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Context Ulcerative colitis has been clinically treated with Qing Hua Chang Yin (QHCY), a traditional Chinese medicine formula. However, its precise mechanisms in mitigating chronic colitis are largely uncharted.Objective To elucidate the therapeutic efficiency of QHCY on chronic colitis and explore its underlying molecular mechanisms.Materials and methods A total ion chromatogram fingerprint of QHCY was analysed. Chronic colitis was induced in male C57BL/6 mice using 2% dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) over 49 days. Mice were divided into control, DSS, DSS + QHCY (0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 g/kg/d dose, respectively) and DSS + mesalazine (0.2 g/kg/d) groups (n = 6). Mice were intragastrically administered QHCY or mesalazine for 49 days. The changes of disease activity index (DAI), colon length, colon histomorphology and serum pro-inflammatory factors in mice were observed. RNA sequencing was utilized to identify the differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) in colonic tissues and the associated signalling pathways. The expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related protein and NF-κB signalling pathway-related proteins in colonic tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry staining.Results Forty-seven compounds were identified in QHCY. Compared with the DSS group, QHCY significantly improved symptoms of chronic colitis like DAI increase, weight loss, colon shortening and histological damage. It notably reduced serum levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α. QHCY suppressed the activation of PERK–ATF4–CHOP pathway of ER stress and NF-κB signalling pathways in colonic tissues.Discussion and conclusions The findings in this study provide novel insights into the potential of QHCY in treating chronic colitis patients.

Abstract The SnRK (sucrose non-fermentation-related protein kinase) plays an important role in regulating various signals in plants. However, as an important bamboo shoot and wood species, the response mechanism of PheSnRK in Phyllostachys edulis to hormones, low energy and stress remains unclear. In this paper, we focused on the structure, expression, and response of SnRK to hormones and sugars. In this study, we identified 75 PheSnRK genes from the Moso bamboo genome, which can be divided into three groups according to the evolutionary relationship. Cis-element analysis has shown that the PheSnRK gene can respond to various hormones, light, and stress. The PheSnRK2.9 proteins were localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Transgenic experiments showed that overexpression of PheSnRK2.9 inhibited root development, the plants were salt-tolerant and exhibited slowed starch consumption in Arabidopsis in the dark. The results of yeast one-hybrid and dual luciferase assay showed that PheIAAs and PheNACs can regulate PheSnRK2.9 gene expression by binding to the promoter of PheSnRK2.9. This study provided a comprehensive understanding of PheSnRK genes of Moso bamboo, which provides valuable information for further research on energy regulation mechanism and stress response during the growth and development of Moso bamboo.

IntroductionTranspiration is the driving force of water transport, which plays a crucial role in the rapid growth of bamboo shoots. Nonetheless, the transpiration changes that occur in the shoot sheath of Moso bamboo during the leafless stage and the physiological processes involved in water transport from the mother bamboo to bamboo shoots are not completely understood.MethodsThis study investigated the temporal dynamics of the transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (gs) of the sheaths from bamboo shoots to culms and diurnal variations in Tr and gs as well as the spatial dynamics of Tr and gs in various parts of the shoot sheaths. Water distribution patterns in bamboo shoots were analyzed using the isotope tracer method, and the water transportation path in bamboo shoots was determined by soaking the shoots in fuchsine dye solution.ResultsWe observed that the Tr was higher in bamboo shoots at heights of 4 and 7 m compared to that at 0.5, 1, 2, and 13 m, with rates ranging from 6.8 mmol/m2/s1 to 8.3 mmol/m2/s. Additionally, the Tr and gs of the shoot sheath were lower at noon, but higher in the morning and evening. The Tr in the lower parts of the culm sheath was higher than that that in the upper part (height: 0.5–4 m). However, when injected into the mother bamboo, D2O was not immediately transported to the shoots via the mother culms but was transported upward through the vascular bundle, with a larger vascular bundle near the pulp cavity transporting high volumes of water.DiscussionThese findings provide the foundation for further studies on the rapid growth of Moso bamboo and establish a theoretical basis for water management during its shoot developmental period.

