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The accurate classification of palm sugar varieties is essential for maintaining product quality and ensuring consumer satisfaction within the food industry. This study proposes a hybrid model that integrates feature Hue, Saturation, and Lightness (HSL) colour space, feature Gray-Level Co-occurrence-Matrix (GLCM) texture analysis, and Fuzzy K-Nearest Neighbors (FKNN) algorithms to classify different categories of palm-sugar, including aren texture, coconut texture, and lontar texture varieties. The hybrid approach leverages advanced image processing techniques to extract and analyze critical texture and colour features, achieving a classification accuracy of 98%. The results underscore the potential of this model to enhance operational efficiency, promote product standardization, and support fair market practices in the palm sugar industry. By providing an automated and accurate classification system, this research contributes to both the economic optimization of production processes and the transparency of product quality in the market. Future research related to palm sugar on real-time deployment of the system in industrial environments is essential, with potential integration into automated sorting and packaging systems to further streamline operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eryngo plant is an herb related to the Apiaceae family with the greatest diversity of species, has a gorgeous taste when eaten as a vegetable, and is traditionally used in folk medicine for its health benefits. The present study was to assess the effects of different drying methods and storage times on the quality and appearance of Eryngium caeruleum. The treatments of this study were drying methods (room temperature (25°C) with proper ventilation, oven temperature 55°C, vacuum oven temperature 55°C, and a microwave with a power of 500 W) and storage times (1, 75, and 150 days). The lowest brightness index and the highest browning index were found in the shade‐dried samples kept in the refrigerator for 150 days. In these samples, the numerical values of chlorophyll were lower than others. After 75 days, in the vacuum oven‐dried samples, the maximum levels of total phenolics and flavonoids and antioxidant activity were calculated. The colorimetric test showed that the oven‐dried samples maintained their green color well. However, the storage decreased the quality of plant samples due to the degradation of chlorophyll. Overall, this study showed that the highest greenness and appearance qualities were found in the samples dried in a vacuum oven at 55°C. It seems that appearance indices can be introduced as an initial and quick step in the qualitative assessment of dried leafy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's Danxia landforms are characterized by their indicative red color. Portable ground object spectrometers are widely used owing to their small size, ease of operation in the field, rapid measurements, and simple operation. In this study, we analyzed the characteristic parameters of the reflection spectra of the Danxia rock wall surfaces (i.e., red surfaces, orange surfaces, and pure white spots) and different types of plant cover, as well as their quantitative relationships with color tones, using the visible-near-infrared (VNIR) reflectance spectra of the rock walls. The results indicate that the absorption depths and areas of the red and orange surface samples were highly correlated at 525 and 500 nm, as were the redness and orangeness of the samples. The redness and orangeness of the indoor and outdoor samples were relatively consistent with the absorption depth and area growth rates; however, the indoor samples had larger absorption depth and area values. The absorption depth and area of the pure white spots at 530 nm was highly correlated with redness, but the red surface and pure white spot spectra exhibited considerably different redness values, absorption depths, and absorption areas at 525-530 nm. Thus, these are advantageous parameters for distinguishing between the two surface types. The absorption positions of the red surfaces, orange surfaces, and pure white spots in the visible spectrum differed considerably, which is likely related to changes in the iron mineral types and contents present in the strata. Compared to the red surface absorption position at 525 nm, that of the orange surface shifted in the shortwave direction to 500 nm, which may be related to lower hematite and higher goethite contents. The absorption of the pure white spots at 430 nm may be caused by their pyrite content. The absorption depths of black, blocky, and green plants at 670 nm were considerably correlated with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI). The NDVI values and absorption depths of the three plant types had widely differing range distributions, which can serve as a basis for distinguishing among the three plant types. The absorption depths of non-white spot and white spot plant coverings at 670 nm also increased with increasing NDVI values. The absorption positions of pure white spots in the visible spectrum were 430, 530, and 690 nm. After plants attached to the white spots, the 430 nm absorption position disappeared while that at 530 nm shifted in the shortwave direction. The absorption position at 690 nm was converted into that of chlorophyll. This study provides a reference for quantitatively investigating the color tones of the Danxia rock walls using VNIR reflectance spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through this article, we aim to draw attention to the implications that light has on the writing support (paper) and substance used to write (ball point pen ink) and, implicitly, on the conclusions that result from their forensic examinations. It is known that, over time, due to different ways of preserving documents, both paper and ball point pen ink undergo (more or less) transformations of their physical and chemical properties that influence the results of certain examinations, carried out at different time periods (both regarding the period elapsed from the preparation of the document to its forensic examination, as well as that between successive forensic examinations of the same document). These factors must be taken into account by the forensic expert in formulating the working hypotheses that will form the basis of the forensic conclusions. We mention that we will only refer to a non-invasive, non-destructive analysis of these materials used in the preparation of documents (without chemical analyses). In order to carry out this study, we resorted to an experiment, by making samples and observing them through visual and comparative analysis, making deductive and inductive reasoning. Also, the study of the relevant specialized materials constituted an important pillar of this study. Thus, it is necessary for the examiner in the field not to prejudge the case, but to carry out in-depth examinations trying to overcome the known barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's Danxia landforms are characterized by their indicative red color. Portable ground object spectrometers are widely used owing to their small size, ease of operation in the field, rapid measurements, and simple operation. In this study, we analyzed the characteristic parameters of the reflection spectra of the Danxia rock wall surfaces (i.e., red surfaces, orange surfaces, and pure white spots) and different types of plant cover, as well as their quantitative relationships with color tones, using the visible-near-infrared (VNIR) reflectance spectra of the rock walls. The results indicate that the absorption depths and areas of the red and orange surface samples were highly correlated at 525 and 500 nm, as were the redness and orangeness of the samples. The redness and orangeness of the indoor and outdoor samples were relatively consistent with the absorption depth and area growth rates; however, the indoor samples had larger absorption depth and area values. The absorption depth and area of the pure white spots at 530 nm was highly correlated with redness, but the red surface and pure white spot spectra exhibited considerably different redness values, absorption depths, and absorption areas at 525–530 nm. Thus, these are advantageous parameters for distinguishing between the two surface types. The absorption positions of the red surfaces, orange surfaces, and pure white spots in the visible spectrum differed considerably, which is likely related to changes in the iron mineral types and contents present in the strata. Compared to the red surface absorption position at 525 nm, that of the orange surface shifted in the shortwave direction to 500 nm, which may be related to lower hematite and higher goethite contents. The absorption of the pure white spots at 430 nm may be caused by their pyrite content. The absorption depths of black, blocky, and green plants at 670 nm were considerably correlated with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI). The NDVI values and absorption depths of the three plant types had widely differing range distributions, which can serve as a basis for distinguishing among the three plant types. The absorption depths of non-white spot and white spot plant coverings at 670 nm also increased with increasing NDVI values. The absorption positions of pure white spots in the visible spectrum were 430, 530, and 690 nm. After plants attached to the white spots, the 430 nm absorption position disappeared while that at 530 nm shifted in the shortwave direction. The absorption position at 690 nm was converted into that of chlorophyll. This study provides a reference for quantitatively investigating the color tones of the Danxia rock walls using VNIR reflectance spectroscopy.

