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Reactor neutrino experiments play a crucial role in advancing our knowledge of neutrinos. In this Letter, the evolution of the flux and spectrum as a function of the reactor isotopic content is reported in terms of the inverse-beta-decay yield at Daya Bay with 1958 days of data and improved systematic uncertainties. These measurements are compared with two signature model predictions: the Huber-Mueller model based on the conversion method and the SM2018 model based on the summation method. The measured average flux and spectrum, as well as the flux evolution with the ^{239}Pu isotopic fraction, are inconsistent with the predictions of the Huber-Mueller model. In contrast, the SM2018 model is shown to agree with the average flux and its evolution but fails to describe the energy spectrum. Altering the predicted inverse-beta-decay spectrum from ^{239}Pu fission does not improve the agreement with the measurement for either model. The models can be brought into better agreement with the measurements if either the predicted spectrum due to ^{235}U fission is changed or the predicted ^{235}U, ^{238}U, ^{239}Pu, and ^{241}Pu spectra are changed in equal measure.

We present a new determination of the smallest neutrino mixing angle θ_{13} and the mass-squared difference Δm_{32}^{2} using a final sample of 5.55×10^{6} inverse beta-decay (IBD) candidates with the final-state neutron captured on gadolinium. This sample is selected from the complete dataset obtained by the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment in 3158 days of operation. Compared to the previous Daya Bay results, selection of IBD candidates has been optimized, energy calibration refined, and treatment of backgrounds further improved. The resulting oscillation parameters are sin^{2}2θ_{13}=0.0851±0.0024, Δm_{32}^{2}=(2.466±0.060)×10^{-3}  eV^{2} for the normal mass ordering or Δm_{32}^{2}=-(2.571±0.060)×10^{-3}  eV^{2} for the inverted mass ordering.

This Letter reports the first measurement of high-energy reactor antineutrinos at Daya Bay, with nearly 9000 inverse beta decay candidates in the prompt energy region of 8-12 MeV observed over 1958 days of data collection. A multivariate analysis is used to separate 2500 signal events from background statistically. The hypothesis of no reactor antineutrinos with neutrino energy above 10 MeV is rejected with a significance of 6.2 standard deviations. A 29% antineutrino flux deficit in the prompt energy region of 8-11 MeV is observed compared to a recent model prediction. We provide the unfolded antineutrino spectrum above 7 MeV as a data-based reference for other experiments. This result provides the first direct observation of the production of antineutrinos from several high-Q_{β} isotopes in commercial reactors.

A joint determination of the reactor antineutrino spectra resulting from the fission of ^{235}U and ^{239}Pu has been carried out by the Daya Bay and PROSPECT Collaborations. This Letter reports the level of consistency of ^{235}U spectrum measurements from the two experiments and presents new results from a joint analysis of both data sets. The measurements are found to be consistent. The combined analysis reduces the degeneracy between the dominant ^{235}U and ^{239}Pu isotopes and improves the uncertainty of the ^{235}U spectral shape to about 3%. The ^{235}U and ^{239}Pu antineutrino energy spectra are unfolded from the jointly deconvolved reactor spectra using the Wiener-SVD unfolding method, providing a data-based reference for other reactor antineutrino experiments and other applications. This is the first measurement of the ^{235}U and ^{239}Pu spectra based on the combination of experiments at low- and highly enriched uranium reactors.

The prediction of reactor antineutrino spectra will play a crucial role as reactor experiments enter the precision era. The positron energy spectrum of 3.5 million antineutrino inverse beta decay reactions observed by the Daya Bay experiment, in combination with the fission rates of fissile isotopes in the reactor, is used to extract the positron energy spectra resulting from the fission of specific isotopes. This information can be used to produce a precise, data-based prediction of the antineutrino energy spectrum in other reactor antineutrino experiments with different fission fractions than Daya Bay. The positron energy spectra are unfolded to obtain the antineutrino energy spectra by removing the contribution from detector response with the Wiener-SVD unfolding method. Consistent results are obtained with other unfolding methods. A technique to construct a data-based prediction of the reactor antineutrino energy spectrum is proposed and investigated. Given the reactor fission fractions, the technique can predict the energy spectrum to a 2% precision. In addition, we illustrate how to perform a rigorous comparison between the unfolded antineutrino spectrum and a theoretical model prediction that avoids the input model bias of the unfolding method.

