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: Introduction: Achieving UNAIDS 90‐90‐90 targets is a crucial step towards ending the AIDS epidemic. Many countries have published estimates of care cascades, although often with methodological limitations. We describe an approach that used the national HIV registry as a starting‐point to determine the HIV care cascade and resulting UNAIDS 90‐90‐90 estimates for Singapore in 2014. Methods: HIV is a legally notifiable disease in Singapore. The anonymized HIV registry data provided for a back‐calculation model from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control to obtain 2014 estimates for the total number of persons living with HIV (PLHIV), and the count in the registry for proportions diagnosed with HIV and linked to care. Using additional data collected for a simple random sample from the registry, outcomes in 2015 and 2016 were ascertained retrospectively to derive proportions for those retained in care, on antiretroviral therapy, and achieved viral suppression. Findings were extrapolated to derive national estimates and UN90‐90‐90 estimates. Bootstrapped samples from the model and sample were used to derive 95% confidence intervals. Results: An estimated 6900 (95% CI 6650, 7050) persons were living with HIV and AIDS in 2014. Of these, 4948 were diagnosed with HIV, and 4820 had been linked to care. The random sample of 500 persons was further analysed, and of these, 87.2% were retained in care, 84.6% on antiretroviral therapy, and 79.6% had suppressed viral loads. The proportions of HIV‐infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy and achieving viral suppression were 60.7% (95% CI 58.4, 63.6) and 57.1% (95% CI 55.0, 60.5) respectively. The corresponding UNAIDS 90‐90‐90 estimates were 71.7% (95% CI 70.0, 74.2) of all persons diagnosed; 84.6% (95% CI 81.6, 87.4) of diagnosed persons being on antiretroviral therapy, and 94.1% (95% CI 91.6, 96.2) of persons on therapy having achieved viral suppression. Conclusions: A national HIV registry, alongside back‐calculation and additional data from a sample, can be used to estimate attainment of UNAIDS 90‐90‐90 targets and identify system gaps. The registry had advantages of providing a well‐established, comprehensive capture of diagnosed persons and easily accessible data. The same approach can be used elsewhere if similar data are available., Introduction Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has greatly reduced HIV‐associated mortality, morbidity and transmissibility. However, new infections, diagnoses of AIDS and deaths attributable to HIV/AIDS remain high. In 2014, the Joint [...]

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is an enzyme that downregulates the insulin receptor, and NMR-based screening identified nonselective competitive inhibitor of PTP1B. The modular approach to drug design described is applicable for the design of potent and selective inhibitors of other therapeutically relevant protein tyrosine phosphatases.

This article investigates the most recent instance of the transplantation of English corporate and financial Jaw into a different legal environment. The Astana International Financial Center (AIFC) in Kazakhstan was launched in 2018. The AIFC has largely built on the institutional model pioneered by the Dubai International Financial Center. This key institutional innovation is the transplanting and operation of laws based on the English common law, independent of their national legal systems (civil law systems, heavily influenced by Islamic tradition, and, in the case of Kazakhstan, also Soviet socialist principles). This article seeks to contribute to the understanding of the system of Kazakhstan, a strategically located but well under-investigated country, and a potentially viable institutional model for other aspiring financial centers. To the best knowledge of the authors, this work is the first ever English academic literature on the development of the AIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are both believers and critics on the state and potential of Sino-African trade. For example, China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is expected to benefit several African countries. At the same time, some critics refer to it as 'debt trap diplomacy' for China to politically and economically exploit the countries involved. Nearly a decade ago, China surpassed the US to become Africa's largest trading partner. Sino-African trade is now four times larger than that of US-Africa. While the importance of Sino-African trade can be seen in the scale of trade and investment, this article at the same time concerns the legal, and also some non-legal mechanisms such as BRI and the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, to take the bilateral/multilateral relations to the next level. Other than continental and country level perspectives, firm level considerations cannot be ignored. Chinese companies now dominate in certain business sectors in Africa and are rapidly expanding into new sectors. In light of this rapid expansion by Chinese companies, there have been concerns regarding the behaviour of certain Chinese companies in Africa. As such, this article, through a multi-level analysis of continental, country and firm level evidence, aims to form a comprehensive picture of the closer than ever Sino-African trade relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]