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Finite-control-set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) has advantages of multi-objective optimization and easy implementation. To reduce the computational burden and switching frequency, this article proposed a simplified MPC for dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (DTP-PMSM). The novelty of this method is the decomposition of prediction function and the switching optimization algorithm. Based on the decomposition of prediction function, the current increment vector is obtained, which is employed to select the optimal voltage vector and calculate the duty cycle. Then, the computation burden can be reduced and the current tracking performance can be maintained. Additionally, the switching optimization algorithm was proposed to optimize the voltage vector action sequence, which results in lower switching frequency. Hence, this control strategy can not only reduce the computation burden and switching frequency, but also maintain the steady-state and dynamic performance. The simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed strategy.

Abstract Multiphase permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) have attracted much more attention for their high efficiency, low torque ripple and good fault tolerance. However, open‐circuit fault results in asymmetrical motor behaviour, and deteriorates torque performance, especially dynamic response. This paper proposes a novel fault‐tolerant direct torque and flux control (DTFC) strategy to restrain fluctuating torque and enhance torque dynamic performance of a five‐phase PMSM with open‐circuit fault. The novelty of the proposed strategy is the development of DTFC based on stator flux orientation under the open‐circuit fault condition and the third harmonic current suppression with carrier‐based pulse width modulation technology. Consequently, the decoupling control of torque and stator flux can be achieved under the open‐circuit fault condition, and the third harmonic current can be restrained without additional control. Combined with deadbeat control, the heavy computation burden can be reduced. Thus, the proposed strategy not only can enhance torque dynamic performance under open‐circuit fault operation, but also keep smooth torque with circular stator flux trajectory before and after open‐circuit fault. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified by the simulation and experimental results.

This paper presents the solar-driven electrocarboxylation of 2-bromopyridine (2-BP) with CO2 into high-value-added chemicals 2-picolinic acid (2-PA) using dye-sensitized photovoltaics under simulated sunlight. Using three series-connected photovoltaic modules and an Ag electrode with excellent catalytic performance, a Faraday efficiency (FE) of 33.3% is obtained for 2-PA under mild conditions. The experimental results show that photovoltaics-driven systems for electrocarboxylation conversion of CO2 with heterocyclic halide to afford value-added heterocyclic carboxylic acid are feasible and effective.

A concrete production system (CPS) fault in dam engineering is one of the important factors influencing dam construction quality, which may directly affect the concrete-pouring construction progress and construction efficiency of the dam, and can even cause construction quality defects in the dam body. Reasonable classification and identification are of great significance to ensure the construction progress and quality of concrete dams. In this study, based on the concrete production logs of multiple concrete dams and literature reviews, a fault classification system for a CPS is proposed by comprehensively considering its mechanical structure characteristics and operating characteristics. The faults of the CPS are divided into 4 large categories and 22 subcategories. Additionally, the causes of CPS faults are summarized as human factors, environmental factors, mechanical component service life factors, and other factors. Based on the grey correlation analysis (GCA) method, a fault identification model of the CPS is established. With the actual production system fault statistical data of Shatuo hydropower station, the correlation coefficients for the four types of faults and the four influencing factors are calculated to determine the key faults of the CPS. The research results of the case study show that the service life factors of mechanical components have the greatest impact on batching metering system faults and mixer faults, with high grey correlation degrees of 84.66% and 76.85%, respectively. Environmental factors have the greatest impact on material delivery system faults and pneumatic system faults, with high grey correlation degrees of 90.81% and 94.9%, respectively. This paper provides theoretical support for the realization of fault pattern recognition of CPSs and provides a guiding reference for targeted fault handling.

Abstract This paper investigates the unbalanced magnetic force (UMF) produced by angular eccentricity in a magnetic screw. The principle of eccentricity is briefly outlined and an analytical expression that can be used to predict UMF of a magnetic screw is established. A 3D magnetic screw model with helically magnetized permanent magnets (PM) has been built and simulated in ANSYS Maxwell with different angular eccentricities. Comparing the finite elements (FE) simulation and analytical calculation results, there is a certain difference in the UMF of the magnetic screw, which is also caused by the asymmetry of the magnetic screw structure. It has been shown that compared to the linear tubular PM motor with the same thrust force capability, the magnetic screw has a much small UMF, which greatly simplifies the mechanical design of the magnetic screw.

