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Abstract The long‐term cyclic gas injection and production mode of the gas storage will lead to accelerated deformation of the surrounding rock of the old cavity, and even the instability and failure of the cavity. Considering the geological conditions and cavity measurement data of the old cavity of the horizontal butted‐well in China, the deformation and failure characteristics of the long‐term cyclic injection‐production process of the surrounding rock of the old cavity under different internal pressure difference and injection‐production frequency are studied. The long‐term stability of the gas storage is predicted by six indexes: the deformation of surrounding rock, dilatancy safety factor, volume shrinkage rate, plastic zone volume, equivalent strain, and no tensile stress. The results show that with the increase of operation duration and cycle times, the deformation, volume shrinkage rate, and plastic zone volume of the surrounding rock gradually increase after the old cavity is reconstructed into the gas storage and the difference of results under different UGS and CAES gradually expands. The stability of the surrounding rock of the old cavity under the cycle action of CAES will be lower. The number of cycles has a limited impact on the stability of the surrounding rock of the old cavity, while the operation duration and injection‐production pressure are the main determinants of the stability of the surrounding rock of the old cavity. If the old cavity of the salt mine is reconstructed into CAES, the parameters such as the number of cycles, the operation duration, and the injection‐production pressure still need to be considered comprehensively. The research results can provide reference value for the reasonable design of the gas storage pressure range of the old cavity and the safety and stability evaluation of the surrounding rock.

Objective: Integrated stress response (ISR) is activated to promote cell survival by maintaining the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α). We investigated whether Sephin1 enhances ISR and attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MIR) injury. Methods: Male C57BL/6 J mice were injected with Sephin1 (2 mg/kg,i.p.) 30 min before surgery to establish a model of MIR with 45 min ischemia and 180 min reperfusion. In vitro, the H9C2 cell line with hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) was used to simulate MIR. Myocardial injury was evaluated by echocardiography, histologic observation after staining with TTC and H&E and electron microscopy. ISR, autophagy and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro were evaluated by immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry, respectively. Global protein synthesis was determined using a non-radioactive SUnSET Assay based on the puromycin method. Autophinib, an autophagy-specific inhibitor, was used to investigate the correlation between autophagy and apoptosis in the presence of Sephin1. Results: In vivo, Sephin1 significantly reduced myocardial injury and improved the cardiac function in MIR mice. Sephin1 administration prolonged ISR, reduced cell apoptosis, and promoted autophagy. In vitro, Sephin1 increased the number of stress granules (SGs) and autophagic vesicles, enhanced ISR and related protein synthesis suppression, and reduced cell apoptosis. Autophinib partly reversed autophagosome formation and apoptosis in H9c2 cells. Conclusions: Sephin1 enhances ISR and related protein synthesis suppression, ameliorates myocardial apoptosis, and promotes autophagy during MIR stress. Sephin1 could act as a noval ISR enhancer for managing acute myocardial ischemia disease.

Abstract Efficiently capturing radioactive methyl iodide (CH3I), present at low concentrations in the high-temperature off-gas of nuclear facilities, poses a significant challenge. Here we present two strategies for CH3I adsorption at elevated temperatures using a unified azolate-based metal-organic framework, MFU-4l. The primary strategy leverages counter anions in MFU-4l as nucleophiles, engaging in metathesis reactions with CH3I. The results uncover a direct positive correlation between CH3I breakthrough uptakes and the nucleophilicity of the counter anions. Notably, the optimal variant featuring SCN- as the counter anion achieves a CH3I capacity of 0.41 g g−1 at 150 °C under 0.01 bar, surpassing all previously reported adsorbents evaluated under identical conditions. Moreover, this capacity can be easily restored through ion exchange. The secondary strategy incorporates coordinatively unsaturated Cu(I) sites into MFU-4l, enabling non-dissociative chemisorption for CH3I at 150 °C. This modified adsorbent outperforms traditional materials and can be regenerated with polar organic solvents. Beyond achieving a high CH3I adsorption capacity, our study offers profound insights into CH3I capture strategies viable for practically relevant high-temperature scenarios.