In 2000, David Batchelor utilized chromophobia to describe how achromaticity has been favoured among Western intelligentsia since Aristotle. In contrast to white, hues have been linked to the feminine, the dangerous and the chaotic, and they have often been perceived to be something to abandon or control. The ominous associations remain the same when hues are desired (chromophilia), but in these instances, one desires to lose oneself to the somewhat ominous realm of colour. By approaching the Hebrew Bible with Batchelor's framework, and with a view to human agency, various texts of transitions between chromaticity and achromaticity are examined (Ps 51:9; Isa 1:18; Jon 3:6; Lam 4:7–8; Num 12:10; Exod 25–31). It is argued that colours, in some cases, are abandoned and controlled and that they receive a specific evaluation depending on whether an agent voluntarily desired or involuntarily suffered a transition between chromaticity and achromaticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate diagnosis of medical conditions from low-light images, particularly black-and-white x-rays, is impeded by challenges such as noise, constrained visibility, and a lack of detail. Existing enhancement methods often exacerbate these issues by introducing detail loss, color oversaturation, or higher noise levels. This paper proposes a novel U-Net-based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) specifically developed to address these challenges in low-light black-and-white medical images. Our designed architecture employs skip connections within the U-Net framework to effectively balance noise reduction with detail information preservation. This makes it possible for the network to learn hierarchical image representations while retaining important features for diagnosis. The trained network accomplishes real-time image enhancement, enabling immediate visual improvement during diagnosis and perhaps assisting radiologists in making faster and more accurate findings. Our approach illustrates a significant improvement in image quality and outperforms traditional methods in terms of noise reduction and detail preservation. This study holds significant potential to improve medical image analysis and diagnosis, potentially leading to enhanced patient care and earlier interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analytical method used to determine the total monomeric anthocyanin content of fruits is costly and labour intensive. Researchers are endeavouring to develop prediction models to determine anthocyanin content in a simpler and more accurate way. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between anthocyanin and some fruit characteristics (width, length, weight, L*, a*, b*, chroma, hue) in black mulberry (Morus nigra) fruit. With the outputs of the study, it is aimed to provide preliminary information for the models to be developed for anthocyanin estimation in future studies. The study material, black mulberry fruits, was collected from a single black mulberry tree in Kemalpaşa village of Tokat province in July 2022. Harvesting of the fruits continued for two weeks as raw, semi-ripe and ripe. A total of 586 fruits were individually evaluated and the weight, width, length, colour parameters (L*, a*, b*, chroma, and hue) and total monomeric anthocyanin contents of each fruit were determined. Then, Pearson correlation coefficients between the variables were determined. Stepwise regression analysis was used to find the appropriate model to explain the change in the dependent variable anthocyanin with independent variables (length, width, weight, L*, a*, b*, chroma, hue). After the multiple regression model was established, residual analysis was performed to see the outliers in the full model and to check the accuracy of the model. As a result of the study, it was observed that anthocyanin content could be predicted by colour parameters up to a certain maturity stage. This relationship was found to weaken at the ripeness stage when the fruit colour turns black. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out during kharif season of 2022 and 2023 at the Punjab Agricultural University (PAU)-Regional Research Station (RRS), Ballowal Saunkhri (SBS Nagar) with the objective to find out the impact of foliar spray of agrochemicals on biophysical parameters, PAR interception and heat use efficiency of rainfed mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) under variable sowing dates. Timely sown crop (second fortnight of July) resulted in higher leaf area index, chlorophyll index, PAR interception and heat use efficiency (HUE) as compared to late sowing (first fortnight of August). Significantly higher seed yield, stover yield and biological yields were obtained in timely sowing during both the years of study. Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1.5% recorded significantly higher leaf area index, chlorophyll index, PAR interception, heat use efficiency (HUE) and helio-thermal use efficiency (HTUE) but it was statistically similar with foliar spray of N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1.5%. Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1.5% and N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1.5% gave statistically similar seed, stover and biological yields and significantly better than other treatments. There was an increase of 33.3% in seed yield with foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1.5% and increase of 29.1% with foliar spraying of N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1.5%, when compared with control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of inexpensive and portable point‐of‐care devices for measuring nutritional physiological parameters from blood (e.g., glucose, ketones) has accelerated our understanding and assessment of real‐time variation in human health, but these have infrequently been tested or implemented in wild animals, especially in relation to other key biological or fitness‐related traits. Here we used point‐of‐care devices to measure blood levels of glucose, ketones, uric acid, and triglycerides in free‐ranging house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus)—a common songbird in North America that has been well‐studied in the context of urbanization, nutrition, health, and sexual selection—during winter and examined (1) repeatability of these methods for evaluating blood levels in these wild passerines, (2) intercorrelations among these measurements within individuals, (3) how blood nutritional‐physiology metrics related to a bird's body condition, habitat