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Sharding is a technology that solves the problem of blockchain capacity expansion.However,sharding may make it ea-sier for malicious nodes to be concentrated in a single shard,thus hindering the safe operation of the entire system.This paper proposes a reputation-based sharding consensus protocol(RBSCP),which establishes a reputation mechanism to measure node behavior and encourage nodes to follow the protocol.The reputation level-based sharding method reduces the difference in the reputation level distribution in different shards,so as to prevent malicious nodes from concentrating on a single shard to do evil.A double-chain model combining verification chain and record chain is proposed.Through the differentiated storage of transactions,the storage capacity of the blockchain is expanded while the security of the blockchain is improved.By associating the vo-ting shares with the node reputation and differentiating the node commitments,a reputation-based fast Byzantine fault tolerance(RFBFT) algorithm is proposed,which enables honest nodes to reach consensus faster and reduces the impact of malicious nodes.Security analysis shows that RBSCP can guarantee the rationality of node distribution in shards and the security of consensus process,and prevent double spend attack and nothing at stake attack.Experimental results show that RBSCP can achieve low sharding latency,low consensus latency and high throughput under the premise of ensuring security.

With shifts in lifestyle and dietary patterns, obesity has become an increasing health issue among younger demographics, particularly affecting young adults. This trend is strongly associated with a heightened risk of developing chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular conditions. However, conventional health monitoring systems are often limited to basic parameters such as heart rate, pulse pressure (PP), and systolic blood pressure (SBP), which may not provide a comprehensive assessment of cardiac health. This study introduces an intelligent heart health monitoring system that leverages the Internet of Things (IoT) and advanced sensor technologies. By incorporating IoT-based sensors, this system aims to improve the early detection and continuous monitoring of cardiac function in young obese women. The research employed a TERUMO ES-P2000 to measure blood pressure and a PhysioFlow device to assess noninvasive cardiac hemodynamic parameters. Through precise sensor data collection, the study identified key indicators for monitoring cardiovascular health. Machine learning models and big data analysis were utilized to predict cardiac index (CI) values based on the sensor-derived inputs. The findings indicated that young obese women showed significant deviations in blood pressure (SBP and PP) and cardiac hemodynamic metrics (SVI, EDV, and ESV) at an early stage. The implementation of signal processing techniques and IoT sensors enhanced the CI prediction accuracy from 33% (using basic parameters like heart rate, PP, and SBP) to 66%. Moreover, the integration of extra sensor-based parameters, such as Stroke Volume Index (SVI) and Cardiac Output (CO), along with the use of color space transformations, successfully improved the prediction accuracy of the original data by 36.68%, increasing from 53.33% to 90.01%. This represents a significant improvement of 30.01% compared to the existing technology's accuracy of 60%. These results underscore the importance of utilizing sensor-derived parameters as critical early indicators of cardiac function in young obese women. This research advances smart healthcare through early cardiovascular risk assessment using AI and noninvasive sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the core of blockchain technology,consensus mechanism determines the performance,scalability,and security of blockchain systems.Aiming at the performance and scalability issues of current blockchains and the high cost of the incentives used to maintain the security of the systems,a trust-based dual-layer scalable consensus protocol (TDSCP) is proposed.First,the trust model and consensus algorithm of dual-layer cooperation are designed through a structured network.The trust model determines whether a node gets the right to generate blocks based on its trustworthiness to avoid the high cost of mining.Secondly,the dual-layer consensus algorithm within the partitions improves consensus efficiency,expands the number of nodes involved in consensus,and avoids the problem of system centralization.Finally,the verifiable random function and the multilevel graph partitioning algorithm are combined for partitioning nodes,which can effectively prevent malicious nodes from gathering and reduce the number of cross-partition transactions.The experimental results show that TDSCP improves the scalability of the blockchain system,the latency of its intra-partition algorithm consensus is lower,and the partition method significantly reduces the number of cross-partition transactions.

This study presents the design, synthesis, and comprehensive characterization of a novel series of D‐π‐A type malononitrile‐derived chromophores, BTC‐1–BTC‐4. Combining various spectroscopic techniques, nonlinear Z‐scan measurements, and quantum chemical calculations, we revealed the intricate relationship between nonlinear optical properties and the interplay of molecular structure, intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), and dipole moments (μ). Our experimental and computational findings corroborate that the polarization degree in the ground state, the charge separation in the excited state and twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) collectively dictate the nonlinear optical properties of the compounds. Notably, BTC‐1 exhibits an exceptional nonlinear absorption coefficient β value (2×10−8 m W−1), attributed to its optimized charge transfer efficiency and pronounced degree of charge separation. Our findings provide actionable insights for the rational design of high‐performance organic Nonlinear optics (NLO) materials with potential applications in advanced photonic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Procambarus clarkii is an economic freshwater aquaculture species which is popular with consumers for its delicious flavor and high protein content. Salinization of freshwater ecosystems is an increasingly pressing global issue that poses a significant threat to aquaculture. Salinity is an important environmental factor directly affecting the metabolism, growth, reproduction, and physiological processes of aquatic animals. In this study, crayfish were subjected to acute low salt (6 ppt) and high salt (18 ppt) stress and investigated using transcriptome sequencing technology. The response of the crayfish to different salinity stresses, especially immunity, metabolism, ion transport, and osmoregulation, was analyzed to illustrate the resistance mechanism of crayfish facing salt stress. The results of this study are intended to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms by which freshwater organisms respond to salinity stress and provide useful references for the healthy culture of crayfish and the utilization of saline soils. Salinization of freshwater ecosystems is a pressing global issue. Changes in salinity can exert severe pressure on aquatic animals and jeopardize their survival. Procambarus clarkii is a valuable freshwater aquaculture species that exhibits some degree of salinity tolerance, making it an excellent research model for freshwater aquaculture species facing salinity stress. In the present study, crayfish were exposed to acute low salt (6 ppt) and high salt (18 ppt) conditions. The organisms were continuously monitored at 6, 24, and 72 h using RNA-Seq to investigate the mechanisms of salt stress resistance. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the crayfish responded to salinity stress with numerous differentially expressed genes, and most of different expression genes was observed in high salinity group for 24h. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that metabolic pathways were the primary response pathways in crayfish under salinity stress. This suggests that crayfish may use metabolic pathways to compensate for energy loss caused by osmotic stress. Furthermore, gene expression analysis revealed the differential expression of immune and antioxidant-related pathway genes under salinity stress, implying that salinity stress induces immune disorders in crayfish. More genes related to cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, such as the Foxo, Wnt, Hippo, and Notch signaling pathways, responded to high-salinity stress. This suggests that regulating the cellular replication cycle and accelerating apoptosis may be necessary for crayfish to cope with high-salinity stress. Additionally, we identified 36 solute carrier family (SLC) genes related to ion transport, depicting possible ion exchange mechanisms in crayfish under salinity stress. These findings aimed to establish a foundation for understanding crustacean responses to salinity stress and their osmoregulatory mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]