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The existing large-scale wireless networks are facing the problem that the transmission efficiency is reduced due to the congestion of routing information caused by the increase in the number of nodes. This paper presents a theoretical model of a large-scale wireless self-organizing network architecture. The model adopts hierarchical architecture, coexistence of multiple subnets and supports decentralized wireless self-organizing networks, which effectively reduces bandwidth loss caused by increasing routing information, thus improving data transmission efficiency, solving the problem of large-scale and multi-node wireless data transmission, and providing a solution for field operations and urban internet of Things applications.

Attribute distance weighted average (ADWA) is a new filtering paradigm, which can progressively alleviate the denoising contradiction between the noise removal and feature preservation by introducing new attributes. As the key control parameters in ADWA, the attribute normalization factors play an important role in the final filtering result. An in-depth study is necessary to exam the effect the attribute normalization factors have on the filtering performance and the rules they follow, which can then serve as a guide for the determination and optimization of attribute normalization factors. For this purpose, the three attributes of a signal, “Location,” “Value,” and “Gradient,” are studied as an example in this paper. Experimental results indicate that the normalization factors directly determine the strength of the effect the corresponding attributes have on the filtering result. If the normalization factor increases, ADWA’s ability in noise removal becomes stronger and meanwhile its ability in feature preservation becomes weaker. Therefore, the denoising contradiction still exists for ADWA of a specific attribute rank. However, since different attributes contribute to the filtering performance independently in different regions of a signal, the denoising contradiction can be further alleviated by introducing new attributes, and thus a more satisfactory outcome can be obtained.

We have studied spatial and temporal dynamic heterogeneity (DH) in a system of hard-sphere particles, subjected to active forces with constant amplitude and random direction determined by rotational diffusion with correlation time τ. We have used a variety of observables to characterize the DH behavior, including the deviation from standard Stokes-Einstein (SE) relation, a non-Gaussian parameter α_{2}(Δt) for the distribution of particle displacement within a certain time interval Δt, a four-point susceptibility χ_{4}(Δt,ΔL) for the correlation in dynamics between any two points in space separated by distance ΔL within some time window Δt, and a vector spatial-temporal correlation function S_{vec}(R,Δt) for vector displacements within time interval Δt of particle pairs originally separated by R. By mapping the particle motion into a continuous-time random walk with constant jump length, we can obtain the average waiting time 〈t_{x}〉∝D_{s}^{-1} and persistence time 〈t_{p}〉∝η, with D_{s} the self-diffusion coefficient and η the shear viscosity, such that the observable λ=〈t_{p}〉/〈t_{x}〉∝D_{s}η can be calculated as a function of the control parameter τ to show how it deviates from its SE value λ_{0}. Interestingly, we find λ/λ_{0} shows a nonmonotonic behavior for large volume fraction φ_{a}, wherein λ/λ_{0} undergoes a minimum at a certain intermediate value of τ, indicating that both small and large particle activity may lead to strong DH. Such a reentrance phenomenon is further demonstrated in terms of the non-Gaussian parameters α_{2}, four-point susceptibility χ_{4}, and vector spatiotemporal correlation functions S_{vec}, respectively. Detail analysis shows that it is the competition between the dual roles of particle activity, namely, activity-induced higher effective temperature and activity-induced clustering, that leads to such nontrivial nonmonotonic behaviors. In addition, we find that DH may also show a maximum level at an intermediate value of φ_{a} if τ is large enough, implying that a more crowded system may be less heterogeneous than a less crowded one for a system with high particle activity.

In industrial fields such as seismic explorations, RS485 is considered a workhorse interface standard, and it is the most widely used for serial interface found on sensors. However, long-distance transmission at high data throughput is one of the key features. An improved RS485-based high-speed remote transmission method is developed to implement the transmission of large amounts of data from distributed sensors. Based on the signal integrity analysis, the hardware interface designs including interface chips and impedance matching are determined by continuous square-wave pulse transmission. Then a self-defined protocol with the aid of FPGA hardware real-time processing is designed to make high-speed clock recovery and frame synchronizations. The 8b/10b encoded data streams are transmitted via a twisted-pair cable in the experiment. The experimental results indicate that the designed RS485 transceiver unit can drive the 220 meter twisted-pair lines at 20Mbps data speed with an error rate of 10-11.