of origin (urban vs. suburban), poxvirus infection, and sex; and (4) if the expression of male sexually selected plumage coloration was linked to any of the nutritional‐physiological metrics. All blood‐nutritional parameters were repeatable. Also, there was significant positive covariation between concentrations of circulating triglycerides and glucose and triglycerides and uric acid. Urban finches had higher blood glucose concentrations than suburban finches, and pox‐infected individuals had lower blood triglyceride concentrations than uninfected ones. Last, redder males had higher blood glucose, but lower uric acid levels. These results demonstrate that point‐of‐care devices can be useful, inexpensive ways of measuring real‐time variation in the nutritional physiology of wild birds. Research highlights: House finches with a higher concentration of triglycerides also circulated more glucose and uric acid in the bloodstream.Urban house finches had higher glucose concentrations than rural birds, whereas poxvirus‐infected individuals had higher levels of triglycerides than finches without poxvirus.Redder house finches circulated higher concentrations of glucose but had lower uric acid levels, than less‐red males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population registers of the nineteenth century highlight a visible conflict between the administration's objective of increasing poll tax revenue and the village's desire to suppress the poll tax. We can suppose that the repeated division of households would have reduced the area under cultivation per household and increased the number of small-scale peasants within the village. This social transformation likely reinforced the village's inclination to avoid the poll tax. The population pressure caused by this transformation may have resulted in a closed social space and fixed membership within the village community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bird-pollinated flowers typically appear 'red'. Fuchsia excorticata (Onagraceae), a gynodioecious tree species endemic to New Zealand, is a notable exception. It produces 'green', cauliflorous flowers at early stages in flower ontogeny, when pistils are receptive. Flowers later turn 'red' as they lose their receptivity. We conducted field observations and spectrographic analyses to test whether: (1) receptive, green-phase flowers are actually more conspicuous to avian pollinators against their natural backgrounds than unreceptive, red-phase flowers, (2) green-phase flowers produce more nectar, and (3) relationships between flower conspicuousness and nectar production are similar in females and hermaphrodites. Results showed that the reflectance properties of green-phase flowers sharply contrast 'orange' tree bark, their natural visual background, rendering them more conspicuous to the avian eye than red-phase flowers. Green-phase flowers also produced more nectar than red-phase flowers as an honest signal of rewards. Similar results were observed in both female and hermaphrodite plants. Overall results provide an unusual example of reversed flower-background colour contrasts, with 'reddish' hues being incorporated into the visual backgrounds of floral displays rather than being associated with the flowers themselves. They also illustrate that flower conspicuousness can serve as an honest signal of nectar rewards to pollinators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A continuous, simple, and versatile pH monitoring method based on digital-movie-based colorimetry is proposed. A constructed flow system was of a two-channel configuration mainly composed of two peristaltic pumps, a digital microscope-based detector, a pH meter with a flow-through combination pH-reference electrode, and a laptop computer. While the total flow rate (FT) was held constant, the flow rate (FB) of a base solution for Britton-Robinson buffer containing a universal indicator (Yamada's indicator or Van Urik's indicator) was changed in proportion to the control signal (Vc) from the computer. An acid solution for the buffer containing the indicator was aspirated to the confluence point at the flow rate of FT – FB and mixed with the base solution. Thus, buffer solutions with arbitrary pH could be easily prepared. The image of the mixed solution was captured with the microscope downstream; the pH of the solution was measured with the pH meter at the most downstream. An in-house program written in Visual Basic .NET was developed to control the system, acquire and analyze the signals (image data and pH), and display the results automatically; the color of the image was expressed as tristimulus values (i.e., R, G, B), hue, and luminance. The relationships between these color-specific values and pH were analyzed after optimizing the Vc scan rate. Van Uik's indicator was superior to Yamada's regarding the applicable pH range (ca. 2.5 – 10). A sigmoid-like calibration curve was established between hue and pH, which was used to determine sample pH. The proposed method was validated by measuring the pH of different drugs and vinegar samples.

A study was carried out during kharif season of 2022 and 2023 at the Punjab Agricultural University (PAU)-Regional Research Station (RRS), Ballowal Saunkhri (SBS Nagar) with the objective to find out the impact of foliar spray of agrochemicals on biophysical parameters, PAR interception and heat use efficiency of rainfed mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) under variable sowing dates. Timely sown crop (second fortnight of July) resulted in higher leaf area index, chlorophyll index, PAR interception and heat use efficiency (HUE) as compared to late sowing (first fortnight of August). Significantly higher seed yield, stover yield and biological yields were obtained in timely sowing during both the years of study. Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1.5% recorded significantly higher leaf area index, chlorophyll index, PAR interception, heat use efficiency (HUE) and helio-thermal use efficiency (HTUE) but it was statistically similar with foliar spray of N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1.5%. Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1.5% and N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1.5% gave statistically similar seed, stover and biological yields and significantly better than other treatments. There was an increase of 33.3% in seed yield with foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1.5% and increase of 29.1% with foliar spraying of N:P:K (20:20:20) @ 1.5%, when compared with control.