Apomixis is a common reproductive characteristic of Zanthoxylum plants, and RWP-RKs are plant-specific transcription factors known to regulate embryonic development. However, the genome-wide analysis and function prediction of RWP-RK family genes in Z. armatum are unclear. In this study, 36 ZaRWP-RK transcription factors were identified in the genome of Z. armatum, among which 15 genes belonged to the RKD subfamily and 21 belonged to the NLP subfamily. Duplication events of ZaRWP-RK genes were mainly segmental duplication, and synteny analysis revealed a close phylogenetic relationship between Z. armatum and Arabidopsis. The analysis of cis-elements indicated that ZaRWP-RK genes may be involved in the regulation of the embryonic development of Z. armatum by responding to plant hormones such as abscisic acid, auxin, and gibberellin. Results of a real-time PCR showed that the expression levels of most ZaRWP-RK genes were significantly increased from flowers to young fruits. Protein–protein interaction network analysis further revealed the potential roles of the ZaRWP-RK proteins in apomixis. Collectively, this study is expected to improve our understanding of ZaRWP-RK transcription factors and provide a theoretical basis for future investigations into the ZaRWP-RK genes and their regulatory mechanisms in the apomixis process of Z. armatum.

Background: Qing Hua Chang Yin (QHCY) is a famous formula of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has been proven to have protective effect on ulcerative colitis. However, its protective effect and potential therapeutic mechanisms in chronic colitis remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects and underlying mechanisms of QHCY on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced chronic colitis mice model.Methods: The chronic colitis model was established by administration of 2% DSS for three consecutive cycles of 7 days with two intervals of 14 days for recovery by drinking water. The experiment lasted 49 days. The DSS + QHCY group received QHCY administration by oral gavage at doses of 1.6 g/kg/d, DSS + Mesalazine group was administrated Mesalazine by oral gavage at doses of 0.2 g/kg/d. The control and DSS group were given equal volume of distilled water. The body weight, stool consistency and blood in stool were monitored every 2 days. The disease activity index (DAI) was calculated. The colon length was measured after the mice were sacrificed. The histomorphology of colonic tissues was checked by the HE and PAS staining. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin) and Mucin2 (MUC2). 16S rRNA sequencing analysis was conducted to study the diversity and abundance of gut microbiota changes.Results: QHCY treatment not only significantly attenuated DSS-induced the weight loss, DAI score increase, colon shortening and histological damage in mice, but also decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in colonic tissues and increased the expression of ZO-1, occludin, and MUC2. Furthermore, QHCY enhanced the diversity of gut microbes and regulated the structure and composition of intestinal microflora in mice with chronic colitis.Conclusion: QHCY has a therapeutic effect on a murine model of chronic colitis. It can effectively reduce the clinical and pathological manifestations of colitis and prevent alterations in the gut microbiota.

Abstract Background The status of children’s early motor skills play an important role during childhood and across lifetime. This study described FMS proficiency among boys (n = 189) and girls (n = 179) kindergarten children from 3 to 6 years old (4.4 s 0.7, mean ± SD) in northwest China. The differences in FMS proficiency of boys and girls from different environments, ethnic groups were analyzed respectively. Methods TGMD-3 was used to assess FMS. FMS mastery level was defined according to the correct performance of all criteria over two trials. The correlation between BMI and FMS and the interaction of environmental and ethnic on FMS were analyzed. The general linear model was used to evaluate the differences of boys and girls among environment groups (urban/suburban/county), and ethnic groups (Han/Hui/Tibetan) on the FMS subsets respectively. Results FMS proficiency was assessed in 368 3- to 6-year-old children (n = 156 urban, n = 101 suburban, n = 111 county)/(n = 208 Han, n = 107 Hui, n = 53 Tibetan). Overall, the highest skill performance was the run, with 86% achieving mastery level, and the poorest performance was the FH strike, at only 19%. Correlation between BMI and FMS is minimal. According to TGMD-3 scores, there was no significant difference between boys and girls in total FMS (p = 0.38). In terms of locomotor skills, boys performed better than girls in the hop, skip and slide (p

