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Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) is a serious late complication in patients with solid tumors, which is common in patients with lung cancer, breast cancer and melanoma. In recent years, due to the progress of diagnosis, the diagnosis rate of LM has gradually increased. The main goal of the therapy is to maintain neurological function, improve the quality of life and the overall survival rate, and prolong the progression-free survival time of patients. Intrathecal therapy is one of the main treatments for LM, which can deliver drugs directly to the subarachnoid space. The traditional intrathecal drugs are methotrexate, cytarabine and thiotepa. With the development of new research, a variety of chemotherapeutic drugs, targeted drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors have also been used in intrathecal therapy. In addition, different ways of intrathecal administration also bring new hope to patients. This article reviewed the clinical research progress of intrathecal therapy in the treatment of LM.

Serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is an important neurotransmitter.sup.1,2 that activates the largest subtype family of G-protein-coupled receptors.sup.3. Drugs that target 5-HT.sub.1A, 5-HT.sub.1D, 5-HT.sub.1E and other 5-HT receptors are used to treat numerous disorders.sup.4. 5-HT receptors have high levels of basal activity and are subject to regulation by lipids, but the structural basis for the lipid regulation and basal activation of these receptors and the pan-agonism of 5-HT remains unclear. Here we report five structures of 5-HT receptor-G-protein complexes: 5-HT.sub.1A in the apo state, bound to 5-HT or bound to the antipsychotic drug aripiprazole; 5-HT.sub.1D bound to 5-HT; and 5-HT.sub.1E in complex with a 5-HT.sub.1E- and 5-HT.sub.1F-selective agonist, BRL-54443. Notably, the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate is present at the G-protein-5-HT.sub.1A interface, and is able to increase 5-HT.sub.1A-mediated G-protein activity. The receptor transmembrane domain is surrounded by cholesterol molecules--particularly in the case of 5-HT.sub.1A, in which cholesterol molecules are directly involved in shaping the ligand-binding pocket that determines the specificity for aripiprazol. Within the ligand-binding pocket of apo-5-HT.sub.1A are structured water molecules that mimic 5-HT to activate the receptor. Together, our results address a long-standing question of how lipids and water molecules regulate G-protein-coupled receptors, reveal how 5-HT acts as a pan-agonist, and identify the determinants of drug recognition in 5-HT receptors. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of three different serotonin receptors in complex with serotonin and other agonists provide insights into the role of lipids in regulating these receptors and the structural basis of ligand recognition., Author(s): Peiyu Xu [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Sijie Huang [sup.2] [sup.3] [sup.4] , Huibing Zhang [sup.1] [sup.5] [sup.6] [sup.7] , Chunyou Mao [sup.1] [sup.5] [sup.6] [sup.7] , X. Edward Zhou [...]

This paper proposes a novel Switching Chaotic Coupled Map Lattices (SCCML) system based on Elementary Cellular Automata (ECA) to address issues found in Coupled Map Lattices (CML) systems such as period windows, poor lattice correlation, and limited chaotic behavior parameters. The system uses a bidirectional coupling method and introduces two ECA with different rules to continuously alter the indexes of the coupled lattices and the underlying chaotic mapping. This approach effectively mitigates correlation issues in CML systems. At the same time, the iterative results of ECA are cascaded with the chaotic mapping as a perturbation of the SCCML system to extend the parameter range of chaotic behavior. The Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy density and universality, bifurcation diagrams, uniformity and correlation are analyzed to investigate the dynamical properties of the proposed system. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate that, compared with other novel spatiotemporal chaotic systems, the proposed system eliminates periodic windows, expands the chaotic behavior parameter range, and decreases the correlation between different lattices. The above experimental results demonstrate the proposed system's excellent potential for cryptosystems and secure communication. Furthermore, an Encrypted Code Index Modulation (E-CIM) scheme based on reversible ECA encryption is proposed to address the problems of limited pseudo-random sequence resources and low spectrum utilization in direct sequence spread spectrum systems. The proposed scheme uses a chaotic sequence with good correlation and randomness generated by the SCCML spatiotemporal chaos system as the spreading code sequence. In the scheme, the information bits are divided into two parts, namely modulation bits and mapping bits. The modulation bits are mapped to points on the modulation constellation diagram. The mapping bits are encrypted using reversible ECA, and the mapped bits before and after encryption are mapped as spreading sequences with different indexes. Simulation and analysis show that under the same spectrum efficiency conditions, the BER performance of E-CIM is superior to that of the Code Index Modulation (CIM) and Generalized Code Index Modulation (GCIM) schemes by about 2–4 dB and superior to that of the Nonorthogonal Code Shift Keying and Code Index Modulation (N-CSK-CIM) scheme by about 0.5 dB in an additive Gaussian white noise channel when the BER is 10 − 5 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problems of small measurement range, large error and low efficiency of laboratory optical field angle testing, a high-precision, easy -operating, high-efficient, and widely used horizontal field angle test method is proposed. It comes to a conclusion that the test method can reduce the experimental error through the analysis of the principle of the field of view error and the calculation of laboratory simulation. The simulation results show that for cameras with a field of view of more than 150 degrees, the measurement error can be reduced by 37 degrees, and when the field of view of the camera under test is close to 170 degrees, the method can reduce the measurement error by nearly 54 degrees. Meanwhile, a wide-range horizontal field angle measurement method is proposed. The camera under test is moved on the supporting mobile platform to image the target test board, and then the imaging target is read by reading the scale value on the test board calculates the angle of the camera under test. This method can effectively avoid the measurement error of the angle caused by the distance between the center of the lens surface and the center of the entrance pupil, so as to quickly obtain the angle of view test results, and improve the testing accuracy, and it is also suitable for cameras that measure a wide range of field angles (wide-angle camera or fisheye camera, etc.) to solve the problem of laboratory testing a wide range of horizontal field angles.