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Este trabalho pretende realizar um estudo, por meio da ótica Regulação Econômica, sobre os fatores que influenciam nas condições do Diesel B, considerando o período entre os anos de 2016 a 2020. A importância deste trabalho está no papel estratégico do Diesel B que é o principal derivado de petróleo utilizado nacionalmente por ser empregado na diretamente como insumo na produção de bens de consumo, na geração de energia elétrica, no modal rodoviário, influi no resultado do Índice Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo (IPCA) e no Produto Interno Bruto (PIB). Neste contexto, este trabalho vem apresentar uma proposta para a implementação de um conjunto de medidas no âmbito setorial para que se viabilize a diminuição do patamar de preços praticados na comercialização do diesel no Brasil.

Esse artigo buscou identificar como ocorre, atualmente, a acessibilidade para idosos em ambientes internos, considerando-se projetos no design de interiores. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualitativo-descritiva - o qual quantificou e descreveu os achados científicos - sob método de revisão bibliográfica. Respeitou-se a totalidade dos achados científicos e organizaram-se tabelas caracterizadoras para melhor observação e entendimento de cada artigo científico. A ausência de critérios técnicos e de equipamentos que tornem um ambiente acessível, tanto interno quanto social ainda produz dificuldades no critério acessibilidade. A avaliação do ambiente que envolve as relações diárias envolvendo idosos se tornou um fator de importância exponencial para manutenção da saúde desses indivíduos e da autonomia das atividades domésticas. Conclui-se ser essencial, minimizar as “barreiras” internas do lar de idosos em relação à acessibilidade e à funcionalidade do espaço.

A nosotros se nos pregunta a menudo si existe un texto conciso que exponga los conceptos básicos y las características principales del proceso prospectivo, que en pocas páginas confiera un vistazo a las ideas subyacentes a la prospectiva y a las etapas necesarias del derrotero a seguir. La única ambición de este artículo es responder a esta demanda. Sin duda, no enseñará nada a los adeptos a esta "indisciplina intelectual", más tal vez dará a los profanos algunos. Primero serán recordadas la filosofía que sostiene la prospectiva, las razones de su desarrollo, su utilidad pero también sus límites. En seguida, son esquemáticamente presentadas las características básicas de la prospectiva, después las diferentes fases de la puesta en marcha más usual. Los expertos en prospectiva encontrarán quizás el propósito preliminar: de obras muy sabias que permiten ir al fondo de las cosas. De hecho la apuesta fue hacerlo tan simple como fuera posible. Ninguna duda de que fue a la inversa, es fácil complicarlo al gusto.* En Futuribles, septiembre de 1993.

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). ATL is an aggressive proliferation of mature activated T cells associated with a poor prognosis. The combination of the antiviral agents, zidovudine (AZT) and  interferon (IFN), is a potent treatment of ATL. Recently, arsenic trioxide (As) was shown to be an effective treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). We have tested the effects of the combination of As and IFN on cell proliferation, cell cycle phases distribution, and apoptosis in ATL-derived or control T-cell lines. A high synergistic effect between IFN and As was observed in ATL-derived cell lines in comparison to the control cell lines, with a dramatic inhibition of cell proliferation, G1 arrest, and induction of apoptosis. Similar results were obtained with fresh leukemia cells derived from an ATL patient. Although the mechanisms involved are unclear, these results could provide a rational basis for combined As and IFN treatments in ATL.

The outside of the skin of the forearm is typically 15 mV more negative than the inside. Stretching the skin causes a reduction in the magnitude of this skin potential V, which we observe as a motion artifact delta V. We seek to determine the origin of this motion artifact by successively stripping 12 layers of the skin using Scotch Tape. Between each stripping we measure artifact delta V, 13 Hz impedance Z, and change in impedance delta Z. On the interior surface of the forearm, Z decreases with number of strippings. delta Z can be first either positive or negative, then is always negative and decreases linearly with Z. delta V first remains constant and then decreases with Z and delta Z. delta V and delta Z increase with stretch force following a logarithmic relationship. delta Z has a rectangular shape waveform, whereas the rising edge of delta V shows a fast followed by a slow component and its falling edge decays exponentially with a large time constant. We have expanded the model of Thakor and Webster to best fit the waveform of delta V and delta Z caused by stretch.