The establishment of a possible connection between neutrino emission and gravitational-wave (GW) bursts is important to our understanding of the physical processes that occur when black holes or neutron stars merge. In the Daya Bay experiment, using the data collected from December 2011 to August 2017, a search was performed for electron-Antineutrino signals that coincided with detected GW events, including GW150914, GW151012, GW151226, GW170104, GW170608, GW170814, and GW170817. We used three time windows of 10, 500, and 1000 s relative to the occurrence of the GW events and a neutrino energy range of 1.8 to 100 MeV to search for correlated neutrino candidates. The detected electron-Antineutrino candidates were consistent with the expected background rates for all the three time windows. Assuming monochromatic spectra, we found upper limits (90% confidence level) of the electron-Antineutrino fluence of (1.13-2.44)×1011 cm-2 at 5 MeV to 8.0×107 cm-2 at 100 MeV for the three time windows. Under the assumption of a Fermi-Dirac spectrum, the upper limits were found to be (5.4-7.0)×109 cm-2 for the three time windows.

The prediction of reactor antineutrino spectra will play a crucial role asreactor experiments enter the precision era. The positron energy spectrum of3.5 million antineutrino inverse beta decay reactions observed by the Daya Bayexperiment, in combination with the fission rates of fissile isotopes in thereactor, is used to extract the positron energy spectra resulting from thefission of specific isotopes. This information can be used to produce aprecise, data-based prediction of the antineutrino energy spectrum in otherreactor antineutrino experiments with different fission fractions than DayaBay. The positron energy spectra are unfolded to obtain the antineutrino energyspectra by removing the contribution from detector response with the Wiener-SVDunfolding method. Consistent results are obtained with other unfolding methods.A technique to construct a data-based prediction of the reactor antineutrinoenergy spectrum is proposed and investigated. Given the reactor fissionfractions, the technique can predict the energy spectrum to a 2% precision. Inaddition, we illustrate how to perform a rigorous comparison between theunfolded antineutrino spectrum and a theoretical model prediction that avoidsthe input model bias of the unfolding method.

Searches for electron antineutrino, muon neutrino, and muon antineutrino disappearance driven by sterile neutrino mixing have been carried out by the Daya Bay and MINOS+ collaborations. This Letter presents the combined results of these searches, along with exclusion results from the Bugey-3 reactor experiment, framed in a minimally extended four-neutrino scenario. Significantly improved constraints on the θ_{μe} mixing angle are derived that constitute the most constraining limits to date over five orders of magnitude in the mass-squared splitting Δm_{41}^{2}, excluding the 90% C.L. sterile-neutrino parameter space allowed by the LSND and MiniBooNE observations at 90% CL_{s} for Δm_{41}^{2}

A high precision calibration of the nonlinearity in the energy response of the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment's antineutrino detectors is presented in detail. The energy nonlinearity originates from the particle-dependent light yield of the scintillator and charge-dependent electronics response. The nonlinearity model is constrained by γ calibration points from deployed and naturally occurring radioactive sources, the β spectrum from 12B decays, and a direct measurement of the electronics nonlinearity with a new flash analog-to-digital converter readout system. Less than 0.5% uncertainty in the energy nonlinearity calibration is achieved for positrons of kinetic energies greater than 1 MeV.

This Letter reports the first extraction of individual antineutrino spectra from ^{235}U and ^{239}Pu fission and an improved measurement of the prompt energy spectrum of reactor antineutrinos at Daya Bay. The analysis uses 3.5×10^{6} inverse beta-decay candidates in four near antineutrino detectors in 1958 days. The individual antineutrino spectra of the two dominant isotopes, ^{235}U and ^{239}Pu, are extracted using the evolution of the prompt spectrum as a function of the isotope fission fractions. In the energy window of 4-6 MeV, a 7% (9%) excess of events is observed for the ^{235}U (^{239}Pu) spectrum compared with the normalized Huber-Mueller model prediction. The significance of discrepancy is 4.0σ for ^{235}U spectral shape compared with the Huber-Mueller model prediction. The shape of the measured inverse beta-decay prompt energy spectrum disagrees with the prediction of the Huber-Mueller model at 5.3σ. In the energy range of 4-6 MeV, a maximal local discrepancy of 6.3σ is observed.

