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The tumor immune microenvironment plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of tumors, and is closely related to the long-term effectiveness of treatments. Notably, while being influenced by the microenvironment, treatment can also actively reshape the composition of the microenvironment. In recent years, with the help of emerging technologies such as single-cell sequencing, the interactions between various therapeutic approaches and the immune microenvironment, as well as their impact on therapeutic efficacy, have been revealed in various tumors. This review summarizes the impact of primary tumor immune microenvironments on therapeutic efficacy, introduces the remodeling of microenvironment by different therapeutic approaches, and explores the intricate regulatory mechanisms governing secondary immune microenvironments' interactions with tumors and their implications on treatment outcomes. Clarifying the mechanisms of interactions between the tumor immune microenvironment and treatments has profound implications for monitoring and predicting treatment outcomes, as well as for optimizing cancer therapy.

In this paper, the adsorption behaviours of the MeOH-DMC azeotropic system onto α-Al2O3 were investigated from both practical and theoretical aspects for the first time. The experimental results showed that the static MeOH- and DMC-adsorption capacities of α-Al2O3 were 325.52 and 70.32 mg·g−1, respectively. The selectivity S was 4.63 and the dynamic separation factor α was 4.2. Then, density functional theory (DFT) was used to reveal possible interactions between the constructed azeotrope clusters and the α-Al2O3 (0 0 1) surface. Molecular simulation results indicated that although there were different azeotropic clusters in the bulk liquid, most of the H-bonds were destroyed when they approached the solid surface. The MeOH dimers were adsorbed onto both Al and O sites via chemisorption and H-bonds, while DMC monomers mainly occupied the Al sites. Thus, chemisorption on Al sites and multi-layer adsorption played a critical role in selective adsorption. Moreover, the competition between MeOH and DMC for adsorption sites might also cause a big difference between the MeOH- and DMC-adsorption capacities of α-Al2O3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is widely used for stenosis of vascular access (VA) for hemodialysis. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of both PTA and surgical revision after intraoperative dilatation with biliary tract probes for juxta-anastomotic stenosis in autogenous radiocephalic arteriovenous fistulas (RCAVFs). Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of PTA and surgical revision after intraoperative dilatation with biliary tract probes; these were the first interventions after RCAVF establishment in 112 patients with juxta-anastomotic stenosis. Anatomical (number of stenoses) and clinical variables (age and gender of the patient, time of hemodialysis, AVF age, presence of diabetes mellitus, and cause of end-stage renal disease) were reviewed. Technical success, clinical success, and post-intervention primary patency were evaluated. Results: Our study enrolled 35 patients in the PTA group and 77 patients in the surgical revision group. Clinical and technical success rates of both groups were 100%. There were no complications, such as bleeding or hematomas. Using the Kaplan–Meier method, the post-intervention primary patency rates at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months in the PTA group were 100%, 94.28%, 77.1%, 60%, 54.29%, and 45.71%, respectively, and those in the surgical revision group were 100%, 94.81%, 92.2%, 90.91%, 81.82%, and 76.62%, respectively. The post-intervention primary patency rates at 9–24 months in the surgical revision group were significantly higher than those in the PTA group (χ 2 = 19.04, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The post-intervention long-term primary patency rate of surgical revision after intraoperative dilatation with biliary tract probes is higher than that of PTA for the first intervention of patients with juxta-anastomotic stenosis in RCAVFs. The surgical revision method is safe and effective, especially in hospitals that have not yet carried out PTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We for the first time systematically studied the structures and electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction properties of two‐dimensional single transition‐metal anchored square tetracyanoquinodimethane monolayers (labeled as: TM‐sTCNQ, TM = 3d, 4d, 5d series transition metals) by employing density functional theory method. Through high‐throughput screenings and full reaction path researches, two promising electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction catalysts Nb‐sTCNQ and Mo‐sTCNQ have been obtained. The nitrogen reduction reaction onset potential on Nb‐sTCNQ is as low as −0.48 V. Furthermore, the Nb‐sTCNQ catalyst can quickly desorb NH3 produced with a free energy of 0.65 eV, giving Nb‐sTCNQ excellent catalytic cycle performance. The high catalytic activity of the two materials might be attributed to the effective charge transfer between the active center and adsorbed N2, which enables the active center to adsorb and activate inert N2 molecules well, and the reduction processes require small energy input (i.e., the maximum free energy changes are small). This work provides insights for finding highly efficient, stable, and low‐cost nitrogen reduction reaction electrocatalysts. We hope our results can promote further experimental and theoretical research of this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]