Background: Gastrodin has been widely used clinically in China as an antihypertensive drug. However, its effect on hypertensive renal injury is yet to be elucidated. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of gastrodin on hypertensive renal injury and its underlying mechanisms by network pharmacology analysis and validation in vivo and in vitro.Methods: A total of 10 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were randomly categorized into the following two groups: SHR and SHR + Gastrodin groups. Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were used as the control group (n = 5). The SHR + Gastrodin group was intragastrically administered gastrodin (3.5 mg/kg/day), and the rats in both WKY and SHR groups were intragastrically administered an equal amount of double-distilled water for 10 weeks. Hematoxylin-eosin, Masson’s trichrome, and Sirius red staining were used to detect the pathological changes and collagen content in the renal tissues. Network pharmacology analysis was performed to explore its potential targets and related pathways. In vitro, the CCK-8 assay was used to determine the cell viability. Immunohistochemistry and western-blotting analyses were employed to assess the protein expression associated with renal fibrosis and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) pathway-related proteins in the renal tissues or in TGF-β1-stimulated rat kidney fibroblast cell lines (NRK-49F).Results: Gastrodin treatment attenuates renal injury and pathological alterations in SHRs, including glomerular sclerosis and atrophy, epithelial cell atrophy, and tubular dilation. Gastrodin also reduced the accumulation of collagen in the renal tissues of SHRs, which were confirmed by downregulation of α-SMA, collagen I, collagen III protein expression. Network pharmacology analysis identified TGFB1 and SMAD2 as two of lead candidate targets of gastrodin on against hypertensive renal injury. Consistently, gastrodin treatment downregulated the increase of the protein expression of TGF-β1, and ratios of both p-Smad2/Smad2 and p-Samd3/Smad3 in renal tissues of SHRs. In vitro, gastrodin (25–100 μM) treatment significantly reversed the upregulation of α-SMA, fibronectin, collagen I, as well as p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 protein expressions without affecting the cell viability of TGF-β1 stimulated NRK-49F cells.Conclusion: Gastrodin treatment significantly attenuates hypertensive renal injury and renal fibrosis and suppresses TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling in vivo and in vitro.

The azimuth multichannel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) increases the swath width by reducing the pulse repetition frequency (PRF), thus providing an effective scheme for realizing high-resolution and wide-swath (HRWS) imaging simultaneously. However, the quality of multichannel SAR images will suffer from electromagnetic jamming in the electronic antagonism environment. The existing channel cancellation methods not only require high positioning accuracy of the jammer and high PRF of the SAR system, but also remain periodic dark stripes, which reduce the readability of the SAR images. To solve these problems, this article proposes a scheme for multichannel SAR to locate the barrage jammer and suppress jamming signals. First, by establishing the least ${{\boldsymbol{L}}^{1}}$-norm optimization model on the echoes after channel cancellation, the location of the jammer in both azimuth and range directions can be accurately estimated. Then, based on the estimated jammer position, a joint cancellation filter is constructed to remove the jamming signal from the contaminated multichannel SAR data. And the reconstruction filter is designed according to the characteristics of the remaining signal, so that the SAR system reduces the requirement for high PRF. Finally, for the case of dark strips, this article calculates the image amplitude equalization coefficient by deducing the azimuth modulation function, and a uniform HRWS SAR image without jamming is acquired. Results of simulated and measured data validate that the proposed method can effectively remove jamming signals and obtain the HRWS SAR images.