This Letter reports the first extraction of individual antineutrino spectra from ^{235}U and ^{239}Pu fission and an improved measurement of the prompt energy spectrum of reactor antineutrinos at Daya Bay. The analysis uses 3.5×10^{6} inverse beta-decay candidates in four near antineutrino detectors in 1958 days. The individual antineutrino spectra of the two dominant isotopes, ^{235}U and ^{239}Pu, are extracted using the evolution of the prompt spectrum as a function of the isotope fission fractions. In the energy window of 4-6 MeV, a 7% (9%) excess of events is observed for the ^{235}U (^{239}Pu) spectrum compared with the normalized Huber-Mueller model prediction. The significance of discrepancy is 4.0σ for ^{235}U spectral shape compared with the Huber-Mueller model prediction. The shape of the measured inverse beta-decay prompt energy spectrum disagrees with the prediction of the Huber-Mueller model at 5.3σ. In the energy range of 4-6 MeV, a maximal local discrepancy of 6.3σ is observed.

The Daya Bay Collaboration responds to comments posted by S. Parke and R.Zukanovich Funchal regarding our use of Delta(m^2_ee).

We report a measurement of electron antineutrino oscillation from the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment with nearly 4 million reactor ν[over ¯]_{e} inverse β decay candidates observed over 1958 days of data collection. The installation of a flash analog-to-digital converter readout system and a special calibration campaign using different source enclosures reduce uncertainties in the absolute energy calibration to less than 0.5% for visible energies larger than 2 MeV. The uncertainty in the cosmogenic ^{9}Li and ^{8}He background is reduced from 45% to 30% in the near detectors. A detailed investigation of the spent nuclear fuel history improves its uncertainty from 100% to 30%. Analysis of the relative ν[over ¯]_{e} rates and energy spectra among detectors yields sin^{2}2θ_{13}=0.0856±0.0029 and Δm_{32}^{2}=(2.471_{-0.070}^{+0.068})×10^{-3}  eV^{2} assuming the normal hierarchy, and Δm_{32}^{2}=-(2.575_{-0.070}^{+0.068})×10^{-3}  eV^{2} assuming the inverted hierarchy.

A search for a time-varying νe signal was performed with 621 days of data acquired by the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment over 704 calendar days. The time spectrum of the measured νe flux normalized to its prediction was analyzed with a Lomb-Scargle periodogram, which yielded no significant signal for periods ranging from 2 hours to nearly 2 years. The normalized time spectrum was also fit for a sidereal modulation under the Standard Model Extension (SME) framework to search for Lorentz and CPT violation (LV-CPTV). Limits were obtained for all six flavor pairs ēμ,ēτ, μτ, ēē,μμ and ττ by fitting them one at a time, constituting the first experimental constraints on the latter three. Daya Bay's high statistics and unique layout of multiple directions from three pairs of reactors to three experimental halls allowed the simultaneous constraint of individual SME LV-CPTV coefficients without assuming others contribute negligibly, a first for a neutrino experiment.