Emergence of collective dynamical chirality (CDC) at mesoscopic scales plays a key role in many formation processes of chiral structures in nature, which may also provide possible routines for people to fabricate complex chiral architectures. So far, most of reported CDCs are found in systems of active objects with individual structure chirality or/and dynamical chirality, and whether CDC can arise from simple and achiral units is still an attractive mystery. Here, we report a spontaneous formation of CDC in a system of both dynamically and structurally achiral particles motivated by active motion of cells. Active moving, confinement and hydrodynamic interaction are found to be the three key factors. Detailed analysis shows that the system can support abundant collective dynamical behaviors, including rotating droplet, rotating bubble, CDC oscillation, array of collective rotation, as well as interesting transitions such as chirality transition, structure transition and state reentrance., 5 pages, 4 figures

While denoising a signal, the existing filtering methods are beset with the contradiction between signal’s noise removal and feature preservation; in face of this denoising contradiction, there is no effective solution by now and they have to make a trade-off between these two contradictory aspects. With the purpose to further alleviate this contradiction progressively, but not to make a trade-off, here we established a universal denoising paradigm named as attribute distance weighted average (ADWA) from the perspective of signal’s attribute analysis. ADWA not only breaks the existing methods’ limitations on the number and kinds of signal’s attributes, and has a flexible expandability to include any attributes, but also includes the ideas and takes the advantages of many existing filtering methods. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results show that, for any noisy signal, under the condition of a good performance of noise removal, ADWA’s ability in signal’s feature preservation can be progressively improved by introducing new significant attributes; this makes ADWA can obtain an enough satisfactory performance in both noise removal and feature preservation. Therefore, ADWA provides an effective and promising way to cope with the denoising contradiction.

LiFePO4 co-doped with Mg2+ and Co4+ ions was synthesized by a solid state reaction method. The structure and electrochemical properties of the prepared LiFe0.99Mg0.005Co0.005PO4 were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), galvanostatic charge-discharge experiment and cyclic voltammograms (CV). Specific discharge capacity of LiFePO4 co-doped with Mg and Co ions reach 147.2 mA·h/g at 0.1C and 133.3 mA·h/g at 1C. The results of CV show that the reversibility of lithium extraction/insertion in LiFePO4 can be promoted by (Mg2+, Co4+) multiple-ion doping.

The dynamics of point-like Brownian particles in a periodic confined channel with oscillating boundaries has been studied. Directional transport (DT) behavior, characterized by net displacement along the horizontal direction, is observed even without external force which is necessary for the conventional DT where the boundaries are static. For typical parameter values, the average velocity Vt of DT reaches a maximum with the variation of the noise intensity D, being alike to the phenomenon of stochastic resonance. Interestingly, we find that Vt shows nontrivial dependences on the particle gravity G depending on the noise level. When the noise is large, Vt increases monotonically with G indicating that heavier particle moves faster, while for small noise, Vt shows a bell-shape dependence on G, suggesting that a particle with an intermediate weight may move the fastest. Such results were not observed for DT in a channel with static boundaries. To understand these findings, we have adopted an effective one-dimensional coarsening description, which facilitates us to introduce an effective entropic force along the horizontal direction. The average force is apparently nonzero due to the oscillatory boundary, hence leading to the net transport, and it shows similar dependences as Vt on the noise intensity D and particle gravity G. The dependences of the DT behavior on other parameters describing the oscillatory channel have also been investigated, showing that DT is more pronounced for larger oscillation amplitude and frequency, and asymmetric geometry within a channel period and phase difference between neighboring periods are both necessary for the occurrence of DT.

