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Aerosol sprays are used in many fields because they are easy to use and low in cost. Because flash-boiling has a great influence on atomization performance and spray characteristics such as droplet diameter and spray cone angle of aerosol spray, it is necessary to adjust the flash-boiling by changing the internal design of the aerosol vessel to obtain the desired atomization performance. Therefore, spray structure formed on the outside of nozzle during both transient and steady state. with various nozzle design and internal liquid/propellant composition ratio were observed in this study. The spray development process was visualized using a high-speed camera and Nd:Yag laser was used to form a laser sheet and it illuminates the internal structure of spray at steady state. In addition, the diameter and velocity of spray droplets were measured by PDPA equipment, which uses a noninvasive method. Selected design parameters were the number of stem orifice and the diameter of under-tap of the valve and vapor phase tap, and the mass fraction of propellant inside the aerosol vessel. As the diameter of the under tap increased, the ratio of the high-density area increased. However, as the difference between the area of the under-tap orifice and the total area of the stem orifice became smaller, the spray cross section area became larger and the shape of low-density region became closer to the concentric circle. In addition, finer droplets were generated in case with large stem orifice & smaller under-tap. The Vapor Phase Tap and propellant mass fraction have the greatest influence on the atomization characteristics of all design parameters because they change the gas phase ratio inside the jet. However, higher propellant mass fraction makes more uniform droplet diameter distribution than increased vapor phase tap diameter.

In this study, a new HMS (Health Monitoring System) device is developed for diabetic patient. This device mainly consists of I) 3D blood vessel searching unit and II) automatic blood glucose measurement (ABGM) unit. This device has features such as 1)3D blood vessel location search 2) laptop type, 3) puncturing a blood vessel by using a minimally invasive micro-needle, 4) very little blood sampling (10μl), and 5) automatic blood extraction and blood glucose measurement. In this study, ABGM unit is described in detail. It employs a syringe type's blood extraction mechanism because of its high accuracy. And it consists of the syringe component and the driving component. The syringe component consists of a syringe itself, a piston, a magnet, a ratchet and a micro-needle whose inner diameter is about 80μm. And the syringe component is disposable. The driving component consists of body parts, a linear stepping motor, a glucose enzyme sensor and a slider for accurate positioning control. The driving component has the all-in-one mechanism with a glucose enzyme sensor for compact size and stable blood transfer. On designing, required thrust force to drive the slider is designed to be greater than the value of the blood extraction force. Further, only one linear stepping motor is employed for blood extraction and transportation processes. The experimental result showed more than 80% of volume ratio under the piston speed 2.4mm/s. Further, the blood glucose was measured successfully by using the prototype unit. Finally, the availability of our ABGM unit was confirmed.

In this paper, an efficient detail extraction technique for a progressive coding scheme is proposed. The existing technique using the top-hat transformation yields an efficient extraction scheme for isolated and visually important details, but yields inefficient results containing significant redundancy for extracting the contour information. The proposed technique using the strong edge feature extraction property of the morphological Laplacian in this paper can reduce the redundancy and thus provides a lower bit-rate. Experimental results show that the proposed technique is more efficient than the existing one, and promise the applicability of the morphological Laplacian operator.

Purpose: This study was performed to assess the compatibility of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) synthesized cephalograms with conventional cephalograms, and to find a method for obtaining normative values for threedimensional (3D) assessments. Materials and Methods: The sample group consisted of 10 adults with normal occlusion and well-balanced faces. They were imaged using conventional and CBCT cephalograms. The CBCT cephalograms were synthesized from the CBCT data using OnDemand 3D software. Twenty-one angular and 12 linear measurements from each imaging modality were compared and analyzed using paired-t test. Results: The linear measurements between the two imaging modalities were not statistically different (p¤0.05) except for the U1 to facial plane distance. The angular measurements between the two imaging modalities were not statistically different (p¤0.05) with the exception of the gonial angle, ANB difference, and facial convexity. Conclusion: Two-dimensional cephalometric norms could be readily used for 3D quantitative assessment, if corrected for lateral cephalogram distortion. (Imaging Sci Dent 2012; 42 : 201-5)