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) is one of the fastest growing plants. Gibberellin (GA) is a key phytohormone regulating growth, but there are few studies on the growth of Moso bamboo regulated by GA. The gibberellin 20 oxidase (GA20ox) gene family was targeted in this study. Chromosomal distribution and collinearity analysis identified 10 GA20ox genes evenly distributed on chromosomes, and the family genes were relatively conservative in evolution. The genetic relationship of GA20ox genes had been confirmed to be closest in different genera of plants in a phylogenetic and selective pressure analysis between Moso bamboo and rice. About 1/3 GA20ox genes experienced positive selective pressure with segmental duplication being the main driver of gene family expansion. Analysis of expression patterns revealed that only six PheGA20ox genes were expressed in different organs of shoot development and flowers, that there was redundancy in gene function. Underground organs were not the main site of GA synthesis in Moso bamboo, and floral organs are involved in the GA biosynthesis process. The auxin signaling factor PheARF47 was located upstream of PheGA20ox3 and PheGA20ox6 genes, where PheARF47 regulated PheGA20ox3 through cis-P box elements and cis-AuxRR elements, based on the result that promoter analysis combined with yeast one-hybrid and dual luciferase detection analysis identified. Overall, we identified the evolutionary pattern of PheGA20ox genes in Moso bamboo and the possible major synthesis sites of GA, screened for key genes in the crosstalk between auxin and GA, and laid the foundation for further exploration of the synergistic regulation of growth by GA and auxin in Moso bamboo.

The rapid growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) represents crucial pathological changes during the development of hypertensive vascular remodeling. Although quercetin exhibits significantly therapeutic effects on antihypertension, the systematic role of quercetin and its exact mode of action in relation to the VSMCs growth and its hypertension-related networking pharmacology is not well-documented. Therefore, the effect of quercetin was investigated using networking pharmacology followed by in vitro strategies to explore its efficacy against angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cell proliferation. Putative genes of hypertension and quercetin were collected using database mining, and their correlation was investigated. Subsequently, a network of protein-protein interactions was constructed and gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed to identify the role of important genes (including CCND1) and key signaling pathways [including cell proliferation and Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) pathway]. We therefore further investigated the effects of quercetin in Ang II-stimulated VSMCs. This current research revealed that quercetin significantly reduced the cell confluency, cell number, and cell viability, as well as expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in Ang II-stimulated VSMCs. Mechanistic study by western blotting confirmed that quercetin treatment attenuated the activation of JAK2 and STAT3 by reducing its phosphorylation in Ang II stimulated VSMCs. Collectively, the current study revealed the inhibitory effects of quercetin on proliferation of Ang II stimulated VSMCs, by inhibiting the activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling might be one of underlying mechanisms.

This study aimed to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of the anti-Vibrio parahaemolyticus substances of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex (ASPC), identify their active substances, and investigate their application in shrimp storage. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions of ASPC were optimized through a single-factor experiment combined with response surface methodology. The optimal parameters were the ethanol concentration of 81%, the ultrasonic power of 500 W, the temperature of 80°C, the extraction time of 23 min, and the liquid/solid ratio 25 ml/g. The antibacterial zone diameter of the obtained extract determined by agar well diffusion method was 15.56 ± 0.22 mm, which was not significantly different from the predicted value (15.92 mm). Berberine was identified as one of the main chemical components of ASPC through high-performance liquid chromatography combined with standard control. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of ASPC and berberine determined by the tube dilution method were 0.25 and 0.03 mg/ml, respectively. The application of ASPC in shrimp storage showed that it could effectively inhibit the proliferation of V. parahaemolyticus on shrimps. This report offers good prospects for the use of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex as a potential preservative against V. parahaemolyticus in aquatic products.