The unconsolidated near surface and large, daily temperature variations in the desert environment degrade the vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data, posing the need for rigorous quality control. Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) VSP data are often benchmarked using geophone surveys as a gold standard. This study showcases a new simulation-based way to assess the quality of DAS VSP acquired in the desert without geophone data. The depth uncertainty of the DAS channels in the wellbore is assessed by calibrating against formation depth based on the concept of conservation of the energy flux. Using the 1D velocity model derived from checkshot data, we simulate both DAS and geophone VSP data via an elastic pseudo-spectral finite difference method, and estimate the source and receiver signatures using matching filters. These field geophone data show high amplitude variations between channels that cannot be replicated in the simulation. In contrast, the DAS simulation shows a high visual similarity with the field DAS first arrival waveforms. The simulated source and receiver signatures are visually indistinguishable from the field DAS data in this study. Since under perfect conditions, the receiver signatures should be invariant with depth, we propose a new DAS data quality control metric based on local variations of the receiver signatures which does not require geophone measurements.

In the machining process for herringbone gears manufactured by numerical control gear-shaping machines, out-of-tolerance problems of symmetry error generally exist. This paper proposed a high-precision control of spatial symmetry error in the one-time forming machining for herringbone gear. To improve the machining symmetry accuracy and quality of herringbone gear, a mathematical model of measurement, evaluation and compensation for spatial symmetry error was established based on the least square method. Meanwhile, a new shaping machining method based on spatial symmetry error detection and compensation was proposed. The test results indicated that the proposed method can maintain symmetry within 0.02 mm. This study provided a novel spatial symmetry error detection and compensation machining method for herringbone gear that has advantages compared to traditional methods in terms of machining accuracy, efficiency, and continuous machining type.

With the influence of intense solar radiation heat and the greater temperature difference between day and night, surface concrete with a drastic temperature change can easily experience a great nonlinear temperature difference, which increases the risk of early-age concrete cracking. In this study, a distributed optical fiber temperature sensing (DTS) system is used to monitor the surface temperature gradient of concrete in real time, and a solar radiation heat monitoring test is also carried out based on the Baihetan project. Based on this, a solar radiation loading model and a finite element model of a typical pouring block considering solar radiation are established. Combined with the measured temperature data and different calculation conditions, the surface temperature changes of medium-heat and low-heat concrete experiencing solar radiation are analyzed, and the temperature control effect of surface concrete with different surface insulation measures is further analyzed. The results show that the temperature variation of medium-heat concrete at the same depth is more obvious than that of low-heat concrete. Additionally, the temperature variation of low-heat concrete is noticeable within 20 cm of the top surface. In addition, in an intense solar radiation environment, covering the concrete with a 4- or 5-centimeter-thick polyethylene coil can effectively control the surface temperature gradient and maximum daily amplitude of low-heat concrete, and surface concrete cured by running water has a significant temperature control effect. Therefore, it is suggested that 22–24 °C water temperatures be used for water curing during periods of intense solar radiation during the day and a 4-centimeter-thick polyethylene coil be used for coverage at night. These study results have been employed in the Baihetan project to optimize the temperature control scheme of the pouring blocks.

An efficient and accurate method for concrete thermal parameter inversion is essential to guarantee the reliable and prompt thermal analysis results of dams. Traditional inversion methods either suffer from low analysis efficiency or are limited in accuracy. Thus, this paper presents a method for multiple thermal parameter inversion based on an integrated surrogate model (ISM) and the Jaya algorithm. This method replaces finite element analysis with an ISM incorporating three machine learning algorithms, Kriging, support vector regression (SVR), and radial basis function (RBF), to describe the mapping relationship between thermal parameters and structure temperature responses. The input datasets for model training and testing are generated by a uniform design approach. Subsequently, a simple and efficient global optimization algorithm, Jaya, is used to identify the thermal parameters by minimizing the error between calculated and monitored temperatures. The effectiveness and practicality of this method are verified by applying monitored data of two strength grades of concrete in a dam. The verification results indicate that the proposed approach can obtain more accurate inversion results than the above individual models. Compared with these models, the inversion errors using ISM are reduced by 8.45%, 3.93% and 20.85%, respectively for C35 concrete, and by 6.53%, 23.82% and 44.43%, respectively for C40 concrete. Additionally, this approach maintains the powerful computational efficiency of surrogate-based optimization, and compared to the methods that directly invert using swarm intelligence algorithms, the analysis efficiency is improved by about 111.7 times.

