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In this work, we report a simple method for solution-processed organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), where single-layer graphene acts as the anode and the hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene exfoliating agent (HBC-6ImBr) provides surface modification. In SEM images, the PEDOT:PSS solution fully covered the graphene electrode after coating with HBC-6ImBr. The fabricated solution-processed OLEDs with a single-layer graphene anode showed outstanding brightness at 3182 cd/m² and current efficiency up to 6 cd/A which is comparable to that of indium tin oxide films, and the OLED device brightness performance increases six times compared to tri-layer graphene treated with UV-Ozone at the same driving voltage. This method can be used in a wide variety of solution-processed organic optoelectronics on surface-modified graphene anodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we demonstrate the use of self-assembly to fabricate solution-processed molybdenum oxide (MoO3) films by simply casting a metal oxide solution onto an indium tin oxide substrate. The self-assembled MoO3 (SA-MoO3) films were used as hole injection layers (HILs) in green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes. The devices with SA-MoO3 HILs exhibited nearly double the efficiency of the one made with commonly used evaporated MoO3 (e-MoO3) HILs. This improvement was attributed to the much smoother surface and smaller grains of the SA-MoO3 films to reduce the leakage currents, as shown by monitoring the surface morphology via atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The work function and Mo 3d core level characteristics were determined via ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The e-MoO3 film offered better conductivity and hole injection ability; however, the increased device current may not enhance electroluminance proportionally. As a result, the efficiencies of SA-MoO3 devices were better than those of e-MoO3 devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has focused on complex cognitive dysfunction, but less attention has been paid to sensory perception processes underlying the symptoms of ADHD. Based on signal detection theory, the present study compared the sensory discrimination ability and decision bias of children with and without ADHD. It also investigated the differences between ADHD with predominantly inattentive (ADHDi) and combined presentations (ADHDc). The sample of 75 children and adolescents with ADHD (24 ADHDi, 51 ADHDc) (16 females and 59 males) and 22 typical developing controls (TD) (8 females and 14 males) completed an auditory signal detection task. Participants were asked to detect signals against levels of transient background noise (35, 45, 55, and 65 dB). The results showed that with the increase of noise levels, both the ADHD and TD groups demonstrated decreased sensory discrimination. Although both groups successfully detected signal against noise levels from 35 to 55 dB, the ADHD group showed lower discrimination ability than that of the TD group. For decision bias, no group difference was found. Further comparisons regarding the predominant symptom presentation of ADHD sub-groups showed no differences. Current research has suggested that the deficit in ADHD people's signal detection performance can be attributed to sensory discrimination rather than decision bias. We suggest that background noise should be taken into account when using auditory stimuli to investigate cognitive functions in people with ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated whether a self-designed assistive listening device (ALD) that incorporates an adaptive dynamic range optimization (ADRO) amplification strategy can surpass a commercially available monaurally worn linear ALD, SM100. Both subjective and objective measurements were implemented. Mandarin Hearing-In-Noise Test (MHINT) scores were the objective measurement, whereas participant satisfaction was the subjective measurement. The comparison was performed in a mixed design (i.e., subjects’ hearing status being mild or moderate, quiet versus noisy, and linear versus ADRO scheme). The participants were two groups of hearing-impaired subjects, nine mild and eight moderate, respectively. The results of the ADRO system revealed a significant difference in the MHINT sentence reception threshold (SRT) in noisy environments between monaurally aided and unaided conditions, whereas the linear system did not. The benchmark results showed that the ADRO scheme is effectively beneficial to people who experience mild or moderate hearing loss in noisy environments. The satisfaction rating regarding overall speech quality indicated that the participants were satisfied with the speech quality of both ADRO and linear schemes in quiet environments, and they were more satisfied with ADRO than they with the linear scheme in noisy environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In recent years, bismuth iodide (BiI3), a layered metal halide semiconducting light absorber with a wide bandgap of ≈1.8 eV and strong optical absorption in the visible region, has received greater attention for photovoltaic applications. In this study, ultrasensitive visible‐light photodetectors with graphene/BiI3 vertical heterostructures are achieved by van der Waals epitaxies. The BiI3 films deposited on graphene show flatter morphologies and significantly better crystallinities than that of BiI3 films on SiO2 substrates, mainly due to weak van der Waals interactions at the graphene/BiI3 interface. Hybrid photodetectors with highly crystalline graphene/BiI3 heterostructures demonstrate an ultrahigh responsivity of 6 × 106 A W−1, shot‐noise‐limited detectivity of 7 × 1014 Jones, and a relatively short response time of ≈8 ms. Compared to most previously reported graphene‐based hybrid photodetectors, these devices have comparable photosensitivities but a faster response speed and lower operation voltage, which is quite promising for ultralow intensity visible‐light sensors. Moreover, the electronic structure and interfacial chemistry at the graphene/BiI3 heterojunctions are investigated using photoemission spectroscopy. The results give clear evidence that no chemical interactions occur between graphene and BiI3, resulting in the van der Waals epitaxial growth, and the measured band bending consistently illustrates that a photoinduced charge transfer occurs at the graphene/BiI3 interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]