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African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), and has a high mortality rate. It has caused serious socioeconomic consequences worldwide. Currently, there are no available commercial vaccines or antiviral drug interventions. D1133L is one of the key genes for ASFV replication and antiviral drug screening. In this study, a virtual screening software program, PyRx, was used to screen libraries of compounds against the potential drug target D1133L. Twelve compounds with a high affinity for ASFV D1133L were screened, and cyproheptadine hydrochloride (periactin) was identified as a candidate drug. The periactin has little cytotoxicity, and which dose-dependently inhibited ASFV replication in vitro. Further research indicated that periactin could significantly down-regulate D1133L at the transcriptional and protein levels with RT-qPCR and western blot methods. This study has provided important candidate drugs for the prevention and treatment of ASF, as well as biological materials and new fields of view for the research and development of vaccines and drugs for ASFV.

The present study was aimed to assess the effect of nitric oxide (NO) and the interaction of NO with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on plant tolerance to low temperatures in cucumber seedlings. Exogenous NO significantly increased the endogenous NO content, initial and total activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), RuBisCO carboxylation rate (Vc,max), RuBP regeneration rate (Jmax) and the transcript levels of related genes in cucumber seedlings under low temperatures (11 °C/7 °C); however, the effect of NO was blocked by PTIO (NO scavenger). In addition, the SNP treatment significantly improved the contents of glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, and the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), acid invertase (AI), sucrose synthase (SS), as well as the expression levels of SUCROSE PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE 1&2 (SPS1, SPS2), SUCROSE TRANSPORTER 1&2 (SUT2, SUT4), β-starch hydrolase (BAM), and invertase gene (INVERTASE) in cucumber leaves under low temperatures, and the positive effect of NO was impaired by PTIO. Furthermore, we found that the H2O2, induced by NO, participated in NO-induced elevation of ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH), and increased activities of related enzymes in the AsA-GSH cycle at low temperatures. However, the positive effect of NO was blocked by l-NAME (NOS inhibitor), PTIO, DPI (inhibitor of NADPH oxidase), and DMTU (reactive oxygen species scavenger). Taken together, our findings indicate that NO increased the low temperature tolerance of cucumber seedlings via H2O2 by improving the efficiency of the Calvin cycle, which in turn increased the carbohydrates content and accelerated the AsA-GSH cycle to enhance ROS scavenging.

African swine fever (ASF) has brought excellent barriers to swine production in China and the world. Studies have shown that extracellular vesicles mediate the RNA and protein spread of pathogenic microorganisms and RNA and proteins. After infection by pathogenic microorganisms causes significant differences in the proteins contained within extracellular vesicles. Based on the above studies, the extracellular vesicles were extracted from ASF virus (ASFV)-infected swine plasma. And qPCR, western blot, and confocal experiment were carried out. The research shows that extracted extracellular vesicles significantly promote the replication of ASFV in susceptible and non-susceptible cells Proteomics analysis of the extracellular vesicle proteins revealed that ASFV infection could cause significant differences in the protein profile. This study demonstrates that extracellular vesicles play a critical role in ASFV replication and transmission and cause significant differences in the protein profile encapsulated in extracellular vesicles.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is prevalent in many countries and is a contagious and lethal virus that infects pigs, posing a threat to the global pig industry and public health. The interaction between the virus and the host is key to unlocking the mystery behind viral pathogenesis. A comprehensive understanding of the viral and host protein interaction may provide clues for developing new antiviral strategies. Here, we show a network of ASFV MGF360-9L protein interactions in porcine kidney (PK-15) cells. Overall, 268 proteins that interact with MGF360-9L are identified using immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Accordingly, gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted, and the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was created. It was speculated that the cellular proteins interacting with MGF360-9L are involved in protein binding, metabolism, and the innate immune response. Proteasome subunit alpha type (PSMA3), 26S protease regulatory subunit 4 (PSMC1), autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1 (AMBRA1), and DEAD-box helicase 20 (DDX20) could interact with MGF360-9L in vitro. PSMA3 and PSMC1 overexpression significantly promoted ASFV replication, and MGF360-9L maintained the transcriptional level of PSMA3 and PSMC1. Here, we show the interaction between ASFV MGF360-9L and cellular proteins and elucidate the virus–host interaction network, which effectively provides useful protein-related information that can enable further study of the potential mechanism and pathogenesis of ASFV infection.