International audience; An essential step of the reverse transcription of the HIV-1 genome is the first strand transfer that requires the annealing of the TAR RNA hairpin to the cTAR DNA hairpin. HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein (NC) plays a crucial role by facilitating annealing of the complementary hairpins. Using nuclear magnetic resonance and gel retardation assays, we investigated the interaction between NC and the top half of the cTAR DNA (mini-cTAR). We show that NC(11-55) binds the TGG sequence in the lower stem that is destabilized by the adjacent internal loop. The 5 0 thymine interacts with residues of the N-terminal zinc knuckle and the 3 0 guanine is inserted in the hydrophobic plateau of the C-terminal zinc knuckle. The TGG sequence is preferred relative to the apical and internal loops containing unpaired guanines. Investigation of the DNA-protein contacts shows the major role of hydrophobic interactions involving nucleobases and deoxyribose sugars. A similar network of hydrophobic contacts is observed in the published NC:DNA complexes, whereas NC contacts ribose differently in NC:RNA complexes. We propose that the binding polarity of NC is related to these contacts that could be responsible for the preferential binding to single-stranded nucleic acids.

The nuclear retinoic acid (RA) receptor alpha (RAR&x03B1;) is a transcriptional transregulator that controls the expression of specific gene subsets through binding at response elements and dynamic interactions with coregulators, which are coordinated by the ligand. Here, we highlighted a novel paradigm in which the transcription of RAR&x03B1;-target genes is controlled by phosphorylation cascades initiated by the rapid RA activation of the p38MAPK/MSK1 pathway. We demonstrate that MSK1 phosphorylates RAR&x03B1; at S369 located in the Ligand Binding Domain, allowing the binding of TFIIH and thereby phosphorylation of the N-terminal domain at S77 by cdk7/cyclin H. MSK1 also phosphorylates Histone H3 at S10. Finally, the phosphorylation cascade initiated by MSK1 is required for the recruitment of RAR&x03B1;/TFIIH complexes to response elements and subsequently for RAR&x03B1; target genes activation. Cancer cells characterized by a deregulated p38MAPK/MSK1 pathway, do not respond to RA, outlining the essential contribution of the RA-triggered phosphorylation cascade in RA signaling.

The tumor suppressor gene, p53, is rarely mutated in neuroblastomas (NB) at the time of diagnosis, but its dysfunction could result from a nonfunctional conformation or cytoplasmic sequestration of the wild-type p53 protein. However, p53 mutation, when it occurs, is found in NB tumors with drug resistance acquired over the course of chemotherapy. As yet, no study has been devoted to the function of the specific p53 mutants identified in NB cells. This study includes characterization and functional analysis of p53 expressed in eight cell lines: three wild-type cell lines and five cell lines harboring mutations. We identified two transcription-inactive p53 variants truncated in the C-terminus, one of which corresponded to the p53beta isoform recently identified in normal tissue by Bourdon et al. [J. C. Bourdon, K. Fernandes, F. Murray-Zmijewski, G. Liu, A. Diot, D. P. Xirodimas, M. K. Saville and D. P. Lane (2005) Genes Dev., 19, 2122-2137]. Our results show, for the first time, that the p53beta isoform is the only p53 species to be endogenously expressed in the human NB cell line SK-N-AS, suggesting that the C-terminus truncated p53 isoforms may play an important role in NB tumor development.

O trabalho analisa os diferentes sistemas de produção implementados por famílias em dois projetos de assentamento no município de Ilhéus, na Bahia. A metodologia empregada baseiase na abordagem sistêmica, reconstituindo-se a evolução do sistema agrário do território, identificando e quantificando as rendas agrícolas e não-agrícolas. Caracteriza os sistemas de produção praticados pelos assentados e suas famílias, bem como apresenta a sua tipologia. As informações foram obtidas através de dados secundários e de uma pesquisa de campo realizada junto a 35 famílias. Trata-se especificamente de comparar a renda de 23 famílias de um assentamento (Frei Vantuy), em implantação, com a de 12 famílias de outro assentamento (Fábio Henrique), em consolidação. Os dois assentamentos contavam com equipe de assistência técnica, infraestrutura e crédito instalação liberado.Os resultados evidenciaram 04 sistemas de produção típicos entre os diversos atualmente trabalhados pelos assentados no município, em grande parte relacionados com as culturas de cacau, sistema agroflorestal e sistema quintal, além de evidenciar a importância das rendas não-agrícolas na composição da renda total dos agricultores familiares de um território fortemente marcado pela pluriatividade.