Cytokinin is widely involved in the regulation of plant growth, but its pathway-related genes have not been reported in Moso bamboo. In this study, a total of 129 candidate sequences were identified by bioinformatic methods. These included 15 IPT family genes, 19 LOG family genes, 22 HK family genes, 11 HP family genes and 62 RR family genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the cytokinin pathway was closely related to rice, and evolutionary pattern analysis found that most of the genes have syntenic relationship with rice-related genes. The Moso bamboo cytokinin pathway was evolutionarily conservative and mainly underwent purifying selection, and that gene family expansion was mainly due to whole-gene duplication events. Analysis of transcriptome data revealed a tissue-specific expression pattern of Moso bamboo cytokinin family genes, with auxin and gibberellin response patterns. Analysis of co-expression patterns at the developmental stages of Moso bamboo shoots revealed the existence of a phytohormone co-expression pattern centered on cytokinin signaling genes. The auxin signaling factor PheARF52 was identified by yeast one-hybrid assay as regulating the PheRR3 gene through a P-box element in the PheRR3 promoter region. Auxin and cytokinin signaling crosstalk to regulate Moso bamboo growth. Overall, we systematically identified and analyzed key gene families of the cytokinin pathway in Moso bamboo and obtained key factors for auxin and cytokinin crosstalk, laying the foundation for the study of hormone regulation in Moso bamboo.

Sucrose (Suc) and gibberellin (GA) can promote the elongation of certain internodes in bamboo. However, there is a lack of field studies to support these findings and no evidence concerning how Suc and GA promote the plant height of bamboo by regulating the internode elongation and number. We investigated the plant height, the length of each internode, and the total number of internodes of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) under exogenous Suc, GA, and control group (CTRL) treatments in the field and analyzed how Suc and GA affected the height of Moso bamboo by promoting the internode length and number. The lengths of the 10th–50th internodes were significantly increased under the exogenous Suc and GA treatments, and the number of internodes was significantly increased by the exogenous Suc treatment. The increased effect of Suc and GA exogenous treatment on the proportion of longer internodes showed a weakening trend near the plant height of 15–16 m compared with the CTRL, suggesting that these exogenous treatments may be more effective in regions where bamboo growth is suboptimal. This study demonstrated that both the exogenous Suc and GA treatments could promote internode elongation of Moso bamboo in the field. The exogenous GA treatment had a stronger effect on internode elongation, and the exogenous Suc treatment had a stronger effect on increasing the internode numbers. The increase in plant height by the exogenous Suc and GA treatments was promoted by the co-elongation of most internodes or the increase in the proportion of longer internodes.

Auxin plays a crucial regulatory role in higher plants, but systematic studies on the location of auxin local biosynthesis are rare in bamboo and other graminaceous plants. We studied moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), which can grow up to 1 m/day and serves as a reference species for bamboo and other fast-growing species. We selected young tissues such as root tips, shoot tips, young culm sheaths, sheath blades, and internode divisions for local auxin biosynthesis site analysis. IAA immunofluorescence localization revealed that auxin was similarly distributed in different stages of 50-cm and 300-cm bamboo shoots. Shoot tips had the highest auxin content, and it may be the main site of auxin biosynthesis in the early stage of rapid growth. A total of 22 key genes in the YUCCA family for auxin biosynthesis were identified by genome-wide identification, and these had obvious tissue-specific and spatio-temporal expression patterns. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that the localization of YUCCA genes was highly consistent with the distribution of auxin. Six major auxin synthesis genes, PheYUC3-1, PheYUC6-1, PheYUC6-3, PheYUC9-1, PheYUC9-2, and PheYUC7-3, were obtained that may have regulatory roles in auxin accumulation during moso bamboo growth. Culm sheaths were found to serve as the main local sites of auxin biosynthesis and the auxin required for internode elongation may be achieved mainly by auxin transport.

In complicated electromagnetic environments, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can be threatened by various kinds of malicious interference,of which deceptive jamming is the intentional and efficient one. For jamming effect evaluation on SAR images, traditional methods are mostly based on the change of image quality, which are not suitable for evaluating the confusion caused by high-fidelity false targets. In this article, a novel framework to evaluate the effect of deceptive jamming on SAR is proposed based on visual consistency. Three levels of vision, namely detection, recognition, and semantics, are fused for efficient deception evaluation along with the corresponding metrics system. Fully considering the imaging characters of deceptive jamming, specifically designed detection and recognition flows are proposed to quantitatively evaluate the deception. Furthermore, to evaluate whether the generated false targets are with reasonable context, an unprecedent concept, named semantic accuracy, is proposed via considerations of statistical differences compared with that of the background template. Besides, the cases of deceptive jamming with several common nonideal issues are considered when evaluating the effects. Sufficient experiments have proved the practicality and superiority of the proposed evaluation framework under different deceptive jamming with various nonideal factors.