Abstract Background In paddy fields, the noxious weed barnyard grass secretes 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA) to interfere with rice growth. Rice is unable to synthesize DIMBOA. Rice cultivars with high or low levels of allelopathy may respond differently to DIMBOA. Results In this study, we found that low concentrations of DIMBOA (≤ 0.06 mM) promoted seedling growth in allelopathic rice PI312777, while DIMBOA (≤ 0.08 mM) had no significant influence on the nonallelopathic rice Lemont. DIMBOA treatment caused changes in the expression of a large number of glutathione S-transferase (GST) proteins, which resulting in enrichment of the glutathione metabolic pathway. This pathway facilitates plant detoxification of heterologous substances. The basal levels of GST activity in Lemont were significantly higher than those in PI312777, while GST activity in PI312777 was slightly induced by increasing DIMBOA concentrations. Overexpression of GST genes (Os09g0367700 and Os01g0949800) in these two cultivars enhanced rice resistance to DIMBOA. Conclusions Taken together, our results indicated that different rice accessions with different levels of allelopathy have variable tolerance to DIMBOA. Lemont had higher GST activity, which helped it tolerate DIMBOA, while PI312777 had lower GST activity that was more inducible. The enhancement of GST expression facilitates rice tolerance to DIMBOA toxins from barnyard grass root exudates.

Abstract Ammonia serves as a crucial chemical raw material and hydrogen energy carrier. Aqueous electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), powered by renewable energy, has attracted tremendous interest during the past few years. Although some achievements have been revealed in aqueous NRR, significant challenges have also been identified. The activity and selectivity are fundamentally limited by nitrogen activation and competitive hydrogen evolution. This review focuses on the hurdles of nitrogen activation and delves into complementary strategies, including materials design and system optimization (reactor, electrolyte, and mediator). Then, it introduces advanced interdisciplinary technologies that have recently emerged for nitrogen activation using high‐energy physics such as plasma and triboelectrification. With a better understanding of the corresponding reaction mechanisms in the coming years, these technologies have the potential to be extended in further applications. This review provides further insight into the reaction mechanisms of selectivity and stability of different reaction systems. We then recommend a rigorous and detailed protocol for investigating NRR performance and also highlight several potential research directions in this exciting field, coupling with advanced interdisciplinary applications, in situ/operando characterizations, and theoretical calculations.

Abstract Injection-production operation parameters, the minimum injection gas pressure (IGP: operation pressure), IGP interval, minimum IGP residence time, and injection-production cycle of the underground salt rock gas storage under long-term operation, affect not only the capacity and working ability of a salt cavern but also be crucial to the safety and stability of the surrounding rock. A 3D geo-mechanical model of the salt cavern is established to study the stability of the storage in the operation period. The deformation, expansion safety factor, volume shrinkage, and plastic zone are comprehensively considered for predicting the feasibility and stability of the salt cavern. The stability of the surrounding rock of the cavern with different injection-production parameters and the impact of each parameter on the stability of the cavern during operating are systematically investigated. The results indicate that the displacement, the expansion coefficient of the surrounding rock, and the volume shrinkage rate of the salt cavern reduces significantly with the increment of IGP interval and minimum IGP, while they increases with raising the minimum IGP residence time and injection-production cycle. With the continuous operation of the cavity, the displacement and the volume shrinkage rate enhances significantly year by year with the augment of operation parameters, moreover, their value show a fluctuating upward trend with the alternation of the gas injection and the production. The volume of the plastic zone is enlarged with the increment of the IGP interval, minimum IGP, and injection-production cycle, while it reduces with the extension of the minimum IGP residence time. The variation becomes remarkably with the augment of parameters. The sensitivity coefficients of each injection-production operation parameter are ranked, from large to small, as follows: IGP interval, minimum IGP, minimum IGP residence time, injection-production cycle. The results can offer beneficial reference for effectively optimize the injection-production parameters, so as to provide technical guidance for ensuring the stability of the storage and meeting requirements for the storage capacity.