In eukaryotic cells, the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is the major mechanism for targeted degradation of proteins. We show that, in F9 cells and in transfected COS-1 cells, the nuclear retinoid receptors, retinoic acid receptor gamma2 (RARgamma2), RARalpha1, and retinoid X receptor alpha1 (RXRalpha1) are degraded in a retinoic acid-dependent manner through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The degradation of RARgamma2 is entirely dependent on its phosphorylation and on its heterodimerization with liganded RXRalpha1. In contrast, RARalpha1 degradation can occur in the absence of heterodimerization, whereas it is inhibited by phosphorylation, and heterodimerization reverses that inhibition. RXRalpha1 degradation is also modulated by heterodimerization. Thus, each partner of RARgamma/RXRalpha and RARalpha/RXRalpha heterodimers modulates the degradation of the other. We conclude that the ligand-dependent degradation of RARs and RXRs by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, which is regulated by heterodimerization and by phosphorylation, could be important for the regulation of the magnitude and duration of the effects of retinoid signals.

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão recente e objetiva dos principais mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos na sepse, destacando o papel do endotélio vascular e a produção das diversas citocinas. Define a síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SIRS) e a sepse, nos seus diversos graus de acometimento sistêmico. Mostra as disfunções produzidas pela sepse, nos diversos sistemas orgânicos, correlacionando-as com sua manifestação clínica, laboratorial e aos dados de monitorização hemodinâmica invasiva. Ao mesmo tempo, fornece as linhas gerais para o diagnóstico, avaliação da gravidade, monitorização e implicações terapêuticas, bem como as tendências terapêuticas atuais.

Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is one of the most popular lossy techniques used today in video compression schemes. It allows to take advantage of the properties of natural images. Indeed thanks to their continuity for small surfaces (typically 8 X 8 pixels), they ask for a more compact description in the frequential plan than in the spatial one. A coupled quantization also brings further compression gain as it is now possible to degrade more the high frequencies of the image to which human eye is less sensitive. The drawback is that DCT puts heavy stress on computational resources and can be a bottleneck to cheap real time video. We here introduce a VLSI architecture which combines excellent performance with a small die size as we use an algorithm which maps very well on silicon. Through a reordering of the samples, regularity and complexity of the computations involved are greatly improved. This allows to divide the process into two parallel parts, one for even samples, the other for odd ones. As the number of coefficients required is decreased, fixed multipliers can be used. A simple join of the two parts' results followed by a normalization merged with quantization will give 8 X 8 2D DCT after a total of 64 cycles.

Adult T cell Leukemia, an aggressive T-cell malignancy linked to HTLV-1 infection, is resistant to chemotherapy. Recently, promising results were obtained with the combination of arsenic trioxide, interferon alpha and zidovudine. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of their anti-leukemia activity remain to be investigated. To that aim, we have relied on HIS (Human Immune System) Rag2-/-γc-/- mice. We have indeed observed that when infected with HTLV-1, these mice displayed, five months later, an elevated number of human Tax-expressing T cells in the thymus, the spleen and the mesenteric lymph nodes. Some of them also developed T lymphoproliferative diseases. To determine the effects of these three drugs on the apparition of these pathological features, Rag2-/-γc-/- mice were infected with HTLV-1 and, 16 weeks after infection, daily treated with the drugs for one week and sacrificed. Untreated HIS mice infected with HTLV-1 were used as control. Treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the spleen weight as compared to untreated controls. Interestingly, we also noted a decrease of the proviral load in thymocytes as well as a drop in the number of mature activated T cells in the spleen and in lymph nodes. These data clearly indicate that the HIS mouse model provides us with the opportunity not only for the pre-clinical evaluation of therapeutic approaches against the leukemogenic process associated with HTLV-1 infection, but also for unraveling the corresponding mechanisms.

