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RESUMENAunque el teletrabajo ya existia antes de la pandemia, su irrupcion e implementacion a gran escala sugiere un cambio de paradigma laboral. En general la recepcion de esta modalidad laboral ha sido optimista pero su implantacion repentina pone de manifiesto una serie de desigualdades estructurales a muy diferentes niveles: entre paises miembros de la UE, entre zonas geograficas y sectores comerciales, entre grados de cualificacion/capacitacion y en terminos de edad, etnia y clase. Esta desigualdad estructural presenta complejos retos para la sociedad post-covid. El texto se basa en los datos extraidos de una encuesta administrada a 66 teletrabajadores durante el confinamiento; en datos comparativos recabados de informes oficiales, y en literatura teorica sobre la evolucion del capitalismo cognitivo y la emergencia del trabajo remoto. Palabras clave: Teletrabajo; Desigualdad; Covid-19; Capitalismo cognitivo; Clase creativa. ABSTRACT Although teleworking existed before the pandemic, its emergence and large-scale implementation suggest a paradigm shift in the world of work. While the reception of teleworking has been optimistic in general, its sudden introduction reveals a series of underlying structural inequalities, between manual workers and cognitive workers, between European Union member countries, geographic territories, business sectors job qualification, age, ethnicity, and class. Such structural inequality, amplified by teleworking, presents significant challenges for work and society in the future of postCovid society. The text draws on data extracted from a survey administered to 66 teleworkers during lockdown; on comparative data collected from official reports, and the theoretical literature on the evolution of cognitive capitalism and the emergence of remote work.Keywords: Telework; Inequality; Covid-19; Cognitive capitalism; Creative class.

This research was supported by the Spanish Government, Programa Estatal de I+D+i Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad, del Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020. PID2019-111251RB-I00 (2019-2023). II Premio FOESSA. All authors are members of the GRAFO research group (www.grafo.cat, accessed on 24 September 2021). The first author is also a member of CREIS: Centro de Estudios y de Investigación en Emprendimiento e Innovación Social (https://espainnova.uab.cat/es/creis, accessed on 24 September 2021). The third author acknowledges the support of ICREA Academia. This paper draws on research analyzing the emotional and relational impacts of poverty and exclusion on charities' clients in Spain since the 2008-2009 economic crisis, including people experiencing multiple exclusion homelessness (MEH). The study adopts a mixed-methods approach in which twenty in-depth cases were collected in different geographical locations, including twelve cases experiencing MEH. Unlike other disadvantaged groups, those affected by MEH suffer material shortages, traumatic experiences, psychological disorders, physical illnesses, and a high degree of relational vulnerability, as reflected in the structure and composition of their personal networks, which tend to be smaller in size, with just a few weak and temporary contacts, and with care professionals playing an important role. These charity users often need long-term socio-sani-tary care, which challenges public and private health-care systems. Therefore, our contribution to this Special Issue is directed toward improving understanding of the relational characteristics of severely excluded people, how social support affects their personal networks, and the challenges this assistance poses to care services.

Name generators (NGs) and position generators (PGs) have been used to measure resources embedded in personal relationships, namely social support and social capital, respectively. Comparisons of these measures adopted NGs that only elicit a small number of alters (max. 5). In this paper we explore whether the measurement of social capital with NGs eliciting larger personal networks (say 15 to 20 alters) gives more comparable results to the PG in terms of occupational prestige. To address this issue, we designed a personal network questionnaire that combined a multiple name generator (MNG) and a PG and enquired about alter characteristics and alter-alter ties for the two sets of nominations simultaneously, allowing their integrated analysis. The questionnaire was implemented in the software EgoNet to collect data from social/environmental entrepreneurs in Spain (N = 30) and Mexico (N = 30. The analysis shows that the two approaches capture mostly non-overlapping sets of personal network members, suggesting that the PG measured in this case available, but not accessed social capital. Remarkably the NG led to a higher average prestige for this occupational group than the PG, but also a lower heterogeneity in prestige. The consequences of using one or another approach and their interpretations are discussed.