Culm sheaths play an important role in supporting and protecting bamboo shoots during the growth and development period. The physiological and molecular functions of bamboo sheaths during the growth of bamboo shoots remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the morphological anatomy of culm sheaths, photosynthesis in sheath blades, storage and distribution of sugars, and the transcriptome of the sheath. Respiration in the base of the culm sheath was higher than that in the sheath blades; chloroplasts matured with the development of the sheath blades, the fluorescence efficiency Fv/Fm value increased from 0.3 to 0.82; and sucrose and hexose accumulated in the sheath blade and the culm sheath. The sucrose, glucose, and fructose contents of the middle sheath blades were 10.66, 5.73, and 8.84 mg/g FW, respectively. Starches accumulated in parenchymal cells close to vascular bundles. Genes related to the plant hormone signaling pathway and sugar catabolism were highly expressed in the culm sheath base. These findings provide a research basis for further understanding the possible role of bamboo sheaths in the growth and development of bamboo shoots.

Flotation is the most often employed process to achieve the selective removal of contaminants from the raw materials used in the manufacturing of phosphate fertilizer. However, sodium oleate (NaOL), as a typical collector, is ineffective because of its low collecting ability under low temperature. As a result, developing and implementing feasible alternatives is critical for the long-term output of mines. In this study, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), a low-cost and freely soluble reagent under low temperature was used to examine its collecting ability and selectivity in a fluorapatite-dolomite system by means of single and artificially mixed minerals flotation. The adsorption mechanism was evaluated with the help of XPS analyses. The flotation results demonstrate that SDBS could float both fluorapatite and dolomite, but show a higher affinity towards fluorapatite instead of dolomite. Moreover, SDBS could preferred adsorb onto fluorapatite surface when fluorapatite and dolomite coexist. SDBS is more suitable than NaOL for satisfactory recovery of fluorapatite under low temperature in terms of the higher recovery obtained. The XPS analyses results demonstrate that the adsorption of SDBS on fluorapatite surface was more intensively as opposed to that on dolomite surface and Ca active sites on fluorapatite surface are supposed to be the main location for SDBS attachment.

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) frequently suffers from radio frequency interference (RFI) due to the simultaneous presence of numerous wireless communication signals. Recently, the narrowband RFI is found to possess the low-rank property benefiting from stable frequency occupancy, hence the reconsideration of RFI suppression as a joint sparse and low-rank optimization problem. The existing methods either use the non-sparse useful signal itself as the sparse regularizer, or employ the nuclear norm to approximate the rank function, which punishes all singular values with the same penalty via singular value thresholding (SVT), resulting in the improper punishment problem. Hence, both are consequentially subject to performance limitation. In this paper, a novel dictionary-based nonconvex low-rank minimization (DNLRM) optimization framework is proposed for RFI suppression, which concurrently considers the improvements for both the sparse regularizer and the low-rank regularizer. For the former, an over-completed dictionary is constructed, for which the sparse coefficient acts as the sparse regularizer. For the latter, the rank function is more accurately approximated by innovatively introducing the nonconvex function, for which the supergradient is synchronously used to generate the weighted penalty, thus solving the improper punishment problem. The derivation of the closed-form solution and the convergence analysis are described in detail. Additionally, the adaptive selection scheme for the model parameter is uniquely proposed for further ensuring the practicality of the DNLRM framework. The superiority of the proposed method is demonstrated via not only the RFI-free real SAR data combined with the measured RFI, but the RFI-contaminated real SAR data.