Background African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly lethal virus that can infect porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Since ASFV, China has dealt with a heavy blow to the pig industry. However, the effect of infection of ASFV strains isolated from China on PAM transcription level is not yet clarified. Methods In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to detect the differential expression of genes in PAMs at different time points after ASFV-CN/GS/2018 infection. The fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method was used to confirm the altered expression of related genes in PAMs infected with ASFV. Results A total of 1154 differentially expressed genes were identified after ASFV-CN/GS/2018 infection, of which 816 were upregulated, and 338 were downregulated. GO and KEGG analysis showed that these genes were dynamically enriched in various biological processes, including innate immune response, inflammatory response, chemokines, and apoptosis. Furthermore, qPCR verified that the DEAD box polypeptide 58 (DDX58), Interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 (IFIH1), Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), and TLR7 of PAMs were upregulated after ASFV infection, while TLR4 and TLR6 had a significant downward trend during ASFV infection. The expression of some factors related to antiviral and inflammation was altered significantly after ASFV infection, among which interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1), IFIT2, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) were upregulated, and Ewing’s tumor-associated antigen 1 homolog (ETAA1) and Prosaposin receptor GPR37 (GPR37) were downregulated. In addition, we discovered that ASFV infection is involved in the regulation of chemokine expression in PAMs, and the chemokines, such as C-X-C motif chemokine 8 (CXCL8) and CXCL10, were upregulated after infection. However, the expression of chemokine receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CXCR2) is downregulated. Also, that the transcriptional levels of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic factors changed after infection. Conclusions After ASFV-CN/GS/2018 infection, the expression of some antiviral and inflammatory factors in PAMs changed significantly. The ASFV infection may activates the RLR and TLR signaling pathways. In addition, ASFV infection is involved in regulating of chemokine expression in PAMs and host cell apoptosis.

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the pathogen causing epidemics of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), and is present in every major swine-farming country in the world. Previous studies have demonstrated that PRRSV infection leads to a range of consequences, such as persistent infection, secondary infection, and co-infection, and is common among pigs in the field. In recent years, coinfection of PRRSV and other porcine pathogens has occurred often, making it more difficult to define and diagnose PRRSV-related diseases. The study of coinfections may be extremely suitable for the current prevention and control in the field. However, there is a limited understanding of coinfection. Therefore, in this review, we have focused on the epidemiology of PRRSV coinfection with other pathogens in swine, both in vivo and in vitro.

Ni based catalysts are wildly used in catalytic industrial processes due to their low costs and high activities. The design of highly hierarchical core-shell structured Ni/HBEA is achieved using a sustainable, simple, and easy-tunable hydrothermal synthesis approach using combined NH4Cl and NH3·H2O as a co-precipitation agent at 120 °C. Starting from a single-crystalline hierarchical H+-exchanged beta polymorph zeolite (HBEA), the adjustment of the precipitate conditions shows that mixed NH4Cl and NH3·H2O precipitates with proper concentrations are vital in the hydrothermal synthesis for preserving a good crystalline morphology of HBEA and generating abundant highly-dispersed Ni nanoparticles (loading: 41 wt%, 5.9 ± 0.7 nm) encapsulated onto/into the support. NH4Cl solution without an alkali is unable to generate abundant Ni nanoparticles from Ni salts under the hydrothermal conditions, whereas NH3·H2O seriously damages the pore structure. After studying the in situ changes in infrared, X-ray diffractometry, temperature-programmed reduction, and scanning electron microscopy measurements, as well as variations in the filtrate pH, Si/Al ratios, and solid sample Ni loading, a two-step dissolution-recrystallization process is proposed. The process consists of Si dissolution and no change in elemental Al, and after the dissolved Si(iv) concentrations have promoted Ni phyllosilicate nanosheet solubility, further growth of multilayered Ni phyllosilicate nanosheets commences. The precursor Ni phyllosilicate is changeable between Ni3Si2O5(OH)4 and Ni3Si4O10(OH)2, because of competition in kinetically-favored and thermodynamically-controlled species caused by different basic agents. The superior catalytic performance is demonstrated in the metal/acid catalyzed biomass derived bulky stearic acid hydrodeoxygenation with 90% octadecane selectivity and a promising rate of 54 g g-1 h-1, which highly excels the reported rates catalyzed by Ni catalysts. Significant improvements in activity and selectivity are related to the highly dispersive Ni nanoparticles onto/into intra-mesopores of hierarchical HBEA, hence enhance the accessibility of bulky substrates to metal sites and mass transfer capacity.

