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4. Seasonal Variations of Soil Thermal Conductivity at the InSight Landing Site

Author

Grott, Matthias, primary, Piqueux, Sylvain, additional, Spohn, Tilman, additional, Knollenberg, Joerg, additional, Krause, Christian, additional, Marteau, Eloise, additional, Hudson, Troy L., additional, Forget, Francois, additional, Lange, Lucas, additional, Müller, N., additional, Golombek, Matthew P., additional, Nagihara, Seiichi, additional, Morgan, Paul, additional, Murphy, J.P., additional, Siegler, Matthew Adam, additional, King, Scott D., additional, Banfield, Donald, additional, Smrekar, Suzanne E, additional, and Banerdt, William Bruce, additional

Published
2023
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6. The InSight HP³ Penetrator (Mole) on Mars: Soil Properties Derived from the Penetration Attempts and Related Activities

Author

Spohn, Tilman, Hudson, Troy L., Marteau, Eloïse, Golombek, Matthew, Grott, Matthias, Wippermann, Torben, Ali, Khaled S., Schmelzbach, Cédric, Kedar, Sharon, Hurst, Ken, Trebi-Ollennu, Ashitey, Ansan, Véronique, Garvin, James, Knollenberg, Jörg, Müller, N., Piqueux, Sylvain, Lichtenheldt, Roy, Krause, Christian, Fantinati, Cinzia, Brinkman, Nienke, Sollberger, David, Delage, Pierre, Vrettos, Christos, Reershemius, Siebo, Wisniewski, Lukasz, Grygorczuk, Jurek, Robertsson, Johan, Edme, Pascal, Andersson, Fredrik, Krömer, O., Lognonné, Philippe, Giardini, Domenico, Smrekar, Suz̀anne E., and Banerdt, William B.

Subjects
Record of operating a penetrator on Mars, Homestead Hollow near surface structure, Martian soil mechanical and thermal properties
Abstract

The NASA InSight Lander on Mars includes the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package HP3 to measure the surface heat flow of the planet. The package uses temperature sensors that would have been brought to the target depth of 3–5 m by a small penetrator, nicknamed the mole. The mole requiring friction on its hull to balance remaining recoil from its hammer mechanism did not penetrate to the targeted depth. Instead, by precessing about a point midway along its hull, it carved a 7 cm deep and 5–6 cm wide pit and reached a depth of initially 31 cm. The root cause of the failure – as was determined through an extensive, almost two years long campaign – was a lack of friction in an unexpectedly thick cohesive duricrust. During the campaign – described in detail in this paper – the mole penetrated further aided by friction applied using the scoop at the end of the robotic Instrument Deployment Arm and by direct support by the latter. The mole tip finally reached a depth of about 37 cm, bringing the mole back-end 1–2 cm below the surface. It reversed its downward motion twice during attempts to provide friction through pressure on the regolith instead of directly with the scoop to the mole hull. The penetration record of the mole was used to infer mechanical soil parameters such as the penetration resistance of the duricrust of 0.3–0.7 MPa and a penetration resistance of a deeper layer (> 30 cm depth) of 4.9±0.4 MPa. Using the mole’s thermal sensors, thermal conductivity and diffusivity were measured. Applying cone penetration theory, the resistance of the duricrust was used to estimate a cohesion of the latter of 2–15 kPa depending on the internal friction angle of the duricrust. Pushing the scoop with its blade into the surface and chopping off a piece of duricrust provided another estimate of the cohesion of 5.8 kPa. The hammerings of the mole were recorded by the seismometer SEIS and the signals were used to derive P-wave and S-wave velocities representative of the topmost tens of cm of the regolith. Together with the density provided by a thermal conductivity and diffusivity measurement using the mole’s thermal sensors, the elastic moduli were calculated from the seismic velocities. Using empirical correlations from terrestrial soil studies between the shear modulus and cohesion, the previous cohesion estimates were found to be consistent with the elastic moduli. The combined data were used to derive a model of the regolith that has an about 20 cm thick duricrust underneath a 1 cm thick unconsolidated layer of sand mixed with dust and above another 10 cm of unconsolidated sand. Underneath the latter, a layer more resistant to penetration and possibly containing debris from a small impact crater is inferred. The thermal conductivity increases from 14 mW/m K to 34 mW/m K through the 1 cm sand/dust layer, keeps the latter value in the duricrust and the sand layer underneath and then increases to 64 mW/m K in the sand/gravel layer below., Space Science Reviews, 218 (8), ISSN:1572-9672, ISSN:0038-6308