Rationale TP 53 is frequently mutated in some sarcoma subtypes and its mutation status has been reported to be correlated to survival in some studies. We investigated whether TP53 status may play a role in determining outcome following resection of the primary tumor. Material and methods The functional status of p53 was tested in a retrospective series of 117 patients of the French Sarcoma Group with localized grade 2or 3 STS treated with surgery, followed by radiotherapy (70) and/or chemotherapy (37%) in whom frozen pre-treatment material was available. FASAY (Functional Analysis of Separated Alleles in Yeast) was used to test the functional properties of p53. Statistical analysis were performed using SPSS 16.0. Results The diagnosis and primary surgery was performed between April 1990 and March 2006. Median follow up was 10,5 years. There were 62% males 38% females, aged 16 to 92 (median 64) with 74% primary locations of the limbs, 26 trunk or H&N respectively. Major histotypes were MFH/undifferentiated (32%) leiomyosarcomas (LMS, 27%), liposarcomas (LPS, 16%), while grade 2 and 3 represented 27% and 73% respectively Functional inactivation of p53 was observed in 31 tumors (29%), and was not correlated to age, gender, site, histotype, with the exception of dedifferentiated LPS which never expressed a no functional p53 (0/12 vs 31/100, p=0.01). Mutations were more frequently observed in grade 3 vs grade 2 (33% vs 13%, p=0.03). 70% patients received adjuvant radiotherapy, and 17% received adjuvant chemotherapy (AdjCT). Adjuvant RT was not correlated to RFS and OS. Adjuvant CT was associated with a better RFS (trend p=0.07) and a better OS (p=0.008). P53 mutation was correlated marginally to a worse OS (p=0.03), and a worse RFS (p=0.03) in univariate analysis. Similar results were obtained when the DDLPS subgroup of patients- with mdm2 amplification, was removed from the group (p=0.01 and 0.006 for RFS and OS). Using Cox model with gender, age, size, LPS histology, depth, R, grade, trunk sites, p53, adjCT), only the last three were independently correlated to OS, while size, p53, and adjCT were retained by the model for RFS. In the WT p53 group, adjCT improved RFS (trend p=0,07) and OS (p=0,007). RT improved significantly RFS (p=0.001) and marginally OS (0.06). In Cox model in the WT group, tumor size, adjCT for RFS, and gender, DDLPS and adjCT for OS were the only independent factors Conversely, in the MUT p53 group, OS and RFS were super-imposable with adjuvant CT and adjuvant RT trending towards a worse outcome in the CT+ and RT+ subgroups. Conclusion: Mutations of p53 using Fasay correlated to RFS and OS and to a limited or no benefit of adjuvant CT for RFS and OS. A prospective series is required to confirm this observation which may be helpful for patient selection in the future. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1780.

The effects of HIV-1 encoded proteins NCp7, vpr and NCp7:vpr complex on the activity of protein phosphatase-2A0 have been tested. We report that NCp7 is an activator of protein phosphatase-2A0 and that vpr activated protein phosphatase-2A0 only slightly. We also report that NCp7 and vpr form a tight complex which becomes a more potent activator of protein phosphatase-2A0 than NCp7 alone. The ability of NCp7 to activate protein phosphatase-2A0 is regulated by vpr. The C-terminal portion of vpr prevents NCp7 from activating protein phosphatase-2A0 while the N-terminal portion of vpr potentiates the effect of NCp7 on the activity of protein phosphatase-2A0. Our findings indicate that vpr may be acting as a targeting subunit which directs NCp7 to activate protein phosphatase-2A0. In view of the fact that protein phosphatase-2A functions as an inhibitor of G2 to M transition of the cell cycle and is involved in other key cellular processes such as the control of RNA transcription, the results presented in this report may explain how HIV-1 causes cell cycle arrest which may lead to CD4+ T cell depletion and also how it disturbs normal cellular processes of its host cell.

A 10% solution of magnesium chloride was used to uniformly disperse Moraxella bovis , an organism that autoagglutinates in most liquid media. The magnesium chloride did not affect the viability or morphology of this organism.