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The purpose of the study was to compare United States and Polish university women in regard to demographics, victimization experiences, sensation seeking, fear of dangerous situations, perceived likelihood of victimization, and confidence about managing dangerous situations. A total of 520 women completed the online instruments, which consisted of Perceptions of Dangerous Situations Scale (PDSS), Brief Sensation-Seeking Scale (BSSS), and a demographic questionnaire. Overall, in regard to Fear, Likelihood, and Confidence about dangerous situations, Polish women scored significantly higher in Fear and Likelihood than U. S. women. Differences in Confidence between the two groups were not statistically significant. The two groups differed in the frequency of victimizations in terms of violent crimes, rape, and abusive relationships. The groups also differed in Likelihood scores depending on prior victimization. U. S. women made less of a distinction than Polish women between their emotional (Fear) and their cognitive (Likelihood) appraisals of dangerous situations. Neither group of women scored higher in Fear if they had been previously victimized. The researchers found differences between Polish and U.S. university women in Fear and Likelihood scores, some of which may be related to cultural differences. Sensation seeking did not differ between the two groups. Regardless of country membership, women did not acknowledge rape by a known person to be as likely as rape by a stranger, nor did they acknowledge the greater likelihood of being beaten up by a known person than by a stranger. It is clear that more education is still needed. Plain language summary: Fear of Crime, Perception of Risk, and Confidence About Dangerous Situations Among Women in the United States and Poland Security is a basic human need, connected with stability, freedom from fear, anxiety and chaos, and a feeling that there is no threat or risk of losing essential goods. A sense of security depends on numerous objective factors: scope of real danger, gender, age, and place of residence, but also on subjective perceptions– resources, social support, and individual personality features. Thus, it follows that a sense of safety and a sense of danger result from a way of thinking, as well as the temperament and personality of a particular individual. The purpose of our study was to compare United States and Polish university women regarding demographics, victimization experiences, sensation seeking, fear of dangerous situations, perceived likelihood of victimization, and confidence about managing hazardous situations. A total of 520 women from Poland and the United States completed the online instruments: the Perceptions of Dangerous Situations Scale (PDSS), a Brief Sensation-Seeking Scale (BSSS), and a demographic questionnaire. In our study, we found differences between the groups. Polish women scored significantly higher in Fear and Likelihood than U. S. women. Differences in Confidence between the two groups were not statistically significant. The two groups differed in the frequency of victimizations in terms of violent crimes, rape, and abusive relationships. Our results show that cultural diversity might affect the perception of dangerous situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Much of the information physical educators learn about children with disabilities occurs in an introduction to adapted physical education course. Because disabilities often have concomitant medical conditions, it is critical that PE teachers are knowledgeable about risks and safety measures for children with special needs. The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which authors of APE textbooks address risk and safety issues and how accessible the information is. Method: The authors examined eight textbooks in print for APE courses. Topics examined included asthma, atlantoaxial instability, diabetes, epilepsy, HIV/AIDS, obesity, spina bifida, and abuse. Results: None of the textbooks covered safety procedures for every topic. In general, the longer books provided more coverage of the topics. Discussion: PE teachers should not rely solely on APE textbooks for appropriate management of medical conditions. The authors present symptoms and appropriate management of targeted conditions. Eight recommendations are made to improve safety for students at risk., Maslow (1943) listed safety needs right next to those for existence in his hierarchy of needs, stating that lower level deficiency needs (food, shelter, clothing, and safety) must be met [...]

We explain the puzzling empirical evidence on the investory accounting choice through a management signaling argument. We assert that firms with lower nominal production costs than other firms have relatively less to gain from the tax advantages assocaited with LIFO adoption. For these firms, future nominal production costs are lower due to increased efficiency or technological improvements. Because of asymmetric information about future costs, and the moral hazard problem of direct communication, the managers of the more efficient firms are able to credibly communicate their production superiority by using the FIFO accounting method.We show in this paper that, if firms can choose the fraction of their inventory which is allocated to FIFO and LIFO, then a separating equillibrium exists in which firms with lower production costs signal their greater efficiency by allocating a higher fraction of their invetory to FIFO.

In many states, physical education classes must compete and rotate with music, art, computer lab, library, and/or counseling. To meet state-mandated minimum weekly time requirements, some districts choose to have all students of a particular grade in physical education at the same time (often to accommodate the classroom teachers' requests for a common planning period). This practice, however, sometimes results in huge classes of 100+ students. Meanwhile, other districts opt for "quality" over "quantity," resulting in single or double-sized classes, in which students receive physical education every other day, every third day, or even every fourth day. Regardless of how often or how rarely the physical educator sees his/her students, the amount of time children participate in vigorous physical activity is critical, and teachers have much control over vigorous physical activity during physical education class. The quality of the movement experiences is critical as well, however this article focuses solely on the amount of movement children have during physical education class. Teachers should strive for students to be vigorously active more than 50% of the classtime. Vigorous activity improves the ability of students to think in academic areas, and it reduces off-task behaviors. (Contains 1 table.)