The article concerns the problem of the way of plastic presentation under chromatic ratio in the painting from the years ’40–’50. In the first post-war decade, the national culture in the territory between the Dniester and the Prut is subject to severe ideological restrictions that had a strong impact on the artistic life. The new requirements change the artistic vision of plastic artists and focus national art on the aesthetics of „socialist realism”, with an emphasis on social and historical themes, rendered in a pronounced narrative-literary character. From a stylistic point of view, the painting of the post-war period reveals a way of plastic expression and a chromatic predilection with reminiscences of the academic tradition – plein-air-ist manner, „non-finite” technique, modeling of the form by the chiaroscuro method, the use of the type of tonal contrast, dark color of warm shades (ochre-brown, olive-gray, etc.). Among the artists who adapted to the new requirements of the time and who practiced a painting of „Peredivjnicist” influence, are M. Gamburd, D. Sevastianov, A. Baranovici and others. The socio-cultural transformations after 1956–1957 led to the „liberation” of the artistic vision from the conventionalism of „socialist realism”. According to the result of a chromogram made by the author, it appears that, in the national painting of the post-war period, dark colors with a warm hue prevail, with a ratio of about 43%.

Copyright of Journal of Home Economics of Japan is the property of Japan Society of Home Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to quantify the influence of hue, value and opacity on the variation in light transmittance of a full color palette of an ormocer-based dental composite. Samples with a thickness of 2 mm were cured in real time while the incident irradiance and light transmittance were recorded with a spectrophotometer, either in real time during the polymerization or through the polymerized composite at different exposure distances. Across the entire shade range, light attenuation was high, varying between 70.3% and 92.1%. The light transmittance during polymerization increased exponentially with exposure time in all shades. The differences between the cured and uncured composites decrease with increasing value and with increasing opacity within a value. The pattern of variation in light transmittance with increasing value is non-linear and depends on the hue, but not on the opacity within a hue. Small variations in value in lighter shades of hue B reduce the transmitted light more than in hue A, while the opposite is true for darker shades. The results strongly suggest an adequate curing of the lower increments in larger restorations, as the additional light expected from curing the upper increments is very small, regardless of hue, value or opacity. An additional unfavorable condition by increasing the exposure distance consistently contributes to a reduction in light transmission and thus further supports the above statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US standard for maize commercially grown for grain specifies that yellow corn can contain at maximum 5% corn of other colors. Inbred parents of commercial hybrids typically have clear pericarp, but transgressive segregants in breeding populations can display variation in pericarp pigmentation. We identified 10 doubled haploid biparental populations segregating for pigmented pericarp and evaluated qualitative genetic models using chi-square tests of observed and expected frequencies. Pigmentation ranged from light to dark brown color, and pigmentation intensity was quantitatively measured across 1,327 inbred lines using hue calculated from RGB pixel values. Genetic mapping was used to identify loci associated with pigmentation intensity. For 9 populations, pigmentation inheritance best fit a hypothesis of a 2- or 3-gene epistatic model. Significant differences in pigment intensity were observed across populations. W606S-derived inbred lines with the darkest pericarp often had clear glumes, suggesting the presence of a novel P1-rw allele, a hypothesis supported by a significant quantitative trait locus peak at P1. A separate quantitative trait locus region on chromosome 2 between 221.64 and 226.66 Mbp was identified in LH82-derived populations, and the peak near p1 was absent. A genome-wide association study using 416 inbred lines from the Wisconsin Diversity panel with full genome resequencing revealed 4 significant associations including the region near P1. This study supports that pericarp pigmentation among dent maize inbreds can arise by transgressive segregation when pigmentation in the parental generation is absent and is partially explained by functional allelic variation at the P1 locus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objects we encounter in everyday settings are composed of multicolored surfaces. To utilize the color information of these surfaces, it is necessary to efficiently summarize the color distribution of object surfaces. Studies examining such summarization (averaging) processes have shown that the three attributes of color -- hue, saturation, and brightness -- are averaged in different manners. Hue can be averaged accurately and approximated by the arithmetic mean on the uniform chromaticity scale diagram. Averaging of saturation exhibits a bias, with the average tending to shift towards a more saturated direction than the colorimetric mean. Furthermore, this bias becomes more pronounced when there is greater variability (noise) in the color distribution. While there is also a bias observed in the averaging of brightness, the underlying processing strategy seems to be adaptively adjusted depending on the task at hand. These summarizing strategies are believed to be acquired to enhance the reliability and certainty of sensory information in noisy natural environments. Identifying the factors that determine these processing strategies remains a challenge for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have revealed the conceptual association between gender and hue, with the typical association of blue with men and red/pink with women through social experience. Studies have demonstrated that gender is also associated with another visual characteristic, that is, brightness, based on the sexual dimorphism of skin pigmentation, whereby men and women relate to darker and lighter colors, respectively. The