espanolEl fenomeno del emprendimiento social surgido en Cataluna a partir de la crisis del 2008 se presenta como una alternativa ocupacional promovida por actores financieros y administraciones publicas para responder a dos problemas agravados por la crisis financiera: la necesidad de crear empleo estable y los retos sociales y medioambientales. Este tipo de emprendimiento, liderado por una clase creativa auto-empleada, se enfrenta a las tensiones surgidas de equilibrar las aspiraciones personales y convicciones sociales contra las presiones del mercado. Sostenemos que la nueva etiqueta -emprendimiento social- es parte de una politica que refleja la alianza de intereses financieros, escuelas de negocios y el estado neoliberal orientada a cubrir la fractura material e ideologica dejada por la crisis economica. Este texto aporta, por una parte, una contribucion empirica al universo del emprendimiento social (basada en el analisis de 43 estudios de caso de empresas sociales, 93 encuestas de emprendedores y una base de datos de 347 entidades) y, por la otra, una aproximacion teorica para entender esta expansion capitalista y su creciente sofisticacion ideologica y practica en los procesos de extraccion del valor. EnglishSocial Entrepreneurship emerged in Catalonia after 2008 and offered an occupational alternative fostered by financial actors and public administrations to respond to two major problems aggravated by the financial crisis: the creation of stable work and the resolution of socio-ecological problems. The new entrepreneurship, headed by a self-employed creative class, faces the tensions of balancing market orientation and social objectives. We hold sustain that the new label - social enterprise - We argue that the new label - social entrepreneurship - is part of a policy that reflects the alliance between financial interests, business schools and the neoliberal state aimed at covering the material and ideological fracture left by the economic crisis.. The paper provides, on the one hand, an empirical contribution to the universe of social entrepreneurship (based on the analysis of 43 case studies of social enterprises, 93 surveys of entrepreneurs and a database of 347 entities) and, on the other, a theoretical approach to better understand this evolving phenomenon as the product of new and sophisticated ways of Capitalist value extraction.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the care provision of charity organizations that assist people in situations of economic vulnerability. After analyzing central theoretical elements of kinning, the authors contend that charity organizations function as symbolic families for people in need.Design/methodology/approachEthnographic fieldwork was performed in two sites of a large catholic charity organization in the outskirts of Barcelona. Ethnographic fieldwork included participant observations and informal interviews with individuals located under the official poverty threshold.FindingsSymbolic family bonds among different individuals are created through the entwining of interconnectedness, obligation and commitment, sense of belonging, interdependence and the projection of symbolic spaces of hearth. The authors propose the term of “disposable families” (akin to that of Desmond’s, 2013 for dyadic relationships) because a remarkable feature of these bonds is its short-term nature.Social implicationsThe consideration of charities as symbolic families offers new insights into their social role and may contribute to reshaping the social function within emergency situations.Originality/valueThis research opens new ground for the understanding of charities as something else than care providers, as the relational dimension with clients extends beyond the conventional patron/client relationship. This fact has particular relevance in an economic context of post-crisis, with the Welfare State withdrawal and a deterioration of the traditional sources of informal support.

Altres ajuts: FOESSA - 111251RB ; FOESSA - 2015-ACUP 00145 Loneliness poses one of the significant problems of our modern post-industrial societies. Current research on loneliness has been developed primarily by psychology, biomedicine, nursing, and other health-related disciplines, showing a sur-prising number of variables and risk factors involved in the experience of loneliness, along with positive correlations with premature mortality and morbidity. However, most of these analyses overlook the social interactions and context in which loneliness is experienced. Drawing on a subsample (N = 24) of Spanish "mothers" from impoverished families, the article proposes a mixed-method approach (both relational and interpretative) that may potentially complement quantitative approaches, showing relational and contextual factors that may contribute to a better understanding of the subjective dimension of loneliness.

This paper reveals one of the most critical challenges faced by Spanish social entrepreneurship: either prioritizing ethical, social and environmental objectives or profit-seeking. Social entrepreneurship (those initiatives that pursue social and environmental objectives as well as economic ones) has become a very celebrated sector welcomed by political leaders, international corporations, large financial actors and the public opinion alike. The motto that another economy is possible is gaining momentum while an enormous number and variety of both public and private promotional programs are fostering and energizing such promising sector in practically any spot of the world. However, unlike more conventional enterprises, social entrepreneurship face some crucial challenges due to its own hybrid nature and the goal of making philanthropy (i.e., ensuring the social and environmental values) compatible with profit. A mixed-methods oriented research conducted in Catalonia (Spain) reveals some of these contradictions and challenges. As concluding remarks, we provide some clues to reconsider the scope of social entrepreneurship under a different political economy framework.

In this paper, we show how we came to explore Beck’s theory of individualization in the light of a qualitative study of livelihood strategies in post-2008 Spain and Cyprus. We observed that experiences of downward social mobility in contexts of welfare retreat and precarious labor conditions were compelling people to build marketed individualities and to create individual biographies with recourse to a highly individualized rhetoric. However, analysis of a very diverse sample of subjects from different socio-economic backgrounds showed us that individualization theory must be conceptualized within a framework of social structures, and that Beck’s individualization theory fails to recognize its persistence in contemporary societies. We therefore propose looking at individualization as a contemporary process through which class differences are expressed. Only in this way can it serve as a useful theoretical tool with which to understand the workings of contemporary capitalism and the ways in which new values and moral frameworks are being formed.