We report a new hydrothermal and basic-additive free process for synthesizing a core(single-crystalline HBEA zeolite)–echinus(nickel phyllosilicate) catalyst, which exhibits excellent reactivity and stability for hydrogenation reactions. Desilication and dealumination processes generate substantial SiO32− ions and exposed Si–OH groups to form nickel phyllosilicate on the external and internal surfaces of zeolite.

In this study, we investigated the effects of 10 mM CaCl2 on membrane permeability, malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ concentrations in different organs of sour jujube grown under 150 mM NaCl stress. Our results showed 73% leaf wilting in the Na treatment. The Na treatment significantly increased leaf superoxide (O2.‒) production rates, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations, cell membrane permeability, MDA concentrations, and Na+ concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves. The Na treatment significantly reduced K+, Ca2+,and Mg2+ concentrations in roots, but increased K+ concentrations in stems. Compared with the Na treatment, 39% of the leaves showed wilting symptoms in the Na+Ca treatment. The Na+Ca treatment significantly decreased leaf O2.‒ production rates, H2O2 concentrations, cell membrane permeability, and MDA concentrations. Moreover, the Na+Ca treatment (1) significantly reduced Na+ concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves; (2) significa...

The mechanisms of dehydroaromatization of limonene to p-cymene are intrinsically investigated over Pd/HZSM-5 under different N2/H2 atmospheres using the mathematical tool of Matlab. It is found that the dehydroaromatization reaction network starts with the isomerization step, and is followed by the sequential dehydrogenation in the presence of N2 or H2 at the selected system. The addition of hydrogen in the atmosphere would not change this reaction pathway, but leads to lower selectivity of p-cymene due to the accelerated hydrogenation rates on the double bonds. Besides, the additional hydrogen speeds up the overall reaction by facilitating the isomerization step on limonene while impeding its reverse reaction, as isomerization of limonene is proved to be the determining step of the whole dehydroaromatization reaction. Furthermore, the presence of hydrogen dramatically decreases the apparent and true activity energy of the target dehydroaromatization reaction and reduces the impact of temperatures to such processes compared to that with a N2 gas carrier.

In recent years, positioning in the indoor WiFi scene, the location of the fingerprint method is used in wireless indoor positioning, there are already through the smart phone automatically capture RSS fingerprints to build fingerprint library, reducing the workload of offline stage, but the automatic collection of RSS has a certain degree of unreliability and the updating of the fingerprint database is not timely and so on. In this paper, the automatic collection of fingerprints based on affinity propagation clustering, remove singular values, detect AP update method to ensure the reliability of fingerprint database. In the online phase WKNN and APC algorithms are combined. Experiments show that the improved fingerprint library can improve the positioning effect effectively by 20%, and make the automatic collection data based on the general package have good robustness

Lipid is considered as an important green renewable energy carrier. Efficient conversion of lipid to liquid fuels, especially hydrocarbon fuels, is a promising field for future industrialization, and thus, it has attracted considerable attentions. This review mainly elaborates the development in the catalytic conversion of lipid such as the involved catalysts, the techniques, the reaction pathways, and the mechanisms. The current upgrading techniques on lipid transformation include transesterification, catalytic cracking, and hydrodeoxygenation with sulfided and reduced metals. With respect to the routes for converting of diverse lipid resource into hydrocarbon fuels, especially bio-jet fuel, some discussions and suggestions are presented.

This study is concerned with the effects of a cold pretreatment and the concentration of silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) on the induction of embryo from anthers of four cabbage F 1 hybirds. The results indicated that a cold pretreatment and silver nitrate influenced the induction of embryo. A pretreatment of 3d at 4 °C before the culture period and 10mg/L in the medium have the best effect in the induction of embryo from four Chinese cabbage F 1 hybrids.