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The issue of “middle income trap” has been widely discussed around the world, especially whether China can cross it. This paper first outlines the background of the problem and the division of income groups related to the World Bank, and then analyzes the success and failure cases of typical countries mainly using the method of experience and case analysis. Finally, this paper indicates the challenges and favorable factors for China’s entry into high-income countries, and predicts whether China can overcome this trap according to the World Bank standards.

The Co(OH)2/reduced graphene oxide hybrids (Co(OH)2/rGO) was prepared and used as catalyst to enhanced heterogeneous activation of Oxone for the decomposition of Levofloxacin (LVF). The Co(OH)2/rGO composites with different Co(OH)2 loading have been successfully synthesized, where the sample contain 20% Co(OH)2 exhibited superior activation, attributing to the synergistic effect between Co(OH)2 and rGO. Meanwhile, the effects of some important reaction parameters on the decomposition of LVF by Co(OH)2/rGO/Oxone process were investigated. The results indicated that the decomposition rate of LVF(>94.5%) was increased with the increasing of Oxone concentration, and 20% Co(OH)2/rGO dosage neutral pH. Moreover, the Co(OH)2/rGO catalyst showed high activity and stability during the repeated experiments.

This study was aimed to determine Gastrodin (GAS) and its underlying signaling pathway involved in suppression of inflammasome specifically in reactive astrocytes that are featured prominently in different neurological conditions or diseases including cerebral ischemia. For this purpose, TNA2 astrocytes in cultures were exposed to oxygen–glucose–deprivation (OGD) mimicking hypoxic cerebral ischemia. Separately, TNA2 cells were pretreated with GAS prior to OGD exposure. Additionally, Stattic, an inhibitor of STAT3 signaling pathway, was used to ascertain its involvement in regulating inflammasome in astrocytes exposed to OGD. In parallel to the above, adult rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with or without GAS pretreatment were sacrificed at different time points to determine the effects of GAS on astrocyte inflammasome. TNA2 astrocytes in different treatments as well as reactive astrocytes in MCAO were processed for immunofluorescence labeling and Western blot analysis for various protein markers. In the latter, protein expression levels of p-STAT3, NLRP3, and NLRC4 were markedly increased in TNA2 astrocytes exposed to OGD. Remarkably, the expression levels of these biomarkers were significantly suppressed by GAS. Of note, GAS especially at dose 20 μM inhibited NLRP3 and NLRC4 expression levels most substantially. Moreover, GAS inhibited the downstream proteins caspase-1 and IL-18. Concomitantly, GAS significantly suppressed the expression of STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathway. It is noteworthy that Stattic at dose 100 μM inhibited STAT3 pathway and NF-κB activation in TNA2 astrocytes, an effect that was shared by GAS. In MCAO, GAS was found to effectively attenuate p-STAT3 immunofluorescence intensity in reactive astrocytes. Arising from the above, it is concluded that GAS is anti-inflammatory as it effectively suppresses inflammasome in OGD-stimulated astrocytes as well as in reactive astrocytes in MCAO via STAT3 and NF-κB signaling expression coupled with decreased expression of caspase-1 and IL-18.

Brain damage, including blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, neurological behavior deficit, cerebral infarction and inflammation, is commonly caused by ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Prevention of the above biological process defects is considered beneficial for patient recovery after I/R injury. This study was aimed to assess the neuroprotective effect of Gastrodin (GAS), an herbal agent, in experimentally induced cerebral ischemia. Sprague-Dawley adult rats were randomly divided into six groups: Sham-operated control group (Sham), middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) group, GAS (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) pretreatment + MCAO groups (GAS) and Nimodipine (NIM) + MCAO, namely, the NIM group. Additionally, an OGD/R model using BV-2 microglia was established in vitro to simulate I/R injury. We showed here that the neurological scores of rats in the GAS groups were significantly improved compared with the MCAO group. Moreover, the area of cerebral infarction in the GAS pretreatment groups and the NIM group was significantly reduced. Furthermore, Evans blue leakage volume was significantly reduced with GAS pretreatment notably at dose 100 mg/kg. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9 in GAS groups was markedly decreased when compared with MCAO group. In BV-2 microglia exposed to OGD/R given GAS pretreatment, MMP2 and MMP9 positive cells were reduced in numbers. The present results have shown that GAS pretreatment significantly compensated for neurological behavior defects in rats with I/R-induced injury, reduced brain infarction size, reversed BBB impairment, and attenuated inflammation. It is suggested that pretreatment with GAS before surgery is beneficial during recovery from I/R injury.

With the continuous development of social economy, its economic model is developing in low carbon economy, carbon finance has become a new field in the development of banks. As a financial institution, commercial banks should grasp the development opportunity and make it into a new profit growth point.

There are many resources of technology innovation set in research institutions and universities; the research is based on data from science and technology activities of both research institutions and universities. It’s achieved by using DEA analysis method with selecting relevant input and output indexes of both institutions. The paper analyzes the differences on R&D efficiency of both institutions and concludes that research institution’s R&D efficiency is quite lower than the one of universities. The paper also dissects the reasons and gives out theoretical guidance that hopes to further improve the R&D efficiency of both institutions.

Comprising original and never-before-published papers by distinguished economists, this book offers insights about lessons that were or should have been learned from recent outbreaks of such crises in East Asia and elsewhere. Recent Financial Crises also presents a set of econometric studies of issues such as labor market behavior, investment and productivity, and exchange rate adjustments.