We studied perceptions of Oklahoma public school students (n = 7,848) regarding bullying. Specifically, we asked for their thoughts about the seriousness of bullying, the hurtfulness of bullying, their involvement in bullying (as victim or perpetrator), their responses to being bullied or seeing someone else being bullied, and what they wanted adults to do to make the situation better. Children who were bullied frequently worried more about bullying, thought bullying was more serious and hurtful, and wanted adults to do more to fix the situation. To improve the situation, children wanted adults to provide better supervision. (Contains 9 tables.)

Objective: To examine whether infant disorganized attachment predicts ADHD at school age. Method: A cohort of 53 children who had been identified as having significant levels of disorganized attachment in infancy is compared to a control group. Symptoms and signs of ADHD at age 7 are evaluated together with a range of relevant maternal variables. Results: An association is found between infant disorganized attachment scores and teacher-rated symptoms of ADHD (but not ADHD caseness). Probable ADHD caseness in the child is associated with self-rated retrospective ADHD scores in mothers. Possible ADHD caseness is associated with a measure of unresolved mourning in mothers. Mother-rated ADHD in the child was associated with low overall maternal psychosocial functioning. Conclusion: The finding of a link between scores for disorganized attachment at 1 year and later teacher-rated symptoms of ADHD suggests the need for further studies. (Contains 3 tables.)

This study examines a group of 21 imprisoned males, convicted of murder whilst aged 18 years or less, and compares them on a range of psychosocial variables to 21 convicted non-violent burglars. Results showed that lower socio-economic status, harsh parenting, and exclusion from school were significantly more common for murderers. Confirms that multiple environmental factors are associated with murderous behavior. (Contains references and tables.) (GCP)

Purpose: Much of the information physical educators learn about children with disabilities occurs in an introduction to adapted physical education course. Because disabilities often have concomitant medical conditions, it is critical that PE teachers are knowledgeable about risks and safety measures for children with special needs. The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which authors of APE textbooks address risk and safety issues and how accessible the information is. Method: The authors examined eight textbooks in print for APE courses. Topics examined included asthma, atlantoaxial instability, diabetes, epilepsy, HIV/AIDS, obesity, spina bifida, and abuse. Results: None of the textbooks covered safety procedures for every topic. In general, the longer books provided more coverage of the topics. Discussion: PE teachers should not rely solely on APE textbooks for appropriate management of medical conditions. The authors present symptoms and appropriate management of targeted conditions. Eight recommendations are made to improve safety for students at risk.

This introduction to the needs of hard-of-hearing children for regular classroom teachers clarifies terminology; discusses prevalence; and identifies social/emotional, academic, and communication issues. It offers practical suggestions including general enabling strategies, communication/presentation of materials, teacher strategies, peer-helping strategies, and classroom organization. (DB)

This article reviews literature regarding service delivery of oral communication skills training to deaf students. To assist school boards to create more cost-effective means of meeting the oral communication needs of deaf students, alternative models of intervention are identified. Seeking an ideal arrangement, principles and characteristics to enhance consultative models are included. (Author)

This brief literature review addresses three areas related to students who are deaf or hard of hearing in mainstream classroom settings: (1) factors contributing to successful classroom communication; (2) classroom amplification; and (3) alerting and other communication devices. Various devices are described and compared. (Author/DB)

Objectives. We sought to investigate independent contributions of risky sexual behaviors and bleeding caused by intimate partner violence to prediction of HCV infection. Methods. We conducted a case-control study of risk factors among patients of a sexually transmitted disease clinic with and without HCV antibodies, group-matched by age. Results. Multivariate analyses indicated that Black race (odds ratio [OR]=2.4; 95% confidence interval [Cl]=1.3, 4.4), injection drug use (OR=20.3; 95% Cl=10.8, 37.8), sharing straws to snort drugs (OR=1.8; 95% Cl=1.01, 3.0), sharing razors (OR=7.8; 95% Cl=2.0, 31.0), and exposure to bleeding caused by intimate partner violence (OR=5.5; 95% Cl=1.4, 22.8) contributed significantly to the prediction of HCV infection; risky sexual behavior and exposure to blood or sores during sexual intercourse did not. Conclusions. HCV risk among patients of a sexually transmitted disease clinic can be explained by direct blood exposure, primarily through injection drug use. Exposure to bleeding caused by intimate partner violence may be a previously unrecognized mechanism for HCV transmission associated with risky sexual behavior. (doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126383)