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Sharding is a technology that solves the problem of blockchain capacity expansion.However,sharding may make it ea-sier for malicious nodes to be concentrated in a single shard,thus hindering the safe operation of the entire system.This paper proposes a reputation-based sharding consensus protocol(RBSCP),which establishes a reputation mechanism to measure node behavior and encourage nodes to follow the protocol.The reputation level-based sharding method reduces the difference in the reputation level distribution in different shards,so as to prevent malicious nodes from concentrating on a single shard to do evil.A double-chain model combining verification chain and record chain is proposed.Through the differentiated storage of transactions,the storage capacity of the blockchain is expanded while the security of the blockchain is improved.By associating the vo-ting shares with the node reputation and differentiating the node commitments,a reputation-based fast Byzantine fault tolerance(RFBFT) algorithm is proposed,which enables honest nodes to reach consensus faster and reduces the impact of malicious nodes.Security analysis shows that RBSCP can guarantee the rationality of node distribution in shards and the security of consensus process,and prevent double spend attack and nothing at stake attack.Experimental results show that RBSCP can achieve low sharding latency,low consensus latency and high throughput under the premise of ensuring security.

Simple Summary: Procambarus clarkii is an economic freshwater aquaculture species which is popular with consumers for its delicious flavor and high protein content. Salinization of freshwater ecosystems is an increasingly pressing global issue that poses a significant threat to aquaculture. Salinity is an important environmental factor directly affecting the metabolism, growth, reproduction, and physiological processes of aquatic animals. In this study, crayfish were subjected to acute low salt (6 ppt) and high salt (18 ppt) stress and investigated using transcriptome sequencing technology. The response of the crayfish to different salinity stresses, especially immunity, metabolism, ion transport, and osmoregulation, was analyzed to illustrate the resistance mechanism of crayfish facing salt stress. The results of this study are intended to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms by which freshwater organisms respond to salinity stress and provide useful references for the healthy culture of crayfish and the utilization of saline soils. Salinization of freshwater ecosystems is a pressing global issue. Changes in salinity can exert severe pressure on aquatic animals and jeopardize their survival. Procambarus clarkii is a valuable freshwater aquaculture species that exhibits some degree of salinity tolerance, making it an excellent research model for freshwater aquaculture species facing salinity stress. In the present study, crayfish were exposed to acute low salt (6 ppt) and high salt (18 ppt) conditions. The organisms were continuously monitored at 6, 24, and 72 h using RNA-Seq to investigate the mechanisms of salt stress resistance. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the crayfish responded to salinity stress with numerous differentially expressed genes, and most of different expression genes was observed in high salinity group for 24h. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that metabolic pathways were the primary response pathways in crayfish under salinity stress. This suggests that crayfish may use metabolic pathways to compensate for energy loss caused by osmotic stress. Furthermore, gene expression analysis revealed the differential expression of immune and antioxidant-related pathway genes under salinity stress, implying that salinity stress induces immune disorders in crayfish. More genes related to cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, such as the Foxo, Wnt, Hippo, and Notch signaling pathways, responded to high-salinity stress. This suggests that regulating the cellular replication cycle and accelerating apoptosis may be necessary for crayfish to cope with high-salinity stress. Additionally, we identified 36 solute carrier family (SLC) genes related to ion transport, depicting possible ion exchange mechanisms in crayfish under salinity stress. These findings aimed to establish a foundation for understanding crustacean responses to salinity stress and their osmoregulatory mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the core of blockchain technology,consensus mechanism determines the performance,scalability,and security of blockchain systems.Aiming at the performance and scalability issues of current blockchains and the high cost of the incentives used to maintain the security of the systems,a trust-based dual-layer scalable consensus protocol (TDSCP) is proposed.First,the trust model and consensus algorithm of dual-layer cooperation are designed through a structured network.The trust model determines whether a node gets the right to generate blocks based on its trustworthiness to avoid the high cost of mining.Secondly,the dual-layer consensus algorithm within the partitions improves consensus efficiency,expands the number of nodes involved in consensus,and avoids the problem of system centralization.Finally,the verifiable random function and the multilevel graph partitioning algorithm are combined for partitioning nodes,which can effectively prevent malicious nodes from gathering and reduce the number of cross-partition transactions.The experimental results show that TDSCP improves the scalability of the blockchain system,the latency of its intra-partition algorithm consensus is lower,and the partition method significantly reduces the number of cross-partition transactions.

Traditional artificial skin gels often only focuses on a single perspective and overlooks the necessity of multidimensional synergistic design for sensitivity enhancement. To address these problems, the innovative introduction of dual solvents on the surface of polyacrylamide/sodium alginate gel induces to the transformation of supramolecular interactions including ion coordination, crystalline alcohol, and phase separation, synergistically achieving adjustable wrinkle wavelengths (304.2 ± 19.9 to 2393.5 ± 95.9 µm) and modulated chemical compositions with tunable moduli (87.5 ± 3.3 to 157.6 ± 3.7 kPa). This flexible strategy allows the construction of long‐range ordered wrinkled microstructures of three‐dimensional surfaces and complex morphologies. Meanwhile, the bridge effect induced by crystalline alcohols directs the insertion of ethanol molecules into the polymer chains, effectively reducing intramolecular friction. Benefiting from the small wavelength and low modulus dominated by crystalline alcohol, the wrinkled gel exhibits extremely high sensitivity of 164 kPa−1 (<0.5 kPa) and wide detection range (44.3 kPa). The wrinkled gel remains stable high sensitive to detect micro‐ and large stress, tactile perception, and human motion behaviors. This work proposes a new strategy for constructing highly sensitive bioinspired skin from multiple dimensions, showing broad application prospects in the fields of bioengineering and behavioral cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]