present study examined which visual property is closely related to the concept of gender in Japanese participants. Experiment 1 confirmed that Japanese adults formed conceptual associations between gender, hue, and brightness, similar to Western cultures. Experiment 2 investigated the effects of the two visual properties simultaneously by adopting stimuli that combined hue and brightness and revealed an interaction between the same, which demonstrated that a lighter red color (pink) is closely associated with the concept of gender. These results suggest that although there might be an association between gender and brightness acquired through knowledge based on the sexual dimorphism of skin pigmentation, the association between gender and the specific color acquired through social experience is more intimate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color can be an indicator of plant health, quality, and productivity, and is useful to researchers to understand plant nutritional content in their studies. Color may be related to chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity and provides information for those studying diseases and mineral nutrition because every nutrient deficiency and many diseases produce symptoms that affect color. In order to identify significant loci related to both leaf and pod color in a snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) diversity panel, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was carried out. Leaf color in one and pod traits in multiple environments were characterized using a colorimeter. L*a*b* color data were recorded and used to calculate chroma (C*) and hue angle (H°). Leaves were evaluated at three positions (lower, middle, and upper) in the canopy and both pod exterior and interior colors were obtained. GWAS was conducted using two reference genomes that represent the Andean (G19833) and Middle American (5-593) domestication centers. Narrow sense heritabilities were calculated using the mixed linear model (MLM) method in genome association and prediction integrated tool (GAPIT), and significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for each color parameter were obtained using the Bayesian-information and linkage-disequilibrium iteratively nested keyway (BLINK) GWAS model with two principal components (PCAs). In comparison to pod color traits, narrow sense heritabilities of leaf traits were low and similar for both reference genomes. Generally, narrow sense heritability for all traits was highest in the lower, followed by middle, and then upper leaf positions. Heritability for both pod interior and exterior color traits was higher using the G19833 reference genome compared to 5-593 when evaluated by year and means across years. Forty-five significant SNPs associated with leaf traits and 872 associated with pods, totaling 917 significant SNPs were identified. Only one SNP was found in common for both leaf and pod traits on Pv03 in the 5-593 reference genome. One-hundred thirteen significant SNPs, 30 in leaves and 83 in pods had phenotypic variation explained (PVE) of 10% or greater. Fourteen SNPs (four from G19833 and ten from 5-593) with ≥10 PVE%, large SNP effect, and largest p-value for L* and H° pod exterior was identified on Pv01, Pv02, Pv03, and Pv08. More SNPs were associated with pod traits than with leaf traits. The pod interior did not exhibit colors produced by anthocyanins or flavonols which allowed the differentiation of potential candidate genes associated with chloroplast and photosynthetic activity compared to the pod exterior where candidate genes related to both flavonoids and photosynthesis affected color. Several SNPs were associated with known qualitative genes including the wax pod locus (y), persistent color (pc), purple pods (V), and two genes expressed in seeds but not previously reported to affect other plant tissues (B and J). An evaluation of significant SNPs within annotated genes found a number, within a 200 kb window, involved in both flavonoid and photosynthetic biosynthetic pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appearance elements are driving tourist consumption. However, there is still a research gap in the matching effects of the peripheral design elements around tourism cultural and creative products (CCPs). Therefore, introducing the theoretical model of "consumer reaction to product form", this study conducted two experiments to explore the matching influence mechanism of CCPs' styles and hues on tourists' willingness to buy. The results highlight that matching the styles and hues of tourism CCPs could positively affect tourists' willingness to buy. Specifically, the tourism CCPs with typical style and cold hue will stimulate tourists' willingness to buy through the mediation of fluency. Furthermore, the tourism CCPs with novel appearance and warm hue improve willingness to buy, in which fluency and perceived enjoyment play a mediating role. These findings contribute to the knowledge of tourism CCP marketing and provide insight into tourism CCP appearance design in the tourism industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, communication robots are commonly used in various places and situations such as guidance work at hotels and stations and elderly supports for the purpose of reducing human loads and releasing from simple works. However, it is also shown that people still have a sense of anxiety toward robots. For this reason, there are few people who have motivations to communicate with robots. On the other hand, it has been suggested that the emotion expression of robots contributes to create a sense of familiarity and smooth communication. Therefore, we propose a method of emotion expression and enhancement by changing the color of the clothes the robot is wearing. Also, we have clarified the matching between the clothes colors and 10 emotions (joy, anger, sorrow, fear, shame, like, dislike, excite, relief and surprise). In this research, we investigate the influences of changing the clothes color in scenes where the robot's speech emotions change in time series. As a result of the experiment, it becomes clear that feeling of transmission can be improved by changing the clothes color according to the speech emotion in case that the mechanism of clothes color change is correctly understood. On the other hand, feeling of transmission is decreased in case that the mechanism is not understood.