Multi-phase permanent-magnet (PM) motor is a competitive candidate for application where uninterrupted operation is demanded under fault condition. However, double-phase open-circuit or short-circuit faults result in serious problems, such as high fluctuating-torque, deteriorated dynamic performance, even breakdown. This paper proposes a novel unified decoupling vector control strategy to restrain torque fluctuations and improve dynamic performance for a five-phase PM motor with arbitrary double-phase failures. The novelty of the proposed strategy is the development of reduced-order orthogonal transformation matrices and remedies voltages, and then the smooth operation with vector control strategy can be achieved under double-phase open-circuit or short-circuit fault condition. The decoupled motor model in the synchronous rotating frame is achieved by the combination of the reduced-order orthogonal transformation matrices deduced from the optimal fault-tolerant currents and the remedy voltages. The torque fluctuations cancellation is achieved by the remedy voltages. This control strategy exhibits the improved dynamic performance with smooth torque of the faulty PM motor. The experimental results are presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed strategy.

The n-type Ce:ZnO (NL) grown using a hydrothermal method was deposited on a p-type boron-doped nanoleaf diamond (BDD) film to fabricate an n-Ce:ZnO NL/p-BDD heterojunction. It shows a significant enhancement in photoluminescence (PL) intensity and a more pronounced blue shift of the UV emission peak (from 385 nm to 365 nm) compared with the undoped heterojunction (n-ZnO/p-BDD). The prepared heterojunction devices demonstrate good thermal stability and excellent rectification characteristics at different temperatures. As the temperature increases, the turn-on voltage and ideal factor (n) of the device gradually decrease. The electronic transport behaviors depending on temperature of the heterojunction at different bias voltages are discussed using an equilibrium band diagram and semiconductor theoretical model.

In recent years, permanent magnet vernier (PMV) machines have been attracting more and more attention due to the inherently exhibited advantages such as high torque density and simple mechanical structure. In this paper, a consequent pole (CP) PMV machine with single-layer concentrated winding is proposed. The novelty is that the asymmetric air-gap field distribution is introduced to improve its working harmonics and to reduce the PM consumption. By employing a CP structure, the flux density amplitude can be enhanced. Moreover, due to uneven distribution of modulator poles on the armature teeth and fault tolerant teeth, the number of periods of modulator poles is only half of that of the stator teeth. Then, significant improvement in flux density working harmonics can be achieved. Furthermore, the superior electromagnetic decoupling capability can be achieved by introducing the fault-tolerant teeth. The relevant electromagnetic performance such as flux density, back electromotive forces, cogging torque and on-load torque have been calculated by using finite-element analyses, which have also been validated by experiments.

While bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) has emerged as a promising photoanode in solar water splitting, it still suffers from poor electron-hole separation and electron transport properties. Therefore, the development of BiVO4 nanomaterials that enable performing high charge transfer rate at the interface and lowering charge recombination is urgent needed. Herein, cobalt borate (Co-B) nanoparticle arrays anchored on electrospun W-doped BiVO4 porous nanotubes (BiV0.97W0.03O4) was prepared for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation. One-dimensional, free-standing and porousBiV0.97W0.03O4/Co-B nanotubes was synthesized through electrospun and electrodeposition process. BiV0.97W0.03O4/Co-B arrays exhibit a unique self-supporting core-shell structure with rough porous surface, providing abundant conductive cofactor (W) and electrochemically active sites (Co) exposed to the electrolyte. When applied to PEC water oxidation. BiV0.97W0.03O4/Co-B modified FTO electrode displays high incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 33% at 405 nm (at 1.23 V vs. RHE) and its photocurrent density is about 4 times to the pristine nanotube. The higher PEC water oxidation properties of BiV0.97W0.03O4/Co-B porous nanotubes may be attributed to the effectively suppress the electron-hole recombination at electrolyte interface due to its self-supporting core-shell structure, the high electrocatalytic activity of Co and the good electrical conductivity of BiV0.97W0.03O4 arrays. This work offers a simple preparation strategy for the integrated Co-B nanoparticle with BiV0.97W0.03O4 nanotube, demonstrating the synergistic effect of co-catalysts for PEC water oxidation.