The emergence of cooperation in human societies has received ample academic attention from different disciplines, and is usually considered as an adaptive response to competition over scarce resources. In this article, the authors review the specific contribution that social anthropology has made to this field of research. They propose that social anthropology has contributed to this field through the description of systems that have regulated both cooperation and competition in traditional societies: (1) hunter-gatherer societies, where generalized reciprocity dominates; (2) prestige economies, which includes the exchange of valuables in specific spheres, primitive money, agonistic institutions in tribes; and last, (3) ‘moral economies’ in peasant communities, where cooperation and competition coexist but never at the cost of putting at risk the reproduction of the community itself or of some of its members. The three systems share the basic mechanism of reciprocity that allows for the maintenance of equality, as well as the very language for regulating competition in unequal prestige or moral economies. This pervasive presence of reciprocity as a moral norm would reveal its basic role in human evolution, and, likely, its co-evolution with ritual forms of social exchange.

Personal network researchers have extensively studied the characteristics and effects of individuals’ closest relationships, but they have paid much less attention to broader acquaintanceship networks, despite evidence that weak ties can also provide social support. In this paper we focus on one aspect of these networks: acquaintanceship volume. We estimate its distributional parameters for a large, representative sample of the general population of Spain, explore its variation across social groups as well as its implications for social support availability. We designed a survey instrument based on the Network Scale-Up Method and implemented it in a national survey in Spain. Our results suggest that Spaniards have approximately 536 acquaintances, with a large inter-individual variation, comparable to the estimates reported for the American population. Acquaintanceship volume varies with gender, age, education, and income. These differences are partially related to the unequal participation of social groups in voluntary associations, confirming the civic value of such associations, and in employment. Even with similar core network size, acquaintanceship volume increases the likelihood of having adequate social support available, suggesting that broader acquaintanceship networks also structure individual outcomes.

In order to contribute to the debate about social entrepreneurship, we take an empirical perspective and describe the phenomenon in Catalonia, Spain, during the financial crises of the early twenty-first century. For this aim, we conducted 43 in-depth interviews with social entrepreneurs, launched a web-based survey with 90 responses, and built a database with 347 organizations and/or ventures settled in Catalonia with an explicit social/environmental goal. The data show that many social/environmental initiatives emerged during the economic crisis, either as a self-employment alternative to unemployment, or as a commercial venture started by nonprofit organizations as a reaction to the reduction in public expense in this sector. In addition, the crisis fueled the emergence of ventures oriented to non-market exchange and social currencies. As a whole, we argue that this new reality can be conceptualized as the emergence of an unsettled Strategic Action Field where banks, business schools and public administrations alike promote the label of "social entrepreneurship" through awards and startup services, whereas other groups claiming the same social/environmental goals contest this market-oriented definition of the field Con el fin de contribuir al debate sobre el emprendimiento social, asumimos una perspectiva empírica y describimos el fenómeno en Cataluña (España), durante las crisis financieras de principios del siglo XXI. Con este objetivo, realizamos 43 entrevistas en profundidad a emprendedores sociales, lanzamos una encuesta en la web con 90 respuestas, y creamos una base de datos con 347 organizaciones y/o empresas instaladas en Cataluña con una meta explícita social/medioambiental. Los datos muestran que surgieron muchas iniciativas sociales/medioambientales durante la crisis económica, ya sea como una alternativa de autoempleo frente al desempleo, o como una empresa comercial iniciada por organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro como una reacción a la reducción del gasto público en este sector. Asimismo, la crisis alimentó el surgimiento de empresas orientadas a intercambios no de mercado y monedas sociales. Como un todo, argumentamos que esta nueva realidad puede ser conceptualizada como el surgimiento de un inestable Campo de Acción Estratégico (SAF, por sus siglas en inglés) en el que los bancos, las escuelas de negocios y las administraciones públicas promueven juntas la etiqueta de "emprendimiento social" mediante premios y servicios de puesta en marcha, mientras que otros grupos que reivindican las mismas metas sociales/medioambientales cuestionan esta definición del campo orientada al mercado.

