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Behavioral finance is a relatively new field in finance theory. In economic downturns, people might make more effort on their own wealth management. People always want to be rich with speculation instead of working hard so gambling is the easiest way to get rich. However, gambling is still developing and becomes legalized. We also found that people really like gambling activities, such as lottery, sport lottery, mahjong etc. Through the wide variety of gambling activities, we might find out some specific human behaviors which will affect individual's decision-making, even the investment decision-making. These behaviors may bring good or bad results. Overconfidence always make people disregard the risk factors when making a decision. Few people will consider the long term effect of that behaviors. Hence, the results would be difficult to expect. This research focused on gambling to define the effects when risk enthusiasts were in an overconfidence/underconfidence status. Under the same circumstance, we can compare the difference between overconfidence status or underconfidence status in order to analyze the procedures of decision-making, {"references":["Coleman, J. S. (1990) The Foundations of Social Theory. American Political Science Association, 85 (1), 263","Gervais, S. and Odean, T. (2001) Learning to be Overconfident [J]. Review of financial studies, 14(1), 1-27","Griffin, D. and Tversky, A. (1992) The weighing of evidence and the determinants of confidence. Cognitive Psychology, 24(3), 411-435","Kahneman, D. and Riepe, M. W. (1998) Aspects of investor psychology. Journal of Portfolio Management, 24(4): 52-65."]}

This paper is concerned with monostable-type travelling wave solutions of the diffusive FitzHugh-Nagumo-type system (FHN) in ${\mathbf{R}}^{N}$ for the two components $u$ and $v$ . By solving $v$ in terms of $u$ , this system can be reduced to a nonlocal single equation for $u$ . When the diffusion coefficients in the system are equal, we construct travelling wave solutions for the non-local equation by the method of super- and subsolutions developed by Morita and Ninomiya (2008) Moreover, we propose a condition for $\gamma $ , which is similar to the condition Reinecke and Sweers (1999) used to transform (FHN) into a quasimonotone system.

Many international lawyers have advanced various arguments as to why existing states do not recognize Taiwan1 as a state or, more specifically, why Taiwan is not a state.2 Several have pointed out that the so-called One China policy, the lack of claiming statehood by the Taiwanese government in the past, and lack of foreign recognition are probably the most critical factors that would negate Taiwan’s statehood. All these arguments, however, are more or less questionable in the light of contemporary developments in Taiwan. Ever since the late 1980s, there has been much strong evidence indicating that the Government of Taiwan has asserted, expressively or implicitly, a separate statehood for Taiwan as distinct from that of China. It is the premise of this chapter that the latest developments of Taiwan during past two decades must be taken seriously by all parties concerned in evaluating its current legal status.