Abstract Atomic-level coordination engineering is an efficient strategy for tuning the catalytic performance of single-atom catalysts (SACs). However, their rational design has so far been plagued by the lack of a universal correlation between the coordination symmetry and catalytic properties. Herein, we synthesised planar-symmetry-broken CuN3 (PSB-CuN3) SACs through microwave heating for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. Remarkably, the as-prepared catalysts exhibited a selectivity of 94.3% towards formate at −0.73 V vs. RHE, surpassing the symmetrical CuN4 catalyst (72.4% at −0.93 V vs. RHE). In a flow cell equipped with a PSB-CuN3 electrode, over 90% formate selectivity was maintained at an average current density of 94.4 mA cm−2 during 100 h operation. By combining definitive structural identification with operando X-ray spectroscopy and theoretical calculations, we revealed that the intrinsic local symmetry breaking from planar D 4h configuration induces an unconventional dsp hybridisation, and thus a strong correlation between the catalytic activity and microenvironment of metal centre (i.e., coordination number and distortion), with high preference for formate production in CuN3 moiety. The finding opens an avenue for designing efficient SACs with specific local symmetries for selective electrocatalysis.

In the rapid development of urban construction, underground pipelines play a crucial role. However, the current underground pipelines have poor association with relevant management departments, and there are deficiencies in data completeness, accuracy, and information content. Managing and sharing information resources is relatively difficult, transforming the constructed 3D underground pipeline geographic information systems into an ‘Information silo’. This results in redundant construction and resource wastage of underground utilities. The complex distribution characteristics of underground utilities make rapid batch modeling and post-model maintenance challenging. Therefore, researching a 3D spatial data fusion model for urban underground utilities becomes particularly important. Given the above problem, this paper proposes a spatial data fusion model for underground pipeline scene modeling. It elaborates on the geometric, semantic, and temporal characteristics of underground pipelines, encapsulating these features. With underground pipeline objects as the core and pipeline characteristics as the foundation, a spatial data fusion model integrating multiple characteristics of underground pipelines has been constructed. Through software development, the data model designed in this paper facilitates rapid construction of underground pipeline scenes. This further enhances the consistency and integrity of underground pipeline data, enabling shared resources and comprehensive supervision of facility operations on a daily basis.

Abstract The increase in anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has exacerbated the deterioration of the global environment, which should be controlled to achieve carbon neutrality. Central to the core goal of achieving carbon neutrality is the utilization of CO2 under economic and sustainable conditions. Recently, the strong need for carbon neutrality has led to a proliferation of studies on the direct conversion of CO2 into carboxylic acids, which can effectively alleviate CO2 emissions and create high‐value chemicals. The purpose of this review is to present the application prospects of carboxylic acids and the basic principles of CO2 conversion into carboxylic acids through photo‐, electric‐, and thermal catalysis. Special attention is focused on the regulation strategy of the activity of abundant catalysts at the molecular level, inspiring the preparation of high‐performance catalysts. In addition, theoretical calculations, advanced technologies, and numerous typical examples are introduced to elaborate on the corresponding process and influencing factors of catalytic activity. Finally, challenges and prospects are provided for the future development of this field. It is hoped that this review will contribute to a deeper understanding of the conversion of CO2 into carboxylic acids and inspire more innovative breakthroughs.

Abstract Precise construction of isolated reactive centers on semiconductors with well‐controlled configurations affords a great opportunity to investigate the reaction mechanisms in the photocatalytic process and realize the targeted conversion of solar energy to steer the charge kinetics for hydrogen evolution. In the current research, we decorated isolated Ni atoms on the surface of CdS nanowires for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production. X‐ray absorption fine structure investigations clearly demonstrate the atomical dispersion of Ni sites on the surface of CdS nanowires. Experimental investigations reveal that the isolated Ni atoms not only perform well as the real reactive centers but also greatly accelerate the electron transfer via direct Ni–S coordination. Theoretical simulation further documents that the hydrogen adsorption process has also been enhanced over the semi‐coordinated Ni centers through electronic coupling at the atomic scale.