The NAC family is one of the largest transcription factor families unique to plants, which regulates the growth and development, biotic and abiotic stress responses, and maturation and senescence in plants. In this study, PheNAC3, a NAC gene, was isolated and characterized from moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). PheNAC3 belong to the NAC1 subgroup and has a conserved NAC domain on the N-terminus, which with 88.74% similarity to ONAC011 protein. PheNAC3 localized in the nucleus and exhibited transactivation activity. PheNAC3 was upregulated during the process of senescence of leaves and detected shoots. PheNAC3 was also induced by ABA, MeJA, NaCl and darkness, but it had no remarkable response to PEG and SA treatments. Overexpression of PheNAC3 could cause precocious senescence in Arabidopsis. Transgenic Arabidopsis displayed faster seed germination, better seedling growth, and a higher survival rate than the wild-type under salt or drought stress conditions. Moreover, AtSAG12 associated with senescence and AtRD29A and AtRD29b related to ABA were upregulated by PheNAC3 overexpression, but AtCAB was inhibited. These findings show that PheNAC3 may participate in leaf senescence and play critical roles in the salt and drought stress response.

Hybridization is a common breeding technique that can improve germplasm through heterosis in aquaculture. However, the regulation of key gene expression, including the details of transcriptional level changes at the beginning of hybridization events, remains largely undefined, especially in teleosts. In this study, by interspecies crossing between two pure lines of Nile tilapia and blue tilapia, we obtained a hybrid tilapia population as a model to elucidate heterosis, and we traced the molecular outcomes of growth hormone (GH) expression and allele-specific expression (ASE) in hybrids. The hybrids display growth vigor compared to their parents in the 120-day growth trial. GH mRNA expression was uniquely expressed in the pituitary. Higher GH expression was found in the hybrid than the midparent value, in both males and females, showing a nonadditive pattern. We identified four single-nucleotide polymorphism sites between Nile tilapia and blue tilapia. Subsequently, by pyrosequencing, we found asymmetric allelic expression in hybrids with higher maternal allelic transcript ratios in both males and females. Fasting significantly increased GH expression in hybrids, but asymmetric allelic expression was not affected by feeding or fasting conditions. Finally, we identified cis and trans effects via overall expression and ASE values in the hybrid, which showed that the cis and trans effects promoted the expression of maternal subgenome in the hybrid, contributing to the expression superiority of GH in hybrid tilapia. Taken together, the results of our study first illustrated the concept of GH expression superiority and its formation mechanism in hybrid fish with growth vigor.

Guttation is the process of exudating droplets from the tips, edges, and adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the undamaged leaves. Guttation is a natural and spontaneous biological phenomenon that occurs in a wide variety of plants. Despite its generally positive effect on plant growth, many aspects of this cryptic process are unknown. In this study, the guttation phenomenon characteristic of bamboo shoots and the anatomical feature of these and culm sheaths were systematically observed. In addition, the water transport pathway and the compounds in guttation droplets of bamboo shoots were analyzed, and the effect of bamboo sheaths’ guttation on the growth of bamboo shoots was assessed. The results revealed that bamboo shoots began to exudate liquid in the evening through to the next morning, during which period the volume of guttation liquid gradually increases and then decreases before sunrise. Many vascular bundles are in bamboo shoots and culm sheaths to facilitate this water transport. The exudate liquid contains organic acids, sugars, and hormones, among other compounds. Our findings suggest that the regular guttation of the sheath blade is crucial to maintain the normal growth of bamboo shoots.