Published
2022

7. In-situ regolith seismic velocity measurement at the InSight landing site on Mars

Author

Brinkman, Nienke, primary, Schmelzbach, Cedric, additional, Sollberger, David, additional, ten Pierick, Jan, additional, Edme, Pascal, additional, Haag, Thomas, additional, Kedar, Sharon, additional, Hudson, Troy L., additional, Andersson, Fredrik, additional, van Driel, Martin, additional, Nicollier, Tobias, additional, Robertsson, Johan O. A., additional, Giardini, Domenico, additional, Spohn, Tilman, additional, Krause, Christian, additional, Grott, Matthias, additional, Knollenberg, Joerg, additional, Hurst, Ken Joslin, additional, Rochas, Ludovic, additional, Vallade, Julien, additional, Blandin, Steve, additional, Lognonné, Philippe Henri, additional, Pike, William Thomas, additional, and Banerdt, William Bruce, additional

Published
2022
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9. A Reconstruction Algorithm for Temporally Aliased Seismic Signals Recorded by the InSight Mars Lander

Author

Sollberger, David, primary, Schmelzbach, Cedric, additional, Andersson, Fredrik, additional, Robertsson, Johan O. A., additional, Brinkman, Nienke, additional, Kedar, Sharon, additional, Banerdt, William B., additional, Clinton, John, additional, van Driel, Martin, additional, Garcia, Raphael, additional, Giardini, Domenico, additional, Grott, Matthias, additional, Haag, Thomas, additional, Hudson, Troy L., additional, Lognonné, Philippe, additional, Pierick, Jan ten, additional, Pike, William, additional, Spohn, Tilman, additional, Stähler, Simon C., additional, and Zweifel, Peter, additional

Published
2021
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10. The InSight HP³ Penetrator (Mole) on Mars: Soil Properties Derived From the Penetration Attempts and Related Activities

Author

Spohn, Tilman, Hudson, Troy L., Marteau, Eloïse, Golombek, Matthew, Grott, Matthias, Wippermann, Torben, Ali, Khaled S., Schmelzbach, Cédric, Kedar, Sharon, Hurst, Kenneth, Trebi-Ollennu, Ashitey, Ansan, Véronique, Garvin, James, Knollenberg, Jörg, Müller, N., Piqueux, Sylvain, Lichtenheldt, Roy, Krause, Christian, Fantinati, Cinzia, Brinkman, Nienke, Sollberger, David, Delage, Pierre, Vrettos, Christos, Reershemius, Siebo, Wisniewski, Lukasz, Grygorczuk, Jurek, Robertsson, Johan O.A., Edme, Pascal, Andersson, Fredrik, Krömer, O., Lognonné, Philippe, Giardini, Domenico, Smrekar, Suz̀anne E., and Banerdt, William B.

Subjects
record of operating a penetrator on Mars, martian soil mechanical and thermal properties, Homestead Hollow near surface structure
Abstract

The NASA InSight Lander on Mars includes the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package HP3 to measure the surface heat flow of the planet. The package uses temperature sensors that would have been brought to the target depth of 3--5 m by a small penetrator, nicknamed the mole. The mole requiring friction on its hull to balance remaining recoil from its hammer mechanism did not penetrate to the targeted depth. Instead, by precessing about a point midway along its hull, it carved a 7 cm deep and 5-6 cm wide pit and reached a depth of initially 31 cm. The root cause of the failure - as was determined through an extensive, almost two years long campaign - was a lack of friction in an unexpectedly thick cohesive duricrust. During the campaign -- described in detail in this paper -- the mole penetrated further aided by friction applied using the scoop at the end of the robotic Instrument Deployment Arm and by direct support by the latter. The mole finally reached a depth of 40 cm, bringing the mole body 1--2 cm below the surface. The penetration record of the mole and its thermal sensors were used to measure thermal and mechanical soil parameters such as the thermal conductivity and the penetration resistance of the duricrust and its cohesion. The hammerings of the mole were recorded by the seismometer SEIS and the signals could be used to derive a P-wave velocity and a S-wave velocity and elastic moduli representative of the topmost tens of cm of the regolith. The combined data were used to derive a model of the regolith that has an about 20 cm thick duricrust underneath a 1 cm thick unconsolidated layer of sand mixed with dust and above another 10 cm of unconsolidated sand. Underneath the latter, a layer more resistant to penetration and possibly consisting of debris from a small impact crater is inferred., arXiv