The aim is to explore the predictive value of salivary bacteria for the presence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Saliva samples were obtained from 178 patients with ESCC and 101 healthy controls, and allocated to screening and verification cohorts, respectively. In the screening phase, after saliva DNA was extracted, 16S rRNA V4 regions of salivary bacteria were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with high-throughput sequencing. Highly expressed target bacteria were screened by Operational Taxonomic Units clustering, species annotation and microbial diversity assessment. In the verification phase, the expression levels of target bacteria identified in the screening phase were verified by absolute quantitative PCR (Q-PCR). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to investigate the predictive value of target salivary bacteria. LEfSe analysis revealed higher proportions of Fusobacterium, Streptococcus and Porphyromonas, and Q-PCR assay showed significantly higher numbers of Streptococcus salivarius, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis in patients with ESCC, when compared with healthy controls (all P

Mild hypothermia has been proven to inhibit microglia activation after TBI. Exosomal microRNA derived from microglia played a critical role in promoting neurite outgrowth and synapse recovery. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of microRNAs in microglial exosomes after hypothermia treatment on neuronal regeneration after TBI. For in vitro study, stretch-injured neurons were co-cultured with microglial exosomes. For in vivo study, C57BL/6 mice were under controlled cortical impact and injected with microglial exosomes. The results showed that MG-LPS-EXOHT increased the number of dendrite branches and total length of dendrites both in vitro and in vivo, elevated the expression levels of PSD-95 and GluR1 in stretch-injured neurons, and increased spine density in the pericontusion region. Moreover, MG-LPS-EXOHT improved motor function and motor coordination. A high-throughput sequencing showed that miR-20b-5p was upregulated in MG-LPS-EXOHT. Elevating miR-20b-5p promoted neurite outgrowth and synapse recovery of injured neurons both in vitro and in vivo. Following mechanistic study demonstrated that miR-20b-5p might promote neurite outgrowth and synapse recovery by directly targeting PTEN and activating PI3K-AKT pathway. In conclusion, mild hypothermia could modify the microRNA prolife of exosomes derived from LPS activated BV2 cells. Furthermore, high level of microglial exosomal miR-20b-5p induced by mild hypothermia could transfer into injured neurons and promote neurite outgrowth and synapse recovery after TBI via activating the PI3K-AKT pathway by suppressing PTEN expression.

Abstract Improving the atom utilization of metals and clarifying the M–M’ interaction is both greatly significant in assembling high-performance ultra-light electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials. Herein, a high-temperature explosion strategy has been successfully applied to assemble the hierarchical porous carbon sponge with Co–Fe decoration via the pyrolysis of the energetic metal organic framework. The as-constructed hybrid displays a superior reflection loss (RL) value of − 57.7 dB and a specific RL value of − 192 dB mg−1 mm−1 at 12.08 GHz with a layer thickness of 2.0 mm (loading of 15 wt%). The off-axis electron hologram characterizes the highly distributed numerous polarized nanodomain variable capacitors, demonstrating the dipole and interfacial polarization along the edges of the nanopores. More importantly, the X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis verifies the mutual interaction between the metal cluster and carbon matrix and the electronic coupling responsible for the greatly improved electromagnetic wave absorption.

Transition metal-based single-atom catalysts (TM-SACs) are promising alternatives to Au- and Ag-based electrocatalysts for CO production through CO2 reduction reaction. However, developing TM-SACs with high activity and selectivity at low overpotentials is challenging. Herein, a novel Fe-based SAC with Si doping (Fe-N-C-Si) was prepared, which shows a record-high electrocatalytic performance toward the CO2-to-CO conversion with exceptional current density (>350.0 mA cm−2) and ~100% Faradaic efficiency (FE) at the overpotential of 90%) for CO production. Experimental combined with theoretical analysis unraveled that the nearby Si dopants in the form of Si-C/N bonds modulate the electronic structure of the atomic Fe sites in Fe-N-C-Si to markedly accelerate the key pathway involving *CO intermediate desorption, inhibiting the poisoning of the Fe sites under high CO coverage and thus boosting the CO2RR performance. This work provides an efficient strategy to tune the adsorption/desorption behaviors of intermediates on single-atom sites to improve their electrocatalytic performance.

