Search

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the most life-threatening complication of venous thromboembolism, but few effective treatments have been discovered to attenuate chronic PE currently. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of salvianolic acid B (SalB) and ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) combination (SalB/Rg1) on chronic PE and explored the potential mechanisms. The PE model was induced by 45 μm polystyrene microspheres and 20 mg/kg of SalB/Rg1 was administered to PE rats intraperitoneally. A histopathological analysis of the lungs and heart was performed through hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis. The pulmonary index and right ventricular cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area were evaluated. SalB/Rg1 markedly downregulated pulmonary index, attenuated pulmonary interstitial changes, suppressed neutrophil infiltration, prevented collagen deposition, and inhibited MMP-9 activities in the lung. We also found that SalB/Rg1 improved right ventricular hypertrophy accompanied by reducing the cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area. These data suggest that SalB/Rg1 played a protective role against microsphere-induced PE and holds a high potential for the treatment of PE in the future.

An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a life-threatening cardiovascular disorder caused by dissection and rupture. No effective medicine is currently available for the > 90% of patients whose aneurysms are below the surgical threshold. The present study investigated the impact of rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid C, or salvianolic acid B on experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms. Abdominal aortic aneurysms were induced in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice via infusion of angiotensin II for 4 wks. Rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid C, salvianolic acid B, or doxycycline as a positive control was provided daily through intraperitoneal injection. Administration of rosmarinic acid was found to decrease the thickness of the aortic wall, as determined by histopathological assay. Rosmarinic acid also exhibited protection against elastin fragmentation in aortic media and down-regulated cell apoptosis and proliferation in the aortic adventitia. Infiltration of macrophages, T lymphocytes, and neutrophils in aortic aneurysms was found, especially at the aortic adventitia. Rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid C, or salvianolic acid B inhibited the infiltration on macrophages specifically, but these compounds did not influence T lymphocytes and neutrophils. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor significantly increased in aortic aneurysms. Rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid C decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in media, and rosmarinic acid also tended to reduce migration inhibitory factor expression. Further then, partial least squares-discriminate analysis was used to classify metabolic changes among different treatments. Rosmarinic acid affected most of the metabolites in the biosynthesis of the citrate cycle, fatty acid pathway significantly. Our present study on mice demonstrated that rosmarinic acid inhibited multiple pathological processes, which were the key features important in abdominal aortic aneurysm formation. Further study on rosmarinic acid, the novel candidate for aneurysmal therapy, should be undertaken to determine its potential for clinical use.

Context: Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), as the active ingredient of Panax notoginseng, has protective effect on the cardiovascular system. While, the efficiency of Rg1 against acute myocardial infarction (MI) is not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the cardio-protection and the underlying mechanism for Rg1. Objective: Myocardial infarction was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery of wistar rats. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) stain assay was used to detect infarct size; hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and phosphotungstic acid-hematoxilin (PTAH) stain assay were used to evaluate the cardiac structure; terminal deoxytransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was used to detect apoptosis; immunohistochemical stain was used to evaluate neutrophils and macrophages infiltration. Key Findings: Firstly, Extract Rg1 (P < 0.01) and Ferment Rg1 (P < 0.01) down-regulated myocardial infarct size and up-regulated superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity significantly. Then, HE and PTAH stain indicated the protection of Extract Rg1 and Ferment Rg1 on heart structure, especially on the integrity of sarcomere. Finally, both Extract Rg1 (P < 0.001) and Ferment Rg1 (P < 0.001) reduced the number of apoptosis cells, and further inhibited the infiltration of neutrophils into the infarct site of heart. Summary: For the first time, our present study verified the efficiency of Rg1 against acute MI, and provided experimental evidence that Ferment Rg1 holds similar cardio-protection with Extract Rg1. Rg1 holds potential therapeutic value for further drug development on heart disease.