Background: Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is the major etiological agent of viral enteritis and severe diarrhea in suckling piglets. In China, TGEV has caused great economic losses, but its role in epidemic diarrhea is unclear. This study aims to reveal the etiological role of TGEV in piglet diarrhea via molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis. Results: A TGEV-HX strain was isolated from China, and its complete genome was amplified, cloned, and sequenced. Sequence analysis indicated that it was conserved in the 5' and 3'-non-translated regions, and there were no insertions or deletions in nonstructural genes, such as ORF1a, ORF1b, ORF3a, ORF3b, and ORF7, as well as in genes encoding structural proteins, such as the envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleoprotein (N) proteins. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis indicated that the TGEV-HX strain was more similar to the TGEV Purdue cluster than to the Miller cluster. Conclusions: The present study described the isolation and genetic characterization of a TGEV-HX strain. The detailed analysis of the genetic variation of TGEVs in China provides essential information for further understanding the evolution of TGEVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Letter reports the first measurement of the oscillation amplitude and frequency of reactor antineutrinos at Daya Bay via neutron capture on hydrogen using 1958 days of data. With over 3.6 million signal candidates, an optimized candidate selection, improved treatment of backgrounds and efficiencies, refined energy calibration, and an energy response model for the capture-on-hydrogen sensitive region, the relative ν[over ¯]_{e} rates and energy spectra variation among the near and far detectors gives sin^{2}2θ_{13}=0.0759_{-0.0049}^{+0.0050} and Δm_{32}^{2}=(2.72_{-0.15}^{+0.14})×10^{-3}  eV^{2} assuming the normal neutrino mass ordering, and Δm_{32}^{2}=(-2.83_{-0.14}^{+0.15})×10^{-3}  eV^{2} for the inverted neutrino mass ordering. This estimate of sin^{2}2θ_{13} is consistent with and essentially independent from the one obtained using the capture-on-gadolinium sample at Daya Bay. The combination of these two results yields sin^{2}2θ_{13}=0.0833±0.0022, which represents an 8% relative improvement in precision regarding the Daya Bay full 3158-day capture-on-gadolinium result.

High-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays have significantly refined the resolution of biomarker-level detection and have emerged as the gold standard cardiac biomarker in evaluating myocardial injury. Since its introduction, hs-cTn has been integrated into the Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction and various European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain syndromes. However, despite its integral role in caring for patients with chest pain, there are still substantive gaps in our knowledge of the clinical interpretation of dynamic changes in hs-cTn values. Whether a relative or absolute hs-cTn delta should be used to detect acute myocardial injury remains debatable. There are also emerging considerations of possible sex and racial/ethnic differences in clinically significant troponin deltas. In the emergency department, there is debate about the optimal time frame to recheck hs-cTn after symptom onset for myocardial infarction rule-out and whether hs-cTn deltas should be integrated into clinical risk scores. In this review, we will provide an overview of the history of clinical utilization of cardiac biomarkers, the development of hs-cTn assays, and the ongoing search for a meaningful delta that can be clinically applicable.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) has revolutionized the management of severe aortic stenosis (AS), but the impact of sex on TAVI outcomes remains unclear. In this study, we examined differences between men and women in the post-procedural outcomes of TAVI, including healthcare burden and readmission rates. The Nationwide Readmissions Database (2016-2020) was utilized to identify hospitalizations for TAVI. A propensity score matching (PSM) model was used to match males and females. Outcomes were examined using Pearson's chi-squared test. Among 320,324 hospitalizations for TAVI, 142,054 (44.3 %) procedures were performed in women. After propensity matching (N = 165,894 with 82,947 hospitalizations in each group), women had higher in-hospital mortality (2.48 % vs 2.11 %, p: 0.001), stroke (2.14 % vs 1.49 %, p < 0.001), post-procedural bleeding (2.34 % vs 1.72 %, p < 0.001), vascular complications (1.2 % vs 0.7 %, p < 0.001), pericardial complications (1.13 % vs 0.60 %, p < 0.001), acute respiratory failure (ARF) (5.10 % vs 4.63 %, p < 0.001), need for transfusion (7 % vs 5.56 %, p < 0.001), need for vasopressors (2.48 % vs 2.11 %, p < 0.001) and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) (7.53 % vs 6.85 %, p < 0.001). Meanwhile, women had modestly lower incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) (10.17 % vs 11.88 %, p < 0.001), sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) (0.96 % vs 1.06 %, p: 0.042), cardiogenic shock (1.69 % vs 2.05 %, p < 0.001) and mechanical circulatory support (MCS) requirement (0.69 % vs 0.84 %, p < 0.001). With regard to readmissions, men had higher readmission rates at 30 days (16.07 % vs 14.75 %, p < 0.001) and 90 days (23.8 % vs 21.9 %, p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed in 180-day readmission rates between men and women after TAVI. Notably, procedure-related mortality decreased for both sexes from 2016 to 2020, accompanied by faster recovery times and reduced hospitalization costs (p-trend <0.001). In conclusion, women had higher mortality and post-procedural complication rates, while men had higher readmission rates, cardiogenic shock, AKI and need for mechanical circulatory support. While procedure-related mortality and resource utilization for TAVI have improved over time from 2016 to 2020, irrespective of sex, our findings highlight that significant disparities exist in TAVI outcomes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Dr. Vora reports consulting fees from Medtronic. None of the remaining authors have conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to combat multidrug-resistant biofilms, which pose significant challenges to human health. As the key to producing ROS in SDT, the design of sonosensitizers with optimal molecular structures for sufficient ROS generation and activity in complex biofilm matrix is essential. In this study, we propose a π-expansion strategy and synthesize a series of small-molecule metal Ru(II) complexes ( Ru1 - Ru4 ) as sonosensitizers ( Ru1 - Ru4 ) to enhance the efficacy of SDT. Among these complexes, Ru4 demonstrates remarkable ROS generation capability (∼65.5-fold) that surpasses most commercial sonosensitizers (1.3- to 6.7-fold). Through catalyzing endogenous H 2 O 2 decomposition, Ru4 facilitates the production of abundant O 2 as a resource for 1 O 2 and the generation of new ROS (i.e., • OH) for improving SDT. Furthermore, Ru4 maintains the sustained ROS activity via consuming the interferences (e.g., glutathione) that react with ROS. Due to these unique advantages, Ru4 exhibits potent biofilm eradication ability against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) both in vitro and in vivo, underscoring its potential use in clinical settings. This work introduces a new approach for designing effective sonosensitizers to eliminate biofilm infections, addressing a critical need in healthcare management.