BackgroundImbalance of oral salivary microbiota has been linked to the pathogenesis of a variety of systemic diseases, and oral bacterial species have been shown to be useful biomarkers for systemic diseases.This study aimed to characterize the alterations of oral microbiota in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and to evaluate the diagnostic performance of oral microbial biomarkers for ESCC.MethodsThe relative abundance of flora in saliva samples was analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing, and differences in the species present in samples from ESCC patients and healthy controls (HCs) were identified by analyzing species diversity and performing LEfSe analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the characteristic bacteria individually and in combination.ResultsDifferences in bacterial diversity indexes were observed for the saliva of ESCC patients versus HCs (P0.05). LEfSe analysis showed that Leptotrichia, Porphyromonas (Pg), Streptococcus, Rothia, Lactobacillus and Peptostreptococcus were more abundant in ESCC patient saliva than in HC saliva, whereas Haemophilus, Alloprevotella (All), Prevotella_7, Prevotella (Pre), Prevotella_6, Pasteurellaceae and Pasteurellales were significantly less abundant in ESCC patient saliva (P

The Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis), found only in a small region in southeastern Anhui Province, is listed as critically endangered (CR) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) due to its current declining population trend. Any abnormalities in the physical properties of an egg can decrease the hatching rate. In particular, eggshells play an essential role in embryo development, motivating us to analyze the microstructures of the eggshells of Chinese alligators. In this study, we categorized the eggshells into two groups, based on the hatching rates, and analyzed the relationship between the eggshell parameters (eggshell thickness, calcium content, and number of pores in erosion craters) and the hatching rate, as well as the relationships between the eggshell parameters. We found that the shells of the eggs with high hatching rates were thicker than those of the eggs with low hatching rates. There were also fewer erosion-crater pores on the surfaces of the eggs with high hatching rates than on the surfaces of the eggs with low hatching rates. Moreover, the shell Ca content was significantly higher in the eggs with high hatching rates than in the eggs with low hatching rates. Cluster modeling indicated that the highest hatching rate occurred when the eggshell thickness was 200–380 µm and there were 1–12 pores. These results suggest that eggs with adequate Ca contents, thicker shells, and less air permeability are more likely to hatch. Furthermore, our findings can inform future studies, which will be vital for the survival of the critically endangered Chinese alligator species.

Abstract Reducing the dimensions of metallic nanoparticles to isolated, single atom has attracted considerable attention in heterogeneous catalysis, because it significantly improves atomic utilization and often leads to distinct catalytic performance. Through extensive research, it has been recognized that the local coordination environment of single atoms has an important influence on their electronic structures and catalytic behaviors. In this review, we summarize a series of representative systems of single-atom catalysts, discussing their preparation, characterization, and structure–property relationship, with an emphasis on the correlation between the coordination spheres of isolated reactive centers and their intrinsic catalytic activities. We also share our perspectives on the current challenges and future research promises in the development of single-atom catalysis. With this article, we aim to highlight the possibility of finely tuning the catalytic performances by engineering the coordination spheres of single-atom sites and provide new insights into the further development for this emerging research field.

