HM) from China (n = 201) and mainly assessed the effect caused by sampled regions. The average total PL concentration was quantified from 3.65 to 11.25 mg per g of lipid, and the major PL class identified was sphingomyelin (SM, 38.06–47.62 %), followed by phosphatidylcholine (PC, 29.61–34.39 %), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE, 10.54–24.46 %). In addition, the 36:2 (18:0/18:2), 38:6 (16:0/22:6), 40:1 (d18:1/22:0), and 42:2 (d18:1/24:1) were the most abundant molecular species identified in glycerophospholipid and SM molecular species respectively. Some PL molecular species were strongly related with region of sampling, like lysophosphatidylinositol 18:1 was only detected in Beijing. In conclusion, those findings showed that the PL molecular species and concentration of HM had significant regional diversity, and it will give the Chinese human milk database more accurate PL data. Milk phospholipids (PLs) are critical components of infant growth. This study aimed to discover PL in maturehuman milk (HM) from China (n = 201) and mainly assessed the effect caused by sampled regions. The averagetotal PL concentration was quantified from 3.65 to 11.25 mg per g of lipid, and the major PL class identified wassphingomyelin (SM, 38.06–47.62 %), followed by phosphatidylcholine (PC, 29.61–34.39 %), and phosphatidylethanolamine(PE, 10.54–24.46 %). In addition, the 36:2 (18:0/18:2), 38:6 (16:0/22:6), 40:1 (d18:1/22:0),and 42:2 (d18:1/24:1) were the most abundant molecular species identified in glycerophospholipid and SMmolecular species respectively. Some PL molecular species were strongly related with region of sampling, likelysophosphatidylinositol 18:1 was only detected in Beijing. In conclusion, those findings showed that the PLmolecular species and concentration of HM had significant regional diversity, and it will give the Chinese humanmilk database more accurate PL data.

This study aimed to investigate effects of kappa-carrageenan (κ-carrageenan) concentration and storage temperature on the rheological and texture properties of casein micelle/κ-carrageenan composite gels. The particle size, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the mixture, and microstructure of the composite gels were measured. The movement of κ-carrageenan characteristic bond showed that the casein micelle and κ-carrageenan formed a complex with larger particle size through electrostatic adsorption. The electrostatic repulsion between molecules increased with the increase of κ-carrageenan concentration, which stabilized the mixed system. It was found that both κ-carrageenan concentration and storage conditions affected the gel's rheological properties and microstructure. As the concentration of κ-carrageenan increased, the storage modulus (G′) of the composite gels increased, the rennet coagulation time (RCT) decreased, and the water holding capacity (WHC) increased at 25 °C. Microstructure results showed that a more uniform and denser gel network structure with smaller pore sizes was formed after the addition of κ-carrageenan compared with the control. G′ and RCT were reduced and microscopic phase separation occurred after storage at 4 °C, resulting in a porous structure with large pore sizes. Thus, the addition of κ-carrageenan could enrich the diversity of food gel structure to obtain an ideal gel.

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) act as a vital role in the development of infant's gut microbiome and immune function. This study aimed to measure 12 oligosaccharides in milk from Chinese donors (n = 203), and evaluated the influences of multiple factors on the HMOs profiles. The results indicated that concentrations of 6'-sialyllactose were the highest among 12 oligosaccharides (2.31 ± 0.81 g/L). HMOs concentrations varied depending on geographical location. Latitude was observed to be related to concentrations of Lacto-N-neohexaose, lacto-N-fucopentaose III, 3'-sialyllactose (r = -0.67, r = +0.63 and r = +0.50, respectively). Environmental factors like seasons correlated with lacto-N-difucohexaose Ⅱ, Lacto-N-neohexaose and 2'-fucosyllactose (r = -0.47, r = -0.4, r = -0.35, respectively). Several HMOs concentrations were correlated with maternal diet. As a consequence, the HMOs profiles measured were influenced by geographical, environmental, maternal anthropometric as well as dietary factors.

Multi-dimensional analyses (pH, particle size, zeta potential, surface hydrophobicity, protein structure, microstructure of gels, free sulphydryl content, and fluorescence intensity) were performed to determine the structural changes and gel properties of micellar casein concentrate (MCC) at different protein concentrations (8%, 12%, 16%) treated with ultrasound (40 kHz, 500 W, 0–60 min). The gel strength and water holding capacity were improved with the increase in ultrasound treatment time and protein concentration. A denser gel network with smaller pore size was formed. For gels made from MCC after ultrasound treatment for 60 min, the gel properties were especially improved. The particle size decreased, zeta potential and hydrophobicity increased after ultrasound treatment. Ultrasound treatment influenced the secondary structure of MCC while no change in the molecular weight of the protein was detected.