The conventional sequence of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) initiation in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) assumes that the effectiveness and tolerability of GDMT agents mirror their order of discovery, which is not true. In this review, the authors discuss flexible GDMT sequencing that should be permitted in special populations, such as patients with bradycardia, chronic kidney disease, or atrial fibrillation. Moreover, the initiation of certain GDMT medications may enable tolerance of other GDMT medications. Most importantly, the achievement of partial doses of all four pillars of GDMT is better than achievement of target dosing of only a couple., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This Letter presents results of a search for the mixing of a sub-eV sterile neutrino with three active neutrinos based on the full data sample of the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment, collected during 3158 days of detector operation, which contains 5.55×10^{6} reactor ν[over ¯]&#95;{e} candidates identified as inverse beta-decay interactions followed by neutron capture on gadolinium. The analysis benefits from a doubling of the statistics of our previous result and from improvements of several important systematic uncertainties. No significant oscillation due to mixing of a sub-eV sterile neutrino with active neutrinos was found. Exclusion limits are set by both Feldman-Cousins and CLs methods. Light sterile neutrino mixing with sin^{2}2θ&#95;{14}≳0.01 can be excluded at 95% confidence level in the region of 0.01  eV^{2}≲|Δm&#95;{41}^{2}|≲0.1  eV^{2}. This result represents the world-leading constraints in the region of 2×10^{-4}  eV^{2}≲|Δm&#95;{41}^{2}|≲0.2  eV^{2}.