In order to analyze the effects of rainfall events on the stability of an open-pit rock slope, with considering the spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity, based on the unsaturated seepage theory and the random filed theory, modified functions of the unit saturation, the hydraulic conductivity (k), and the shear strength parameters are established for unsaturated slope, by using FISH and the non-intrusive stochastic method. A saturated-unsaturated seepage random field model is proposed. And then the impacts of the rainfall intensity, the rainfall duration, and the spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity (ks) on the infiltration process and stability of the unsaturated rock slope are analyzed. The results show that the proposed model can estimate rainfall infiltration of rock slope accurately. Rainfall mainly affects the seepage field in the shallow layer of the slope, where a transient saturated zone can be formed. With the development of the rainfall duration, the weight of the rock mass increased, the matric suction reduced, the negative pore pressure, the degree of saturation, and the infiltration depth of the rock slope increased, and the water in the slope root connects with the initial water table gradually, the unsaturated zone shrinks, which causes the safety factor of the model decreases, but the trend of change slows down gradually. As the rainfall intensity strengthened, the infiltration depth increased and the safety factor of the slope reduced, while the changing rate increases first and then decreases. Increasing the correlation length of k can reduces the infiltration depth and safety factor of the slope. Increasing the variation coefficient of k will increase the infiltration depth, while the safety factor of the slope decreases. The infiltration depth and safety factor of the slope are most affected by rainfall duration, but its sensitivity to the variability coefficient of k will be strengthened when the rainfall intensity exceeds the infiltration capacity. This conclusion can provide reference significance for the risk estimation of slope geological hazards, which are induced by the rainfall infiltration.

A semianalytical solution of stress and displacement in the strain-softening and plastic flow zones of a salt cavern is presented. The solution is derived by adopting the large deformation theory, considering the nonlinear Hoek–Brown (H-B) strength criterion. The Romberg method is used to carry out numerical calculation, and then, the large deformation law of displacement is analyzed. The results are compared with those obtained by former numerical methods, and the solutions are validated. The results indicate that the displacement of the plastic zone decreases with the increase in distance away from the salt cavern. Similarly, it decreases with an increase in the geological strength index or running pressure, with the running pressure having a more significant effect on the displacement. It increases with the dilation angle, and the impact degree gradually increases. Compared with the softening parameter, h, of the plastic zone, the flow parameter, f, has little impact on the displacement. The displacement of the plastic zone obviously increased when considering the strain-softening of salt rock. When considering the shear dilation and softening behaviors of salt rock, the analytical solution obtained by employing the experiential regression Hoek–Brown (H-B) criterion, which considers many factors such as the structural characteristics of the salt formation and the rock mass quality, is safer and closer to the actual situation. This study can provide reference for many applications, including but not confined to analyzing the deformation of the surrounding rock of an underground salt cavern storage facility during construction.

As an important freshwater aquaculture species in China, the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir japonica sinensis) has high economic and nutritional value. However, limited genomic information is currently available for studying its basic development and genetic diversity. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing on Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited's platform using promethION. The assembled size of E. j.sinensis genome was approximately 1.27 Gb, which is close to the estimated size (1.19 Gb). Furthermore, based on assessment using Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) (Simao et al., 2015), 94.00% of the expected eukaryotic genes were completely present in the genome assembly. In addition, repetitive sequences accounted for ~61.42% of the assembled genome, and 22,619 protein-coding genes were annotated. Comparative genomics analysis demonstrated that the Chinese mitten crab diverged from Penaeus vannamei ~373.6 million years ago, with a faster evolution rate than shrimp. We anticipate that the annotated high-quality genome of E. j. sinensis will promote research on its basic development and evolution and make substantial contributions to comparative genomic analyses of crustaceans.

Habitat loss and degradation are among the leading causes of local extinctions, so it is crucially important to preserve and restore the remaining critical habitat increasingly critical to conserve biodiversity. However, mechanisms driving species extinction often begin with habitat loss and seldom are well understood, which is greatly limits our ability to mitigate their impacts. The Chinese Alligator (Alligator sinensis) is a critically endangered crocodilian, which is narrowly distributed in very small six regions of Anhui province, China. In the present study, we used 9 nuclear microsatellite loci genotyped across the taxon's distribution area to investigate genetic variation and population demography in A. sinensis. The Chinese Alligator showed unusually low levels of genetic diversity (Na, 5.44; Ne, 1.97; He, 0.47) based on 793 individuals. Msvar analyses found recent signals of population decline reflecting a bottleneck (an approximately 9-fold decrease) about 25,000 years ago. Ecological niche modelling indicated that the habitat area has declined (about 8–15 fold) for A. sinensis when compared with that under different historical climatic conditions. Our results indicated that population decline and habitat loss in critically endangered Chinese Alligators may have acted as intrinsic and extrinsic factors that have impacted the current status of A. sinensis. In addition, these two unfavorable factors may have also directly contributed to a reduction in the genetic diversity of A. sinensis. Keywords: Alligator sinensis, Genetic diversity, Population demography, Niche reconstruction