Contents:1. Social Capital in Sociological Research: Conceptual Rigour and Empirical ApplicationYaojun Li2. Social Stratification, Social Capital and Cultural Practice in the UKYaojun Li, Mike Savage and Alan Warde3. The Flow of Soul: A Sociological Study of Generosity in England and Wales (2001 - 2011)Yaojun Li4. The Roots of TrustEric M. Uslaner5. Social Connectedness and Generalized Trust: A Longitudinal PerspectivePatrick Sturgis, Roger Patulny, Nick Allum and Franz Buscha6. Social Capital and Ethnic Tolerance: The Opposing Effects of Diversity and CompetitionRochelle R. Cote, Robert Andersen and Bernie H. Erickson7. Diversity and Social Capital in the US and UK: The Role of Bridging FriendshipsDavid Cutts and Edward Fieldhouse8. Informal, Associational Bonding and Associational Bridging: Which Ties Matter Most for Minority Involvement and Integration? Neli Demireva and Anthony Heath9. The Efficacy of Neighbourhood Attitudes as Measures of Social Capital: Returning to Norms and Values and the Centrality of NetworksJames Laurence10. The Position Generator Approach to Social Capital Research: Measurements and ResultsPieter-Paul Verhaeghe and Yaojun Li11. Formal and Informal Social Connections in the UKYaojun Li, Anthony Heath and Fiona Devine12. Social Capital and the Social Relations of Occupational StructureDave Griffiths and Paul S. Lambert13. Social Capital and Life Satisfaction in AustraliaXianbi Huang and Mark Western14. Social Capital, Ethnic Density and Mental Health Among Ethnic Minority People in England: A Mixed-methods StudyLaia Becares and James Nazroo15. An Intervention Approach to Building Social Capital: Effects on Grade RetentionJeremy Fiel, Megan Shoji, and Adam Gamoran16. Social Ties, Agency, and Change: Education and Social Capital in Adult LifeJohn Field17. Social Capital in Inter-organisational Partnership ResearchJaswinder K Dhillon18. Social Capital, Social Cohesion and Cognitive AttainmentJorge Rodriguez Menes and Luisa Donato19. Institution-Spanning Social Capital and its Income Returns in ChinaYanjie Bian, Lei Zhang, Wenbin Wang and Cheng Cheng20. Social Capital and Marketization in the Chinese Labour MarketWenhong Zhang and Li Zhang21. Social Capital in Ethnic Enclaves: Indians in Lloret de Mar, and Pakistanis in BarcelonaJose Luis Molina, Hugo Valenzuela-Garcia, Alejandro Garcia-Macias, Miranda Lubbers and Judith PamIndex

La noción de economía étnica ha sido ampliamente discutida en la literatura sobre actividades económicas, migraciones y asentamientos urbanos multiculturales. Aquí se pretende realizar un análisis sistemático de las diferentes aproximaciones teóricas y metodológicas, afín de contextualizar su evolución y problematizar el uso de ciertos términos propios del debate académico en torno a la economía étnica en el contexto de la ciudad global. El análisis se circunscribe en dos ejes: la relación entre economía formal e informal, y la naturaleza cambiante del espacio. The notion of ethnic economy has been widely discussed in literature on economic activities, migrations and multicultural urban establishments. This paper carries out a systematic analysis of the different theoretical and methodological approaches, in order to provide a context to its evolution and put into question the use of certain terms used in the academic debate on ethnic economy in the context of the global city. The analysis is restricted to two axes: the relation between formal and informal economy, and the changing nature of the space.

Over the last decade, the tourist destination of Lloret de Mar (Gerona, Spain) has experienced an increasing concentration of souvenir stores owned by a population of Indian origin. Although Lloret de Mar is already a multicultural spot, Indians represent a small minority in Spain. In order to explain such a remarkable concentration and economic specialization in a low profit sector, we suggest the emergence of an ethnic enclave based on a triple articulation (entrepreneurs, employees and the local community). Our findings provide support for the mixed-embeddedness hypothesis, which contends that ethnic entrepreneurs in Europe need to rely on both the co-ethnic social networks and the linkages with the host society in order to run their business successfully. However, differential degrees of social integration amongst Indians themselves—clearly shown by the composition of their social networks—and between local dwellers and Indians suggest confronting interests amongst social agents in a highly complex and micro-social touristic site undergoing deep economic crisis. Throughout, a mixed-methods approach in the paper reveals the unequal social structure of the enclave, providing a better theoretical understanding of the difficulties and backgrounds in which minority migrant groups develop and expand their social relationships in the “host society”. published

La pesca de bajura en Malaysia ofrece un escenario etnográfico privilegiado para describir un tipo de actividad económica tradicional y evaluar, desde la antropología económica, los factores que hacen de esta actividad un nicho económico marginal. El análisis evalúa las limitaciones ecológicas, técnicas, sociales y estructurales del sector pesquero litoral malayo, a partir de un trabajo de campo antropológico efectuado en una pequeña isla pesquera del noroeste de la península de Malaysia, Pulau Tuba. Este ejercicio analítico y descriptivo nos posibilita tanto conocer la naturaleza de los procesos productivos como entender la paradójica situación socioeconómica de la sociedad pesquera tradicional, que se debate entre la marginación y la integración en el sistema económico de mercado.