Context & aim: The two major categories of Port wines, Tawny and Ruby, are defined by their ageing conditions, with associated oxidative conditions being much more pronounced in the case of the former than the latter. The main aim of this study was to determine if, independently of the producer, all Port wines can be grouped into these styles based on their chromatic and pigment characteristics. Methods: A total of 32 Port wine samples comprising eight different styles were provided by five different producers of the Douro region in Portugal for this work. All the samples were filtered prior to analysis for anthocyanin determination using an HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS, and unfiltered samples were used for the determination of colour parameters and CIE Lab coordinates. The samples were measured in triplicate for statistical analysis. Results: The chromatic analysis of the Port wines showed Ruby style Ports to have a higher colour intensity and lower hue (°) than Tawny style Ports. The PCA analysis of colour parameters and CIE Lab coordinates clearly shows two separate clusters representing Ruby styles and Tawny styles respectively. Overall, Tawny style Ports had traces of or non-detected anthocyanins monoglucosides, a few styles having

The color of vegetables is an important factor in consumer food choices and in cultivar choice by growers and processors for production. In absorbing a broad spectrum of light, leaves support plant development by influencing factors such as biomass accumulation, chlorophyll content, and reproductive growth. The edible organ of the snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the pod, and its color is not only one of the most important traits for commercial consideration, but also influences phytonutrient content. Although chlorophyll provides the base color, other compounds such as carotenoids and flavonoids may affect leaf and pod color. Darker yellow- or blue-green pods are preferred for processing, but there is more leeway for fresh market, with lighter-colored pods being acceptable. This research characterized leaf and pod color variation in the 378-member Snap Bean Association Panel. Leaf and pod colors were measured with a colorimeter using the L*a*b* scale, which was then transformed to L* (lightness), C* (chroma), and H° (hue angle) for analysis. Both green and wax bean accessions had predominantly green leaves, even though both exterior and interior colors of pods varied by accession. The leaves at the upper level in the canopy were lighter than lower and middle-level leaves. C* of leaves was similar across environments but leaves from the field were greener than leaves of greenhouse-grown plants when converted to Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) values, even though they had similar H°. L* did not differ for corresponding leaf positions of both field and greenhouse leaves. Purple pods were darker (lowest L*) and yellow pods were lighter (highest L*). Although wax beans had similar exterior and interior colors, accessions with purple exterior of pods had green interiors. Green pods were generally two times higher for L* and lower in C* compared with leaves. Pod interior L* was darker than exterior in both years. Pod exterior L* was not significantly different among accessions, whereas pod interior L* differed significantly between years. Broad sense heritabilities ranged from 0.69 to 0.88 for L*, 0.12 to 0. 87 for C*, and 0.81 to 0.89 for H°. Although greater variation was observed in pods than leaves, lower heritability was determined. Moderate correlations between leaf L* and the interior and exterior pod L* implies that it would be possible to select for pod color on the basis of leaf color, with verification using standard cultivars.

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Philology: Science & Education is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Carotenoid pigments are the basis for much red, orange, and yellow coloration in nature and central to visual signaling. However, as pigment concentration increases, carotenoid signals not only darken and become more saturated but they also redshift; for example, orange pigments can look red at higher concentration. This occurs because light experiences exponential attenuation, and carotenoid‐based signals have spectrally asymmetric reflectance in the visible range. Adding pigment disproportionately affects the high‐absorbance regions of the reflectance spectra, which redshifts the perceived hue. This carotenoid redshift is substantial and perceivable by animal observers. In addition, beyond pigment concentration, anything that increases the path length of light through pigment causes this redshift (including optical nano‐ and microstructures). For example, male Ramphocelus tanagers appear redder than females, despite the same population and concentration of carotenoids, due to microstructures that enhance light–pigment interaction. This mechanism of carotenoid redshift has sensory and evolutionary consequences for honest signaling in that structures that redshift carotenoid ornaments may decrease signal honesty. More generally, nearly all colorful signals vary in hue, saturation, and brightness as light–pigment interactions change, due to spectrally asymmetrical reflectance within the visible range of the relevant species. Therefore, the three attributes of color need to be considered together in studies of honest visual signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Carotenoid pigments are the basis for much red, orange, and yellow coloration in nature and central to visual signaling. However, as pigment concentration increases, carotenoid signals not only darken and become more saturated but they also redshift; for example, orange pigments can look red at higher concentration. This occurs because light experiences exponential attenuation, and carotenoid‐based signals have spectrally asymmetric reflectance in the visible range. Adding pigment disproportionately affects the high‐absorbance regions of the reflectance spectra, which redshifts the perceived hue. This carotenoid redshift is substantial and perceivable by animal observers. In addition, beyond pigment concentration, anything that increases the path length of light through pigment causes this redshift (including optical nano‐ and microstructures). For example, male Ramphocelus tanagers appear redder than females, despite the same population and concentration of carotenoids, due to microstructures that enhance light–pigment interaction. This mechanism of carotenoid redshift has sensory and evolutionary consequences for honest signaling in that structures that redshift carotenoid ornaments may decrease signal honesty. More generally, nearly all colorful signals vary in hue, saturation, and brightness as light–pigment interactions change, due to spectrally asymmetrical reflectance within the visible range of the relevant species. Therefore, the three attributes of color need to be considered together in studies of honest visual signaling.

In present-day Vietnam, patrilineal kinship groups called dòng hê are widely dispersed. However, from a historical viewpoint, there have been various arguments about the formation and transformation of the Kinh people's patrilineal kinship groups. In this article, we will introduce the village documents called Viên bê and examine the family structure and household division around Huê in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. From those examinations, this article concludes that the patriarchal image of the patriarch having strong authority in a large family based on polygamy does not apply to rural areas near Huê in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Rather, it is supposed that members of the next generation were separated from the patriarchal household one after another. This brought about a loosely knit household group comprising two or three generations based on paternal blood relationships, which was formed with the patrilineal family at the top. When paying attention to the inheritance of ancestral rituals and inheritance of property, it can be said that they were clearly a kind of Confucian patrilineal kinship group. On the other hand, we can also find a point in common with multi-household compounds in the rest of Southeast Asia. It may be necessary to reconsider the family structure of the Kinh people in comparison with Southeast Asia and East Asia from a historical viewpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method for changing pixel shape by converting a CMYK raster image (pixel) to an HSB vector image, replacing the square cells of the CMYK pixels with different vector shapes. The replacement of a pixel by the selected vector shape is done depending on the detected color values for each pixel. The CMYK values are first converted to the corresponding RGB values and then to the HSB system, and the vector shape is selected based on the obtained hue values. The vector shape is drawn in the defined space, according to the row and column matrix of the pixels of the original CMYK image. Twenty-one vector shapes are introduced to replace the pixels depending on the hue. The pixels of each hue are replaced by a different shape. The application of this conversion has its greatest value in the creation of security graphics for printed documents and the individualization of digital artwork by creating structured patterns based on the hue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The processing of color images is of great interest, because the human perception of color is a very complex process, still not well understood. In this article, firstly the authors present an analysis of the well-known mathematical methods used to model color as a phenomenon and to process color images. We propose an adequate metric to process color images using the Minkowski or space-time metric. We propose that the processing of HSV images can be done using the HSV cone in the quaternion split algebra or the conformal geometric algebra frameworks. We show that the processing of RGB images using the Euclidean metric in the $\mathbb {R}^{3}$ doesn’t yield good results. The colors of images change by daylight, we understand this phenomenon as the color change follows the action of the Lorentz Lie group. Consequently, we formulate a new model for representing and processing color using split quaternions and space-time conformal geometric algebra. We propose new algorithms for practical color image processing: we formulate the novel Split Quaternion Fourier Transform for color image processing and we interpolate color images using Split Motors which belong to the space-time conformal geometric algebra. The experimental part proves that real color images have to be processed in the HSV cone. We show successful applications of the Quaternion Split Fourier Transform and the interpolation processing. We compare these computations using the RGB metric in the $\mathbb {R}^{3}$ space and using the Minkowski metric in the HSV cone. This comparison shows clearly that the color image processing using the Minkowski metric in the HSV cone performs better.

