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18. Vertebrate reservoirs of arboviruses: Myth, synonym of amplifier, or reality?

Author

Kuno, G., Mackenzie, John, Junglen, S., Hubálek, Z., Plyusnin, A., Gubler, D., Kuno, G., Mackenzie, John, Junglen, S., Hubálek, Z., Plyusnin, A., and Gubler, D.

Abstract

The rapid succession of the pandemic of arbovirus diseases, such as dengue, West Nile fever, chikungunya, and Zika fever, has intensified research on these and other arbovirus diseases worldwide. Investigating the unique mode of vector-borne transmission requires a clear understanding of the roles of vertebrates. One major obstacle to this understanding is the ambiguity of the arbovirus definition originally established by the World Health Organization. The paucity of pertinent information on arbovirus transmission at the time contributed to the notion that vertebrates played the role of reservoir in the arbovirus transmission cycle. Because this notion is a salient feature of the arbovirus definition, it is important to reexamine its validity. This review addresses controversial issues concerning vertebrate reservoirs and their role in arbovirus persistence in nature, examines the genesis of the problem from a historical perspective, discusses various unresolved issues from multiple points of view, assesses the present status of the notion in light of current knowledge, and provides options for a solution to resolve the issue.

Published
2017

19. Vorkommen von Aspergillen und Scopulariopsiden in den Hautläsionen der Haustiere

Author

Hubálek Z and Balcaríková A

Subjects
Infectious Diseases, media_common.quotation_subject, Dermatology, General Medicine, Art, Skin lesion, Molecular biology, media_common
Abstract

Zusammenfassung Bei der auf Dermatomykosen eingestellten Untersuchung von Hautschuppen und Haa-ren der Haustiere im ostbohmischen Kreis wurden in 31 Proben (vor allem Hunde, Rind-vieh und Pferde) hefeartige und kurz hyphoide Elemente mykotischen Ursprungs wahr-genommen. Die kulturelle Untersuchung dieser Proben ergab am haufigsten Pilze der Gattung Aspergillus (Gruppen A. flavus, A. versicolor, A, glaucus u.a.) und Scopulariop-sis (fast ausschlieslich S. brevicaulis). Die Hautveranderungen, deren Lokalisierung vielfaltig war, wurden vorwiegend durch Haarverlust und Trockenheit der Epidermis mit Schuppenbildung charakterisiert. Die angefuhrten mikr oskopischen Elemente betrachten die Autoren als parasitare Phase dieser Schimmelpilze, und wenn auch die Frage der pathogenetischen Bedeutung der Aspergillen und Scopulariopsiden nicht eindeutig beantwortet werden kann, ver-muten sie, das mindestens in einigen der beschriebenen Falle die Bezeichnung Dermato-aspergillosen und/oder Scopulariopsidosen nicht unrichtig ist.

Published
2009

32. Surveillance for West Nile virus in wild birds from Northern Europe

Author

Jourdain, Elsa, Olsen, B., Lundkvist, A., Hubálek, Z., Sikutová, S., Waldenström, J., Jozan, M., Falk, K., ProdInra, Migration, Unité de Recherche d'Épidémiologie Animale (UR EpiA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Linnaeus University, Uppsala University, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Orange County Vector Control District, and Partenaires INRAE

Subjects
[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], wild bird, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], west nile virus, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, northern Europe
Abstract

National audience

Published
2010

33. Importance of bird-to-bird transmission for the establishment of West Nile Virus

Author

Hartemink, N.A., Davis, S.A., Reiter, P., Hubálek, Z., Heesterbeek, J.A.P., Strategic Infection Biology, Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren, Strategic Infection Biology, and Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren

Subjects
Diergeneeskunde, West Nile virus, viruses, Zoology, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, law.invention, law, basic reproduction number, Virology, Taverne, medicine, Animals, Close contact, Crows, model, Ro, Bird Diseases, fungi, virus diseases, Outbreak, Transmission cycle, biology.organism_classification, Flavivirus, Culicidae, Infectious Diseases, Transmission (mechanics), direct transmission, Female, bird-to-bird transmission, Basic reproduction number, Sparrows, West Nile Fever
Abstract

West Nile virus (WNV) is principally considered to be maintained in a mosquito-bird transmission cycle. Under experimental conditions, several other transmission routes have been observed, but the significance of these additional routes in nature is unknown. Here, we derive an expression for the basic reproduction number (R0) for WNV including all putative routes of transmission between birds and mosquitoes to gauge the relative importance of these routes for the establishment of WNV. Parameters were estimated from published experimental results. Sensitivity analysis reveals that R0 is sensitive to transmission between birds via close contact, but not to mosquito-to-mosquito transmission. In seasons or in areas where the mosquito-to-bird ratio is low, bird-to-bird transmission may be crucial in determining whether WNV can establish or not. We explain the use of R0 as a flexible tool to measure the risk of establishment of vector-borne diseases.

Published
2007

34. Francisella tularensis prevalence and load in Dermacentor reticulatus ticks in an endemic area in Central Europe.

Author

HUBÁLEK, Z. and RUDOLF, I.

Subjects
*FRANCISELLA tularensis, *DERMACENTOR, *DISEASE prevalence, *FLOODPLAIN ecology
Abstract

A total of 7778 host-seeking adult Dermacentor reticulatus ( Ixodida: Ixodidae) ticks were examined for the prevalence of Francisella tularensis holarctica ( Thiotrichales: Francisellaceae) in a natural focus of tularaemia in the floodplain forest-meadow ecosystem along the lower reaches of the Dyje ( Thaya) river in South Moravia ( Czech Republic) between 1995 and 2013. Ticks were pooled (10 specimens per pool) and their homogenates inoculated subcutaneously in 4-week-old specific pathogen-free mice. Dead mice were sectioned, their spleens cultivated on thioglycollate-glucose-blood agar and impression smears from the spleen, liver and heart blood were Giemsa-stained. Sixty-four pools were positive for F. tularensis: the overall minimum infection rate ( MIR) was 0.82%. Overall MIRs for the 4714 female and 3064 male D. reticulatus examined were 0.89 and 0.72%, respectively; MIRs fluctuated across years between 0.0 and 2.43%. The estimated bacterial load in infected ticks varied from 0.84 to 5.34 log10 infectious F. tularensis cells per tick (i.e. from about seven to 220 000 cells). Ticks with low loads were more prevalent; more than 1000 infectious cells were detected in 24 ticks (0.3% of all ticks and 37.5% of infected ticks). Monitoring of D. reticulatus for the presence and cell numbers of F. tularensis may be a valuable tool in the surveillance of tularaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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37. Importance of bird-to-bird transmission for the establishment of west nile virus

Author

Strategic Infection Biology, Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren, Hartemink, N.A., Davis, S.A., Reiter, P., Hubálek, Z., Heesterbeek, J.A.P., Strategic Infection Biology, Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren, Hartemink, N.A., Davis, S.A., Reiter, P., Hubálek, Z., and Heesterbeek, J.A.P.

Published
2007

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