Glioblastoma (GBM) recurrence after treatment is almost inevitable but addressing this issue with adequate preclinical models has remained challenging. Here, we introduce a GBM mouse model allowing non-invasive and scalable de-bulking of a tumor mass located deeply in the brain, which can be combined with conventional therapeutic approaches. Strong reduction of the GBM volume is achieved after pharmacologically inducing a tumor-specific cell death mechanism. This is followed by GBM re-growth over a predictable timeframe. Pharmacological de-bulking followed by tumor relapse was accomplished with an orthotopic mouse glioma model. Relapsing experimental tumors recapitulated pathological features often observed in recurrent human GBM, like increased invasiveness or altered immune cell composition. Orthotopic implantation of GBM cells originating from biopsies of one patient at initial or follow-up treatment reproduced these findings. Interestingly, relapsing GBM of both models contained a much higher ratio of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) versus microglia than primary GBM. This was not altered when combining pharmacological de-bulking with invasive surgery. We interpret that factors released from viable primary GBM cells preferentially attract microglia whereas relapsing tumors preponderantly release chemoattractants for MDM. All in all, this relapse model has the capacity to provide novel insights into clinically highly relevant aspects of GBM treatment.

In this study, an analytical solution of stress, strain, and displacement, in the elastic and plastic zone is proposed. The solution is derived on the basis of ideal elastoplastic mechanical model of spherical salt cavern with shear dilatation behavior, by adopting Hoek-Brown (H-B) criterion. The solution obtains not only in small and large strain stage but also in creep stage. The proposed solution is validated, by comparison of the obtained results with numerical results in FLAC3D. The results indicate that the result obtained adopting the H-B criterion is closer to that one obtained adopting the Mohr-Coulomb (M-C). The H-B criterion is more applicable for the salt cavern construction as it considers the structural characteristics of the rock salt formation. The displacement difference obtained by two different methods decreases with the increase of GSI or running pressure, but it increases with the enlarged angle of dilation. The influence of different assumptions of elastic strain of plastic zone on displacements is more significant under large strain conditions. The influence of the angle of dilation on displacements is more obvious when the elastic strain of plastic zone is given to stationary values, and the influence degree increases with the enlarged angle of dilation. Under the same conditions, the creep displacement decreases with the increase of GSI, and both the creep displacement and the effect degree enhance with the enlarged dilation angle. The proposed solutions can be used in the stability analysis of surrounding rock in the construction and operation of salt cavern storage.

Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir japonica sinensis) are catadromous, spending most of their lives in fresh water, but moving to a mixed salt-fresh water environment for reproduction. The characteristics of this life history might imply a rapidly evolutionary transition model for adaptation to marine from freshwater habitats. In this study, transcriptome-wide identification and differential expression on Chinese mitten crab groups were analysed. Results showed: clean reads that were obtained totalled 93,833,096 (47,440,998 in Group EF, the reference, and 46,392,098 in Group ES, the experimental) and 14.08G (7.12G in Group EF 6.96G in Group ES); there were 11,667 unigenes (15.29%) annotated, and they were located to 230 known KEGG pathways in five major categories; in differential expression analysis, most of the top 20 up-regulated pathways were connected to the immune system, disease, and signal transduction, while most of the top 20 down-regulated pathways were related to the metabolism system; meanwhile, 8 representative osmoregulation-related genes (14-3-3 epsilon, Cu2+ transport ATPase, Na+/K+ ATPase, Ca2+ transporting ATPase, V-ATPase subunit A, Putative arsenite-translocating ATPase, and Cation transport ATPase, Na+/K+ symporter) showed up-regulation, and 1 osmoregulation-related gene (V-ATPase subunit H) showed down-regulation. V-ATPase subunit H was very sensitive to the transition of habitats. These results were consistent with the tests of qRT-PCR. The present study has provided a foundation to further understand the molecular mechanism in response to salinity changing in water.