Minimizing the thermal cracks in mass concrete at an early age can be achieved by removing the hydration heat as quickly as possible within initial cooling period before the next lift is placed. Recognizing the time needed to remove hydration heat within initial cooling period helps to take an effective and efficient decision on temperature control plan in advance. Thermal properties of concrete, water cooling parameters and construction parameter are the most influencing factors involved in the process and the relationship between these parameters are non-linear in a pattern, complicated and not understood well. Some attempts had been made to understand and formulate the relationship taking account of thermal properties of concrete and cooling water parameters. Thus, in this study, an effort have been made to formulate the relationship for the same taking account of thermal properties of concrete, water cooling parameters and construction parameter, with the help of two soft computing techniques namely: Genetic programming (GP) software “Eureqa” and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Relationships were developed from the data available from recently constructed high concrete double curvature arch dam. The value of R for the relationship between the predicted and real cooling time from GP and ANN model is 0.8822 and 0.9146 respectively. Relative impact on target parameter due to input parameters was evaluated through sensitivity analysis and the results reveal that, construction parameter influence the target parameter significantly. Furthermore, during the testing phase of proposed models with an independent set of data, the absolute and relative errors were significantly low, which indicates the prediction power of the employed soft computing techniques deemed satisfactory as compared to the measured data.

Resulting from the drastic increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration day by day, global warming has become a serious environmental issue nowadays. The fixation of CO2 to obtain desirable, economically competitive chemicals has recently received considerable attention. This work investigates the fixation of CO2 along with three bromopyridines via a facile electrochemical method using a silver cathode to synthesize picolinic acids, which are important industrial and fine chemicals. Cyclic voltammetry is employed to investigate the cyclic voltammetric behaviour of bromopyridines. In addition, systematic study is conducted to study the relationships between the picolinic acids' yield and the electrolysis conditions and intrinsic parameters. The results show that the target picolinic acids' yields are strongly dependent on various conditions such as solvent, supporting electrolyte, current density, cathode material, charge passed, temperature and the nature of the substrates. Moreover, in the studied electrode materials such as Ag, Ni, Ti, Pt and GC, electrolysis and cyclic voltammetry show that Ag has a good electrocatalytic effect on the reduction and carboxylation of bromopyridine. This facile electrochemical route for fixation of CO2 provides an indispensable reference for the conversion and utilization of CO2 under mild conditions.

Vehicle active safety control is attracting ever increasing attention in the attempt to improve the stability and the maneuverability of electric vehicles. In this paper, a neural network combined inverse (NNCI) controller is proposed, incorporating the merits of left-inversion and right-inversion. As the left-inversion soft-sensor can estimate the sideslip angle, while the right-inversion is utilized to decouple control. Then, the proposed NNCI controller not only linearizes and decouples the original nonlinear system, but also directly obtains immeasurable state feedback in constructing the right-inversion. Hence, the proposed controller is very practical in engineering applications. The proposed system is co-simulated based on the vehicle simulation package CarSim in connection with Matlab/Simulink. The results verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Three-dimensional (3D) graphene composites have drawn increasing attention in energy storage/conversion applications due to their unique structures and properties. Herein, we synthesized 3D honeycomb-like Ni3S2@graphene oxide composite (3D honeycomb-like Ni3S2@GO) by a one-pot hydrothermal method. We found that positive charges of Ni2+ and negative charges of NO3− in Ni(NO3)2 induced a transformation of graphene oxide with smooth surface into graphene oxide with wrinkled surface (w-GO). The w-GO in the mixing solution of Ni(NO3)2/thioacetamide/H2O evolved into 3D honeycomb-like Ni3S2@GO in solvothermal process. The GO effectively inhibited the aggregation of Ni3S2 nanoparticles. Photoelectrochemical cells based on 3D Ni3S2@GO synthesized at 60 mM l−1 Ni(NO3)2 exhibited the best energy conversion efficiency. 3D Ni3S2@GO had smaller charge transfer resistance and larger exchange current density than pure Ni3S2 for iodine reduction reaction. The cyclic stability of 3D honeycomb-like Ni3S2@GO was good in the iodine electrolyte. Results are of great interest for fundamental research and practical applications of 3D GO and its composites in solar water-splitting, artificial photoelectrochemical cells, electrocatalysts and Li-S or Na-S batteries.