Published
2021
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11. Near surface properties derived from Phobos transits with HP RAD³ on InSight, Mars

Author

Mueller, Nils T, primary, Piqueux, Sylvain, additional, Lemmon, Mark T, additional, Maki, Justin N., additional, Lorenz, Ralph D., additional, Grott, Matthias, additional, Spohn, Tilman, additional, Smrekar, Suzanne E., additional, Knollenberg, Joerg, additional, Hudson, Troy L., additional, Krause, Christian, additional, Millour, Ehouarn, additional, Francois, Forget, additional, Golombek, Matthew P., additional, Hagermann, Axel, additional, Attree, Nicholas, additional, Siegler, Matthew Adam, additional, and Banerdt, William Bruce, additional

Published
2021
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12. On the sublimation of ice particles on the surface of Mars; with applications to the 2007/8 Phoenix Scout mission

Author

Taylor, Peter A., Baibakov, Konstantin, Brown, Stephen, Hecht, Michael H., Hudson, Troy L., Li, P.-Y., Lange, Carlos F., Prieto, Luis, and Savelyev, Sergiy

Subjects
Mars (Planet) -- Observations, Mars (Planet) -- Research, Mars (Planet) -- Environmental aspects, Mars probes -- Reports, Astronomy, Earth sciences
Abstract

Experimental studies related to the sublimation of ice, in bulk or as small particles, alone or mixed with dust similar to that expected on the surface of Mars, are reported. The experiments, a cloud physics particle sublimation model, and a convection model presented by Ingersoll, all indicate a strong dependence of sublimation rate on temperature, and this appears to be the dominant factor, assuming that the relative humidity of the air is fairly low. In addition the rate of loss of water vapour appears to depend primarily on exposed surface area and less on particle size and the total mass of the sample, or the mass of ice in the sample. The 2007/8 Phoenix Scout mission plans to obtain and analyse samples of sub-surface ice from about 70[degrees] N on Mars. A concern is that these samples, in the form of ice chips of size about 1 mm diameter, could be prone to sublimation when exposed for prolonged periods (many hours) to a relatively warm and dry atmosphere. Our laboratory simulations confirm that this could be a problem if particles are simply left lying on the surface, but also indicate that samples kept suitably cold and collected together in confined piles will survive long enough for the collection and delivery (to the analysis instruments) procedure to be completed. Keywords: Mars, surface; Mars, atmosphere; Mars, climate

Published
2006

13. Thermal Conductivity of the Martian Soil at the InSight Landing site from HP$^{3}$ Active Heating Experiments

Author

Grott, Matthias, primary, Spohn, T., additional, Knollenberg, Joerg, additional, Krause, Christian, additional, Hudson, Troy L., additional, Piqueux, Sylvain, additional, Müller, N., additional, Golombek, Matthew P., additional, Vrettos, Christos, additional, Marteau, Eloise, additional, Nagihara, Seiichi, additional, Morgan, Paul, additional, Murphy, J.P., additional, Siegler, Matthew Adam, additional, King, Scott D., additional, Smrekar, Suzanne E, additional, and Banerdt, William Bruce, additional

Published
2021
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14. A reconstruction algorithm for temporally aliased seismic signals recorded by the InSight Mars lander