Bamboos (Bambusoideae) are fast-growing species due to their rapid growth rate and ability to reproduce annually via cloned buds produced on the rhizome. WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) genes have been reported to regulate shoot apical meristem organization, lateral organ formation, cambium and vascular proliferation, and so on, but have rarely been studied in bamboos. In this study, the WOXs of both herbaceous bamboo species (12 OlaWOXs and nine RguWOXs) and woody bamboo species (18 GanWOXs, 27 PheWOXs, and 26 BamWOXs) were identified and categorized into three clades based on their phylogenetic relationship—ancient, intermediate, or WUS clade. Polyploidy is the major driver of the expansion of the bamboo WOX family. Eight conserved domains, besides the homeodomain, were identified by comparatively analyzing the WOXs of dicot and monocot species. Intensive purifying selection pressure in the coding region of specific domains explained the functional similarity of WOXs between different species. For Bambusoideae WOXs, polyploidy is the major driver of the expansion of the WOX family. Stronger purifying selection was found in orthologous WOXs of Bambusoideae, especially for WOX4s and WOX5s, which are conserved not only at the translational levels, but also at the genome level. Several conserved cis-acting elements were discovered at similar position in the promoters of the orthologous WOXs. For example, AP2/ERF protein-binding elements and B3 protein-binding elements were found in the promoters of the bamboo WOX4, while MYB protein-binding elements and Dof protein-binding elements were found in the promoters of bamboo WOX5, and MADS protein-binding sites was found in the promoters of bamboo WUS, WOX3, and WOX9. These conserved positions may play an important role in regulating the expression of bamboo WOXs. Our work provides insight into the origin and evolution of bamboo WOXs, and will facilitate functional investigations of the clonal propagation of bamboos.

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that can be activated rapidly to target abnormal and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization. With significant advancements in cell biology technologies, many NK cell lines have been established. Among these cell lines, NK-92 cells are not only the most widely used but have also been approved for clinical applications. Additionally, chimeric antigen receptor-modified NK-92 cells (CAR-NK-92 cells) have shown strong antitumor effects. In this review, we summarize established human NK cell lines and their biological characteristics, and highlight the applications of NK-92 cells and CAR-NK-92 cells in tumor immunotherapy.

Photosynthesis is affected by water-deficiency (WD) stress, and nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical that participates in the photosynthesis process. Previous studies have suggested that NO regulates excitation-energy distribution of photosynthesis under WD stress. Here, quantitative phosphoproteomic profiling was conducted using iTRAQ. Differentially phosphorylated protein species (DEPs) were identified in leaves of NO- or polyethylene glycol (PEG)-treated wheat seedlings (D), and in control seedlings. From 1396 unique phosphoproteins, 2257 unique phosphorylated peptides and 2416 phosphorylation sites were identified. Of these, 96 DEPs displayed significant changes (≥1.50-fold, p < 0.01). These DEPs are involved in photosynthesis, signal transduction, etc. Furthermore, phosphorylation of several DEPs was upregulated by both D and NO treatments, but downregulated only in NO treatment. These differences affected the chlorophyll A–B binding protein, chloroplast post-illumination chlorophyll-fluorescence-increase protein, and SNT7, implying that NO indirectly regulated the absorption and transport of light energy in photosynthesis in response to WD stress. The significant difference of chlorophyll (Chl) content, Chl a fluorescence-transient, photosynthesis index, and trapping and transport of light energy further indicated that exogenous NO under D stress enhanced the primary photosynthesis reaction compared to D treatment. A putative pathway is proposed to elucidate NO regulation of the primary reaction of photosynthesis under WD.

Direct discharge of wastewater from flotation processes can pose a significant threat to environmental protection due to the presence of residual organic surfactants. These surfactants can decrease the surface tension of aqueous solutions and generate stable foam, which can interfere with further purification treatments. To address this issue, sodium oleate (NaOL), one of the most commonly used surfactants, was studied, and the Fenton oxidation process was utilized to degrade NaOL and mitigate foam generation. In this work, the foamability of NaOL before and after Fenton oxidation pretreatment, the optimal conditions for NaOL degradation, and the effect of temperature on the oxidative process were examined. The findings demonstrate that the foamability of NaOL solution is directly proportional to its concentration, and the Fenton oxidation process can significantly reduce the maximum foam volume and half-life period of the foam. Moreover, the activation energy was determined to be 37.60 kJ/mol, indicating that the oxidative reaction proceeds with a low energy barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]