Achieving an effective combination of various temperature control measures is critical for temperature control and crack prevention of concrete dams. This paper presents a procedure for optimizing the temperature control scheme of roller compacted concrete (RCC) dams that couples the finite element method (FEM) with a sensitivity analysis method. In this study, seven temperature control schemes are defined according to variations in three temperature control measures: concrete placement temperature, water-pipe cooling time, and thermal insulation layer thickness. FEM is employed to simulate the equivalent temperature field and temperature stress field obtained under each of the seven designed temperature control schemes for a typical overflow dam monolith based on the actual characteristics of a RCC dam located in southwestern China. A sensitivity analysis is subsequently conducted to investigate the degree of influence each of the three temperature control measures has on the temperature field and temperature tensile stress field of the dam. Results show that the placement temperature has a substantial influence on the maximum temperature and tensile stress of the dam, and that the placement temperature cannot exceed 15 °C. The water-pipe cooling time and thermal insulation layer thickness have little influence on the maximum temperature, but both demonstrate a substantial influence on the maximum tensile stress of the dam. The thermal insulation thickness is significant for reducing the probability of cracking as a result of high thermal stress, and the maximum tensile stress can be controlled under the specification limit with a thermal insulation layer thickness of 10 cm. Finally, an optimized temperature control scheme for crack prevention is obtained based on the analysis results.

OBJECTIVE To determine the transcriptional expression of mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) in MGC803 cell lines subjected by various time-phase hypoxic dispositions, and further to discuss the influence of mtDNA transcripts on hypoxic resistance to irradiation. METHODS The MGC803 cells exposed to anoxic environment were divided into control group (0 h), hypoxic group (2 h, 8 h, 16 h, 24 h) and irradiated group after exposing the hypoxia. RT-PCR was applied to detect the transcripts of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4), ND5, cytochrome b (cyt-b) and ATPase6 (ATP-6) in MGC803 cell lines at various time-phases of hypoxic, and after X-ray irradiation. Flow cytometry and colony formation assay were conducted to evaluate the cell cycle phase and survival fraction. RESULTS COI and ND4 transcripts of MGC803 cell lines were influenced remarkably by hypoxia. COI transcripts were decreased remarkably with the elongation time of exposing the hypoxic, and reduced to one fourth of its original amount of pre-hypoxia 24 h after exposing the hypoxia. ND4 transcripts were increased initially, and elevated to two folds 8 h after exposing the hypoxia, and then reduced to one second 24 h after exposing the hypoxia. Hypoxia resulted in G1 phase blockage, especially after hypoxia for 16 h. The survival fraction of MGC803 cells exposing the hypoxia in irradiated group showed that as the time of exposing the hypoxic before irradiation is prolonged, the survival fraction of MGC803 cells may have an elevated tendency. CONCLUSION The tumor cells with lower expression levels of the COI and the ND4 after exposing the hypoxic have stronger resistance to the radiation, which indicates that increasing the expression levels of the COI and the ND4 might be advantageous to enhance the sensitivity of hypoxic tumor cells to the radiotherapy.

Active suspension has not been popularized for high energy consumption. To address this issue, this paper introduces the concept of a new kind of suspension. The linear motor is considered to be integrated into an adjustable shock absorber to form the hybrid active semiactive suspension (HASAS). To realize the superiority of HASAS, its energy consumption and regeneration mechanisms are revealed. And the system controller which is composed of linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller, mode decision and switch controller, and the sliding mode control based thrust controller is developed. LQR controller is designed to maintain the suspension control objectives, while mode decision and switch controller decides the optimal damping level to tune motor thrust. The thrust controller ensures motor thrust tracking. An adjustable shock absorber with three regulating levels to be used in HASAS is trial produced and tested to obtain its working characteristics. Finally, simulation analysis is made with the experimental three damping characteristics. The impacts of adjustable damping on the motor force and energy consumption are investigated. Simulation results demonstrate the advantages of HASAS in energy conservation with various suspension control objectives. Even self-powered active control and energy regenerated to the power source can be realized.

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrate composition on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial populations in vitro. The treatments were organized in three different carbohydrate composition diets: the wheat fibre rich diet (WF) (67.2% wheat bran and 25.7% corn grain in concentration), mixed diet (MD) (45.1% wheat bran and 34.3% corn grain) and corn starch rich diet (CS) (2.1% wheat bran and 63.8% corn grain), respectively (n=6). The results showed that consumption of CS diet led to a decrease in NH3-N (ammonia nitrogen) concentration (PProtozoa population, as well as Streptococcus bovis (PButyrivibrio fibrisolvens population of WF and MD (8 h) was higher than that of CS (PButyrivibrio fibrisolvens population (24 h) got lower within WF treatment (P