ABSTRACT Brazil is the largest Coffea arabica L. producer and exporter in the world market. In view of the need for nitrogen fertilization, the objective of this work was to evaluate the use of digital images of coffee leaves as a function of nitrogen concentration and cultivars, as well as to evaluate the most adequate sampling of this technique to predict leaf nitrogen. The experiment was set in a greenhouse, at UNESP - Experimental Campus of Registro-SP, using 12L pots with medium sand. A completely randomized design was adopted, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, with four concentrations of N (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg dm-3), and two coffee cultivars (Mundo Novo and Obatã), with ten replications. The variables evaluated were: hue, dark green color index (DGCI), leaf area and leaf nitrogen content. The hue and DGCI were influenced by N concentration, cultivar and are dependent on the day after treatment application and the number of leaves used. The use of five leaves per replication was more adequate to estimate leaf N content. Hue, DGCI and leaf area were higher in Obatã depending on the day after application of the treatment and N concentration.

The customers make use of Pantone color cards as quality control for their reference to know the color consistency of the dyed cloth. The three different color shades like blue, red and pastel violet were selected from the pantone color shades. The three-color hues of the manufactured knitted cotton fabric were captured by the high-resolution optical device and these images were considered for the training and test purpose. A simple backpropagation based artificial neural network and a deep learning convolution network was considered for the training and test purpose. The pantone color hues of three images were offered to the network as training samples. A backpropagation algorithm trained artificial neural network (ANN) and deep learning neural network trained with support vector machine were employed in training phase. The back propagation trained ANN predicted 82.37%, 83.16% and 89.25% correct classification on three color hues. A deep learning convolution network trained with support vector machine method forecasted 100%, 100% and 100% on three color hues. The better performance result was secured by the second method. The second network reduces the features from the color images in training and test phase.

By collecting village documents around Hue, the author has found a number of historical documents about the ownership of residential areas in 18th and 19th century villages. In this article, we briefly introduce these village documents and examine the family structure and household division at that time. From examining village documents, it can be assumed that the family structure and household formation cycle here are as follows: The average household size in the northern suburbs of Hue is not too large. It is possible that it is a relatively small family of two or three generations, consisting of parents, children under 18, and in some cases grandparents. On the family tree records, a man usually has concubines and more than 10 children, but in reality, they do not live under the same roof. Each concubine lived in a house and formed a separate household. When he was first married, the husband lived with his wife, but when the wife had difficulty giving birth due to age, he immediately established a concubine, and separated to form another household when the child was born. Therefore, the image of patriarchy where the head of the household has strong power in a large family following polygamy did not apply to the countryside in the area around Hue in the eighteenth- nineteenth centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in low-cost imaging hyperspectral cameras have opened up new possibilities for high-throughput phenotyping (HTP), allowing for high-resolution spectral data to be obtained in the visible and near-infrared spectral range. This study presents, for the first time, the integration of a low-cost hyperspectral camera Senop HSC-2 into an HTP platform to evaluate the drought stress resistance and physiological response of four tomato genotypes (770P, 990P, Red Setter and Torremaggiore) during two cycles of well-watered and deficit irrigation. Over 120 gigabytes of hyperspectral data were collected, and an innovative segmentation method able to reduce the hyperspectral dataset by 85.5% was developed and applied. A hyperspectral index (H-index) based on the red-edge slope was selected, and its ability to discriminate stress conditions was compared with three optical indices (OIs) obtained by the HTP platform. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) applied to the OIs and H-index revealed the better capacity of the H-index to describe the dynamic of drought stress trend compared to OIs, especially in the first stress and recovery phases. Selected OIs were instead capable of describing structural changes during plant growth. Finally, the OIs and H-index results have revealed a higher susceptibility to drought stress in 770P and 990P than Red Setter and Torremaggiore genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The requirement to establish novel methods for visual detection is attracting attention in many application fields of analytical chemistry, such as, healthcare, environment, agriculture, and food. The research around subjects like "point‐of‐need", "hue recognition", "paper‐based sensor", "fluorescent sensor", etc. has been always aimed at the opportunity to manufacture convenient and fast‐response devices to be used by non‐specialists. It is possible to achieve economic rationality and technical simplicity for optical sensing toward target analytes through introduction of fluorescent semiconductor/carbon quantum dot (QD) and paper‐based substrates. In this Review, the mechanisms of anthropic visual recognition and fluorescent visual assays, characteristics of semiconductor/carbon QDs and ratiometric fluorescence test paper, and strategies of semiconductor/carbon QD‐based hue recognition are described. We cover latest progress in the development and application of point‐of‐need sensors for visual detection, which is based on a semiconductor/carbon quantum dot‐based hue recognition strategy generated by ratiometric fluorescence technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field investigation was carried out during winter 2022 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to study the phenological behaviour and yield of baby corn (Zea mays L.) as influenced by heat units. The split-plot design consisting of three dates of sowing viz., D1 - 21st January, D2 - 5th February and D3 - 20th February as a main plot and three spacing viz., 60x45 cm (S1), 60x30 cm (S2) and 60x20 (S3) as a sub plot was adopted and replicated thrice. Growing Degree Days, Helio Thermal Unit and Heat Use Efficiency were calculated for different phenological stages viz., plant emergence to 50% flowering (P1), 50% flowering to cob emergence (P2), cob emergence to harvest (P3), plant emergence to cob emergence (P4), 50% flowering to harvest (P5) and plant emergence to harvest (P6). The results revealed that sowing on 20th Feb. had completed the phenophases early, followed by 5th Feb and 21st Jan. GDD required for attaining physiological maturity was highest in 20th Feb. (1194.6 °C days)). Except morning relative humidity, wind speed and solar radiation, all other weather parameters had negative correlation with baby corn yield (R2=0.921). The optimum temperature was obtained during D1 (27.2 - 27.5 °C) along with short-day length (11.7 hours) resulting in higher corn yield (9333.3 kg/ha) as well as higher HUE (5.75). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to quantify the influence of hue, value and opacity on the variation in light transmittance of a full color palette of an ormocer-based dental composite. Samples with a thickness of 2 mm were cured in real time while the incident irradiance and light transmittance were recorded with a spectrophotometer, either in real time during the polymerization or through the polymerized composite at different exposure distances. Across the entire shade range, light attenuation was high, varying between 70.3% and 92.1%. The light transmittance during polymerization increased exponentially with exposure time in all shades. The differences between the cured and uncured composites decrease with increasing value and with increasing opacity within a value. The pattern of variation in light transmittance with increasing value is non-linear and depends on the hue, but not on the opacity within a hue. Small variations in value in lighter shades of hue B reduce the transmitted light more than in hue A, while the opposite is true for darker shades. The results strongly suggest an adequate curing of the lower increments in larger restorations, as the additional light expected from curing the upper increments is very small, regardless of hue, value or opacity. An additional unfavorable condition by increasing the exposure distance consistently contributes to a reduction in light transmission and thus further supports the above statement.

In the cleaning field, there is a method to evaluate the amount of soiling by processing the color signal of a soiled sample’s image using the Kubelka-Munka formula, but this method could not be adapted to the case where the hue changes drastically during cleaning or washing. In this study, we aimed to construct a system to quantify the amount of soiling corresponding to the hue change. In other word, this is the sturdy for image analysis of individual measuring devices, which is an extension of the cleaning rate analysis, especially in cleaning tests. We conducted a cleaning experiment using soiled fabrics of iron oxide as a representative dirt model of drastic hue changes because its hue changes from yellowish-brown to black by reduction process. Then we calculated the cleaning rate of the dirt on the soiled fabric by the image analysis, conventional method using Kubelka-Munka formula, and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis, and we evaluated the accuracy of the proposed method of the image analysis by comparing the results of XRF.As a result, first it was found that the hue changes of iron oxides due to reduction could be clearly captured as a color signal, and the degree of reduction of iron oxides could be determined from the Chromaticity Diagram Value, xy value. Using the results, we were able to construct an application that can easily determine the amount of soiling adhesion by recalculating the hue change as a variable. The cleaning rate calculated by the image analysis application showed a significant improvement compared to the one calculated by the conventional appearance evaluation method. This achievement has greatly expanded the range of objects for which the amount of soiling from the exterior can be evaluated.

Abstract The requirement to establish novel methods for visual detection is attracting attention in many application fields of analytical chemistry, such as, healthcare, environment, agriculture, and food. The research around subjects like “point‐of‐need”, “hue recognition”, “paper‐based sensor”, “fluorescent sensor”, etc. has been always aimed at the opportunity to manufacture convenient and fast‐response devices to be used by non‐specialists. It is possible to achieve economic rationality and technical simplicity for optical sensing toward target analytes through introduction of fluorescent semiconductor/carbon quantum dot (QD) and paper‐based substrates. In this Review, the mechanisms of anthropic visual recognition and fluorescent visual assays, characteristics of semiconductor/carbon QDs and ratiometric fluorescence test paper, and strategies of semiconductor/carbon QD‐based hue recognition are described. We cover latest progress in the development and application of point‐of‐need sensors for visual detection, which is based on a semiconductor/carbon quantum dot‐based hue recognition strategy generated by ratiometric fluorescence technology.

Copyright of Nacameh is the property of Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The customers make use of Pantone color cards as quality control for their reference to know the color consistency of the dyed cloth. The three different color shades like blue, red and pastel violet were selected from the pantone color shades. The three-color hues of the manufactured knitted cotton fabric were captured by the high-resolution optical device and these images were considered for the training and test purpose. A simple backpropagation based artificial neural network and a deep learning convolution network was considered for the training and test purpose. The pantone color hues of three images were offered to the network as training samples. A backpropagation algorithm trained artificial neural network (ANN) and deep learning neural network trained with support vector machine were employed in training phase. The back propagation trained ANN predicted 82.37%, 83.16% and 89.25% correct classification on three color hues. A deep learning convolution network trained with support vector machine method forecasted 100%, 100% and 100% on three color hues. The better performance result was secured by the second method. The second network reduces the features from the color images in training and test phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]