Background: Early identification of impending in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) improves clinical outcomes but remains elusive for practicing clinicians., Objective: We aimed to develop a multimodal machine learning algorithm based on ensemble techniques to predict the occurrence of IHCA., Methods: Our model was developed by the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring of Intensive Care (MIMIC)-IV database and validated in the Electronic Intensive Care Unit Collaborative Research Database (eICU-CRD). Baseline features consisting of patient demographics, presenting illness, and comorbidities were collected to train a random forest model. Next, vital signs were extracted to train a long short-term memory model. A support vector machine algorithm then stacked the results to form the final prediction model., Results: Of 23,909 patients in the MIMIC-IV database and 10,049 patients in the eICU-CRD database, 452 and 85 patients, respectively, had IHCA. At 13 hours in advance of an IHCA event, our algorithm had already demonstrated an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.85 (95% CI 0.815-0.885) in the MIMIC-IV database. External validation with the eICU-CRD and National Taiwan University Hospital databases also presented satisfactory results, showing area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values of 0.81 (95% CI 0.763-0.851) and 0.945 (95% CI 0.934-0.956), respectively., Conclusions: Using only vital signs and information available in the electronic medical record, our model demonstrates it is possible to detect a trajectory of clinical deterioration up to 13 hours in advance. This predictive tool, which has undergone external validation, could forewarn and help clinicians identify patients in need of assessment to improve their overall prognosis., (© Hsin-Ying Lee, Po-Chih Kuo, Frank Qian, Chien-Hung Li, Jiun-Ruey Hu, Wan-Ting Hsu, Hong-Jie Jhou, Po-Huang Chen, Cho-Hao Lee, Chin-Hua Su, Po-Chun Liao, I-Ju Wu, Chien-Chang Lee. Originally published in JMIR Medical Informatics (https://medinform.jmir.org).)

We propose a scheme for achieving basic quantum gates using ultracold polar molecules in pendular states. The qubits are encoded in the YbF molecules trapped in an electric field with a certain gradient and coupled by the dipole-dipole interaction. The time-dependent control sequences consisting of multiple pulses are considered to interact with the pendular qubits. To achieve high-fidelity quantum gates, we map the control problem for the coupled molecular system into a Markov decision process and deal with it using the techniques of deep reinforcement learning (DRL). By training the agents over multiple episodes, the optimal control pulse sequences for the two-qubit gates of NOT, controlled NOT, and Hadamard are discovered with high fidelities. Moreover, the population dynamics of YbF molecules driven by the discovered gate sequences are analyzed in detail. Furthermore, by combining the optimal gate sequences, we successfully simulate the quantum circuit for entanglement. Our findings could offer new insights into efficiently controlling molecular systems for practical molecule-based quantum computing using DRL., (© 2024 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.)

We report a search for time variations of the solar ^{8}B neutrino flux using 5804 live days of Super-Kamiokande data collected between May 31, 1996, and May 30, 2018. Super-Kamiokande measured the precise time of each solar neutrino interaction over 22 calendar years to search for solar neutrino flux modulations with unprecedented precision. Periodic modulations are searched for in a dataset comprising five-day interval solar neutrino flux measurements with a maximum likelihood method. We also applied the Lomb-Scargle method to this dataset to compare it with previous reports. The only significant modulation found is due to the elliptic orbit of the Earth around the Sun. The observed modulation is consistent with astronomical data: we measured an eccentricity of (1.53±0.35)%, and a perihelion shift of (-1.5±13.5) days.

Bleeding and thrombosis are known as common complications of polycythemia for a long time. However, the role of coagulation system in erythropoiesis is unclear. Here, we discover that an anticoagulant protein tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) plays an essential role in erythropoiesis via the control of heme biosynthesis in central macrophages. TFPI levels are elevated in erythroblasts of human erythroblastic islands with JAK2 V617F mutation and hypoxia condition. Erythroid lineage-specific knockout TFPI results in impaired erythropoiesis through decreasing ferrochelatase expression and heme biosynthesis in central macrophages. Mechanistically, the TFPI interacts with thrombomodulin to promote the downstream ERK1/2-GATA1 signaling pathway to induce heme biosynthesis in central macrophages. Furthermore, TFPI blockade impairs human erythropoiesis in vitro, and normalizes the erythroid compartment in mice with polycythemia. These results show that erythroblast-derived TFPI plays an important role in the regulation of erythropoiesis and reveal an interplay between erythroblasts and central macrophages., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Mode-pairing quantum key distribution (MP-QKD) holds great promise for the practical implementation of QKD in the near future. It combines the security advantages of measurement device independence while still being capable of breaking the Pirandola-Laurenza-Ottaviani-Banchi bound without the need for highly demanding phase-locking and phase-tracking technologies for deployment. In this work, we explore optimization strategies for MP-QKD in a wavelength-division multiplexing scenario. The simulation results reveal that incorporation of multiple wavelengths not only leads to a direct increase in key rate but also enhances the pairing efficiency by employing our novel pairing strategies among different wavelengths. As a result, our work provides a new avenue for the future application and development of MP-QKD.