In this study, triglyceride and fatty acid composition of Holstein cow milk, Jersey cow milk, yak milk, goat milk, human milk and 8 infant formulae samples were determined by UPLC-ESI-MS and GC, respectively. In general, the triglyceride and fatty acid composition of various milk samples were specific. Compared with infant formulae, human milk contained more triglycerides composed of unsaturated fatty acids, for example 18:0/18:1/18:2, 15:0/18:1/18:1, 17:0/18:2/18:2. The triglyceride, C52:2 in human milk consisted of more 16:0/18:1/18:1 than in infant formulae. In addition, the proportion of triglyceride 18:1/18:1/18:1 in infant formulae differed greatly among brands, ranging from 0 % to 38.56 %. Triglyceride 4:0/18:0/18:1 was present in bovine milk (> 1 %) but not detected in goat milk. The triglycerides, 12:0/12:0/12:0, 6:0/14:0/18:0, 12:0/14:0/14:0, 10:0/14:0/18;0, and 18:0/14:0/18:0 were present in goat milk (> 1 %), which were different from bovine milk samples. The triglycerides 16:0/16:0/24:0, 16:0/18:0/22:0, 16:0/16:0/23:0, and 16:0/18:0/21:0 contained long chain FAs in yak milk. In addition, the ratio of omega-3 PUFA to omega-6 PUFA in yak milk was about 1–2, which is a characteristic of the fatty acid profile of yak milk. This study could provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing the composition of dairy products.

To investigate the correlation between life events, coping styles and depression of adolescent in Haikou.In the urban and rural areas of Haikou between March and May, 2015, a total of 4995 students from grade 4 to grade 9 of6 primary schools and 6 junior middle schools were selected by stratified cluster sampling. Children's Depression Inventory( CDI), Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Check List( ASLEC) and Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire( SCSQ) were used for the study. A total of 4866 valid questionnaires were recovered. Among them, there were 2508 boys and2358 girls. The number of primary school students was 2670, and the number of juniormiddle school students was 2196. There were 3385 urban students and 1481 rural students.The detection rate of depressive symptoms was 32. 3%( 1573/4866). The total score of ASLEC( 71. 14 ± 22. 79 vs. 57. 87 ± 20. 73) and interpersonal relationships( 3. 21 ± 1. 08 vs. 2. 67 ± 0. 96), study pressure( 3. 00 ± 1. 00 vs. 2. 50 ±0. 91), punished( 2. 65 ± 1. 06 vs. 2. 11 ± 0. 96), loss( 2. 57 ± 1. 49 vs. 2. 16 ± 1. 36), health adaptation( 2. 27 ± 1. 10 vs. 1. 93 ± 0. 96) and other dimension( 2. 55 ± 1. 08 vs. 1. 86 ± 0. 88) were higher in students with depressive symptoms than those in normal students, and the difference was statistically significant( P0. 001). The positive coping scores of adolescents with depression was( 2. 48 ± 0. 52), while normal adolescents was( 2. 78 ± 0. 55, P0. 001). The negative coping score of adolescents with depression was( 2. 28 ± 0. 51), while normal adolescents was( 2. 14 ± 0. 48, t =-9. 49, P0. 001). By using Pearson's simple correlation analysis, interpersonal relationships, study pressure, punished, loss, health adaptation and other life events were positively correlated with adolescent depression, the correlation coefficients were 0. 317, 0. 306, 0. 304, 0. 172, 0. 207 and 0. 390, respectively. Pearson's simple correlation analysis of adolescent depression and response showed that the correlation coefficient between adolescent depression and positive coping was-0. 353, and the correlation coefficient of negative coping was 0. 169.The symptoms of adolescent depression in Haikou City was positively correlated with the life events of adolescents, and negatively correlated with positive coping, and positively correlated with negative coping.

In this paper, we give the definition of k-subconnected graphs. Let G be a graph with at least 3k − 1 vertices. Then G is called a k-subconnected graph if, for any 2k vertices of G, there are k disjoint paths in G joining them in pairs. We prove that G is a k-subconnected graph if and only if, for any cutset S ⊆ V(G) with |S| ≤ k − 1, ω(G − S) ≤ |S| + 1, where ω(G) is the number of components of G.

CSP# is a formal modeling language that emphasizes the design of communication in concurrent systems. PAT framework provides a model checking environment for the simulation and verification of CSP# models. Although the desired properties can be formally verified at the design level, it is not always straightforward to ensure the correctness of the system’s implementation conforms to the behaviors of the formal design model. To avoid human error and enhance productivity, it would be beneficial to have a tool support to automatically generate the executable programs from their corresponding formal models. In this paper, we propose such a solution for translating verified CSP# models into C# programs in the PAT framework. We encoded the CSP# operators in a C# library-“PAT.Runtime”, where the event synchronization is based on the “Monitor” class in C#. The precondition and choice layers are built on top of the CSP event synchronization to support language-specific features. We further developed a code generation tool to automatically transform CSP# models into multi-threaded C# programs. We proved that the generated C# program and original CSP# model are equivalent on the trace semantics. This equivalence guarantees that the verified properties of the CSP# models are preserved in the generated C# programs. Furthermore, based on the existing implementation of choice operator, we improved the synchronization mechanism by pruning the unnecessary communications among the choice operators. The experiment results showed that the improved mechanism notably outperforms the standard JCSP library. Accepted version

Due to the inherent complexity of the concurrent behavior, it is difficult to ensure the program satisfies the concurrent properties. CSP#, as a formal language, is used to model the program and the properties can be verified on the CSP# model. It is desirable to have a transformation technique from the CSP# model to the implementation. We implement the CSP# operators in a C# library “PAT.Runtime”. Based on it, a code generation tool is developed in PAT framework to transform CSP# models to multi-threaded C# programs. We prove that the generated C# program and original CSP# model are equivalent on the traces semantics. The validated properties of the CSP# model preserve in the generated program.