Chlorophyll is the most important component of crop photosynthesis, and the reviving stage is an important period during the rapid growth of winter wheat. Therefore, rapid and precise monitoring of chlorophyll content in winter wheat during the reviving stage is of great significance. The satellite-UAV-ground integrated inversion method is an innovative solution. In this study, the core region of the Yellow River Delta (YRD) is used as a study area. Ground measurements data, UAV multispectral and Sentinel-2A multispectral imagery are used as data sources. First, representative plots in the Hekou District were selected as the core test area, and 140 ground sampling points were selected. Based on the measured SPAD values and UAV multispectral images, UAV-based SPAD inversion models were constructed, and the most accurate model was selected. Second, by comparing satellite and UAV imagery, a reflectance correction for satellite imagery was performed. Finally, based on the UAV-based inversion model and satellite imagery after reflectance correction, the inversion results for SPAD values in multi-scale were obtained. The results showed that green, red, red-edge and near-infrared bands were significantly correlated with SPAD values. The modeling precisions of the best inversion model are R2 = 0.926, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) = 0.63 and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) = 0.92, and the verification precisions are R2 = 0.934, RMSE = 0.78 and MAE = 0.87. The Sentinel-2A imagery after the reflectance correction has a pronounced inversion effect; the SPAD values in the study area were concentrated between 40 and 60, showing an increasing trend from the eastern coast to the southwest and west, with obvious spatial differences. This study synthesizes the advantages of satellite, UAV and ground methods, and the proposed satellite-UAV-ground integrated inversion method has important implications for real-time, rapid and precision SPAD values collected on multiple scales.

Paleogeological events and Pleistocene climatic fluctuations have had profound influences on the genetic patterns and phylogeographic structure of species in southern China. In this study, we investigated the population genetic structure and Phylogeography of the Odorrana schmackeri species complex, mountain stream-dwelling odorous frogs, endemic to southern China. We obtained mitochondrial sequences (1,151bp) of the complete ND2 gene and two flanking tRNAs of 511 individuals from 25 sites for phylogeographic analyses. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed seven divergent evolutionary lineages, with mean pairwise (K2P) sequence distances from 7.8% to 21.1%, except for a closer ND2 distance (3.4%). The complex geological history of southern China drove matrilineal divergence in the O. schmackeri species complex into highly structured geographical units. The first divergence between lineage A+B and other lineages (C-G) had likely been influenced by the uplift of coastal mountains of Southeast China during the Mio-Pliocene period. The subsequent divergences between the lineages C-G may have followed the formation of the Three Gorges and the intensification of the East Asian summer monsoon during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene. Demographic analyses indicated that major lineages A and C have been experienced recent population expansion (c. 0.045-0.245 Ma) from multiple refugia prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Molecular analysis suggest that these seven lineages may represent seven different species, three described species and four cryptic species and should at least be separated into seven management units corresponding to these seven geographic lineages for conservation.

Carbon-based single-atom catalysts, a promising candidate in electrocatalysis, offer insights into electron-donating effects of metal center on adjacent atoms. Herein, we present a practical strategy to rationally design a model catalyst with a single zinc (Zn) atom coordinated with nitrogen and sulfur atoms in a multilevel carbon matrix. The Zn site exhibits an atomic interface configuration of ZnN4S1, where Zn's electron injection effect enables thermal-neutral hydrogen adsorption on neighboring atoms, pushing the activity boundaries of carbon electrocatalysts toward electrochemical hydrogen evolution to an unprecedented level. Experimental and theoretical analyses confirm the low-barrier Volmer-Tafel mechanism of proton reduction, while the multishell hollow structures facilitate the hydrogen evolution even at high current intensities. This work provides insights for understanding the actual active species during hydrogen evolution reaction and paves the way for designing high-performance electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]