// Xin Qian 1, 2, * , Jia Liu 3, * , Yuhui Sun 4, * , Meifang Wang 1, 2 , Huaiding Lei 1, 2 , Guoshi Luo 1, 2 , Xianjun Liu 1, 2 , Chang Xiong 1, 2 , Dan Liu 1, 2 , Jie Liu 1, 2 , Yijun Tang 1, 2 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, P.R. China 2 Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, P.R. China 3 Department of Orthopedic, Lanzhou University First Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, P.R. China 4 Department of Emergency Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, P.R. China * These authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Yijun Tang, e-mail: tangyijun_799@163.com Keywords: circulating cell-free DNA, non-small cell lung cancer, sensitivity, specificity, epidermal growth factor receptor Received: October 29, 2015 Accepted: March 28, 2016 Published: April 11, 2016 ABSTRACT Detection of an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is a noninvasive method to collect genetic information to guide treatment of lung cancer with tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, the association between cfDNA and detection of EGFR mutations in tumor tissue remains unclear. Here, a meta-analysis was performed to determine whether cfDNA could serve as a substitute for tissue specimens for the detection of EGFR mutations. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and areas under the curve of cfDNA were 0.60, 0.94, and 0.9208 for the detection of EGFR mutations, 0.64, 0.99, and 0.9583 for detection of the exon 19 deletion, and 0.57, 0.99, and 0.9605 for the detection of the L858R mutation, respectively. Our results showed that cfDNA has a high degree of specificity to detect exon 19 deletions and L858R mutation. Due to its high specificity and noninvasive characteristics, cfDNA analysis presents a promising method to screen for mutations in NSCLC and predict patient response to EGFR-TKI treatment, dynamically assess treatment outcome, and facilitate early detection of resistance mutations.

We report a novel single-molecular rupture mechanism revealed by direct sampling of the dominant pathway using a self-optimized path sampling method. Multiple dominant pathways involving multistep transitions are identified. The rupture may take place via a direct unfolding from the native state to the unfolding state, or through a two-step pathway bypassing a distinct intermediate metastable state (IMS). This scenario facilitates us to propose a three-state kinetic model, which can produce a nonlinear dependence of the rupture time on pulling forces similar to the ones reported in the literature. In particular, molecule conformations in the IMS maintain an elongation of the tail at one terminal, by which external pulling will enhance the relative stability of IMS. Consequently, even though the overall transition rate of the multistep pathway is relatively small, the molecule still has to be ruptured via the multistep pathway rather than the direct pathway. Thus, our work demonstrates an IMS trapping effect induced rupture mechanism involving an abnormal switching from a fast dominant pathway to a slow one.

To investigate the effect of human angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) antisense cDNA (ahAT(1)) on migration, proliferation, and apoptosis of cultured human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC).Two recombinant adenoviral vectors, AdCMVahAT(1) containing full length antisense cDNA targeting to human AT(1)R mRNA, and AdCMVLacZ containing LacZ, were constructed by orientation clone technology and homologous recombination. The PASMC was divided into 3 groups (DMEM, AdCMVLacZ, AdCMVahAT(1)) and different interventions were given to different groups. AT(1)R expression was detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry method; migration of PASMC was measured by Boyden's Chamer method. Other PASMC was divided into 4 groups (DMEM, AngII, AdCMVLacZ + AngII and AdCMVahAT(1) + AngII), and only the last 2 groups were respectively transfected with AdCMVLacZ and AdCMVahAT(1) before administration of AngII. From 6 h to 96 h after stimulation by AngII (10(-7) mol/L), proliferation index (PI) and apoptosis of PASMC were determined by flow cytometry.At the 48 h the level of AT(1)R mRNA was significantly less in PASMC transfected AdCMVahAT(1) than that in group DMEM and in group AdCMVLacZ. The protein level showed a same difference (P0.01). At 24 h the migration distance of PASMC also was significantly less in group AdCMVahAT(1) than that in group DMEM and Group AdCMVLacZ (P0.01). Stimulated by AngII for 48 h, in group AngII the PI of PASMC markedly increased (P0.01 vs group DMEM). But in Group AdCMVahAT(1) + AngII PI of PASMC clearly decreased (P0.01 vs group AngII and group DMEM respectively). There was no statistic difference of PI between group AdCMVLacZ + AngII and group AngII. Moreover, apoptosis peak emerged only in group AdCMVahAT(1) + AngII. The rate of apoptosis in those PASMC used AdCMVahAT(1) and AngII was 24.70 +/- 4.04 (P0.01 vs the other 3 groups respectively).These results indicate that AngII stimulates proliferation via AT(1) receptors in human PASMC, and antisense cDNA targeting to human AT(1)R transfection mediated by adenoviral vector has powerful inhibitory effects on AngII-induced migration and proliferation of human PASMC by attenuating AT(1)R mRNA and protein expression. Also, it can promote apoptosis of human PASMC. That demonstrate that AT(1)R antisense cDNA is a potent inhibitors of the actions of AngII on PASMC. Antisense inhibition targeting to AT(1)R has therapeutic potential for the treatment of pulmonary vascular diseases.