Author

Sollberger, David, primary, Schmelzbach, Cedric, additional, Andersson, Fredrik, additional, Robertsson, Johan O. A., additional, Brinkman, Nienke, additional, Kedar, Sharon, additional, Banerdt, Bruce, additional, Clinton, John, additional, van Driel, Martin, additional, Garcia, Raphael F., additional, Giardini, Domenico, additional, Grott, Matthias, additional, Haag, Thomas, additional, Hudson, Troy L., additional, Lognonné, Philippe, additional, ten Pierick, Jan, additional, Pike, William Thomas, additional, Spohn, Tilman, additional, Stähler, Simon C., additional, and Zweifel, Peter, additional

Published
2020
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15. Sparse Reconstruction of Aliased Seismic Signals Recorded During the Insight Mars Mission

Author

Sollberger, David, primary, Schmelzbach, Cedric, additional, Andersson, Fredrik, additional, Robertsson, Johan O. A., additional, Kedar, Sharon, additional, Banerdt, William B., additional, Brinkman, Nienke, additional, Clinton, John, additional, van Driel, Martin, additional, Garcia, Raphael, additional, Giardini, Domenico, additional, Grott, Matthias, additional, Haag, Thomas, additional, Hudson, Troy L., additional, Lognonne, Philippe, additional, Pierick, Jan ten, additional, Pike, William, additional, Spohn, Tilman, additional, Stahler, Simon C., additional, and Zweifel, Peter, additional

Published
2019
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16. Non-Contact Thermal Properties Measurement with Low-Power Laser and IR Camera System

Author

Hudson, Troy L and Hecht, Michael H

Subjects
Man/System Technology And Life Support
Abstract

As shown by the Phoenix Mars Lander's Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Probe (TECP), contact measurements of thermal conductivity and diffusivity (using a modified flux-plate or line-source heat-pulse method) are constrained by a number of factors. Robotic resources must be used to place the probe, making them unavailable for other operations for the duration of the measurement. The range of placement is also limited by mobility, particularly in the case of a lander. Placement is also subject to irregularities in contact quality, resulting in non-repeatable heat transfer to the material under test. Most important from a scientific perspective, the varieties of materials which can be measured are limited to unconsolidated or weakly-cohesive regolith materials, rocks, and ices being too hard for nominal insertion strengths. Accurately measuring thermal properties in the laboratory requires significant experimental finesse, involving sample preparation, controlled and repeatable procedures, and, practically, instrumentation much more voluminous than the sample being tested (heater plates, insulation, temperature sensors). Remote measurements (infrared images from orbiting spacecraft) can reveal composite properties like thermal inertia, but suffer both from a large footprint (low spatial resolution) and convolution of the thermal properties of a potentially layered medium. In situ measurement techniques (the Phoenix TECP is the only robotic measurement of thermal properties to date) suffer from problems of placement range, placement quality, occupation of robotic resources, and the ability to only measure materials of low mechanical strength. A spacecraft needs the ability to perform a non-contact thermal properties measurement in situ. Essential components include low power consumption, leveraging of existing or highly-developed flight technologies, and mechanical simplicity. This new in situ method, by virtue of its being non-contact, bypasses all of these problems. The use of photons to both excite and measure the thermal response of any surface material to a high resolution (estimated footprint = 10 square centimeters) is a generational leap in physical properties measurements. The proposed method consists of spot-heating the surface of a material with a low (less than 1 W) power laser. This produces a moderate (5-10 K) temperature increase in the material.

Published
2011

17. Phoenix and MRO coordinated atmospheric measurements

Author

Tamppari, Leslie K., primary, Bass, Deborah, additional, Cantor, Bruce, additional, Daubar, Ingrid, additional, Dickinson, Cameron, additional, Fisher, David, additional, Fujii, Ken, additional, Gunnlauggson, Haraldur P., additional, Hudson, Troy L., additional, Kass, David, additional, Kleinböhl, Armin, additional, Komguem, Leonce, additional, Lemmon, Mark T., additional, Mellon, Mike, additional, Moores, John, additional, Pankine, Alexey, additional, Pathak, Jagruti, additional, Searls, Mindi, additional, Seelos, Frank, additional, Smith, Michael D., additional, Smrekar, Sue, additional, Taylor, Peter, additional, Holstein-Rathlou, Christina, additional, Weng, Wensong, additional, Whiteway, Jim, additional, and Wolff, Mike, additional

Published
2010
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