Background: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) comprise more than a quarter of all patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and are at higher risk of adverse events. We sought to reexamine the optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) postpercutaneous coronary intervention in patients with DM., Methods: We systematically included randomized controlled trials comparing any 2 of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of DAPT that reported major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), net adverse clinical events (NACE), bleeding, or stent thrombosis in DM, and performed a frequentist network meta-analysis. We also performed a sensitivity analysis of trials that exclusively enrolled patients with acute coronary syndrome., Results: In 16 randomized controlled trials comprising 16,376 adults with DM, there was no significant difference in NACE, MACE, stent thrombosis, or major bleeding between pairwise comparisons of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of DAPT, except for a signal for lower bleeding with 3 months of DAPT compared to 12 (risk ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.51-0.99). Sensitivity analysis of trials that solely included acute coronary syndrome similarly showed no significant difference in MACE between 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of DAPT., Conclusions: Our study found no meaningful difference in NACE or MACE between pairwise comparisons of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of DAPT by study-level meta-analysis of patients with DM, with lower bleeding risk observed with 3 months than with 12 months of DAPT. This finding may provide clinicians greater flexibility to personalize patients' DAPT duration based on other non-DM comorbidities that might affect bleeding or thrombosis risk., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Importance: The optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) for older adults after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is uncertain because they are simultaneously at higher risk for both ischemic and bleeding events., Objective: To investigate the association of abbreviated DAPT with adverse clinical events among older adults after PCI., Data Sources: The Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from inception to August 9, 2023., Study Selection: Randomized clinical trials comparing any 2 of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of DAPT were included if they reported results for adults aged 65 years or older or 75 years or older., Data Extraction and Synthesis: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline was used to abstract data and assess data quality. Risk ratios for each duration of DAPT were calculated with alternation of the reference group., Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome of interest was net adverse clinical events (NACE). Secondary outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and bleeding., Results: In 14 randomized clinical trials comprising 19 102 older adults, no differences were observed in the risks of NACE or MACE for 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of DAPT. However, 3 months of DAPT was associated with a lower risk of bleeding compared with 6 months of DAPT (relative risk [RR], 0.50 [95% CI, 0.29-0.84]) and 12 months of DAPT (RR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.45-0.71]) among older adults. One month of DAPT was also associated with a lower risk of bleeding compared with 6 months of DAPT (RR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.54-0.86])., Conclusions and Relevance: In this systematic review and meta-analysis of different durations of DAPT for older adults after PCI, an abbreviated DAPT duration was associated with a lower risk of bleeding without any concomitant increase in the risk of MACE or NACE despite the concern for higher-risk coronary anatomy and comorbidities among older adults. This study, which represents the first network meta-analysis of this shortened treatment for older adults, suggests that clinicians may consider abbreviating DAPT for older adults.

Sepsis patients have a high risk of developing in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA), which portends poor survival. However, little is known about whether the increased incidence of IHCA is due to sepsis itself or to comorbidities harbored by sepsis patients. We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study comprising 20,022 patients admitted with sepsis to hospitals in Taiwan using the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). We constructed three non-sepsis comparison cohorts using risk set sampling and propensity score (PS) matching. We used univariate conditional logistic regression to evaluate the risk of IHCA and associated mortality. We identified 12,790 inpatients without infection (matched cohort 1), 12,789 inpatients with infection but without sepsis (matched cohort 2), and 10,536 inpatients with end-organ dysfunction but without sepsis (matched cohort 3). In the three PS-matched cohorts, the odds ratios (OR) for developing ICHA were 21.17 (95% CI 17.19, 26.06), 18.96 (95% CI: 15.56, 23.10), and 1.23 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.33), respectively (p < 0.001 for all ORs). In conclusion, in our study of inpatients across Taiwan, sepsis was independently associated with an increased risk of IHCA. Further studies should focus on identifying the proxy causes of IHCA using real-time monitoring data to further reduce the incidence of cardiopulmonary insufficiency in patients with sepsis., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Società Italiana di Medicina Interna (SIMI).)

Cardiac troponin (Tn) plays a central role in the evaluation of patients with angina presenting with acute coronary syndrome. The advent of high-sensitivity assays has improved the analytic sensitivity and precision of serum Tn measurement, but this advancement has come at the cost of poorer specificity. The role of clinical judgment is of heightened importance because, more so than ever, the interpretation of serum Tn elevation hinges on the careful integration of findings from electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, physical exam, interview, and other imaging and laboratory data to formulate a weighted differential diagnosis. A thorough understanding of the epidemiology, mechanisms, and prognostic implications of Tn elevations in each cardiac and non-cardiac etiology allows the clinician to better distinguish between presentations of myocardial ischemia and myocardial injury-an important discernment to make, as the treatment of acute coronary syndrome is vastly different from the workup and management of myocardial injury and should be directed at the underlying cause.

Accurate measurement and interpretation of serum levels of troponin (Tn) is a central part of the clinical workup of a patient presenting with chest pain suspicious for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Knowledge of the molecular characteristics of the troponin complex and test characteristics of troponin measurement assays allows for a deeper understanding of causes of false positive and false negative test results in myocardial injury. In this review, we discuss the molecular structure and functions of the constituent proteins of the troponin complex (TnT, TnC, and TnI); review the different isoforms of Tn and where they are from; survey the evolution of clinical Tn assays, ranging from first-generation to high-sensitivity (hs); provide a primer on statistical interpretation of assay results based on different clinical settings; and discuss potential causes of false results. We also summarize the advances in technologies that may lead to the development of future Tn assays, including the development of point of care assays and wearable Tn sensors for real-time continuous measurement.

The detection of smoky diesel vehicles is a key step in reducing air pollution from transportation. We propose a new method for identifying smoky vehicles that proceeds in three stages: (1) the detection of vehicle shapes, license plates, and smoke regions; (2) the implementation of the two matching techniques based on the smoke region-vehicle shape and smoke region-license plate relationships; and (3) the refinement of the smoke region detected. The first stage involves the evaluation of various You Only Look Once (YOLO) models to identify the best-fit model for object detection. YOLOv5s was the most effective, particularly for the smoke region prediction, achieving a precision of 91.4% and a mean average precision at 0.5 (mAP@0.5) of 91%. It also had the highest mean mAP@0.5 of 93.9% across all three classes. The application of the two matching techniques significantly reduced the rate of false negatives and enhanced the rate of true positives for the smoky diesel vehicles through the detection of their license plates. Moreover, a refinement process based on image processing theory was implemented, effectively eliminating incorrect smoke region predictions caused by vehicle shadows. As a result, our method achieved a detection rate of 97.45% and a precision of 93.50%, which are higher than that of the two existing popular methods, and produced an acceptable false alarm rate of 5.44%. Particularly, the proposed method substantially reduced the processing time to as low as 85 ms per image, compared to 140.3 and 182.6 ms per image in the two reference studies. In conclusion, the proposed method showed remarkable improvements in the accuracy, robustness, and feasibility of smoky diesel vehicle detection. Therefore, it offers potential to be applied in real-world situations.

Piriformospora indica is an important endophytic fungus with broad potential for alleviating biotic and abiotic stress on host plants. This study monitored the growth dynamics of P. indica on five commonly used artificial media for microorganisms and analyzed its metabolic characteristics using Biolog Phenotype Microarray (PM) technology. The results showed that P. indica grew fastest on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), followed by Kidney Bean Agar (KBA), Alkyl Ester Agar (AEA), Oatmeal Agar (OA), and Luria-Bertani Agar (LB), and the most suitable medium for spore production was OA. Using Biolog PM1-10, 950 metabolic phenotypes of P. indica were obtained. P. indica could metabolize 87.89% of the tested carbon sources, 87.63% of the tested nitrogen sources, 96.61% of the tested phosphorus sources, and 100% of the tested sulfur sources. P. indica displayed 92 kinds of tested biosynthetic pathways, and it could grow under 92 kinds of tested osmotic pressures and 88 kinds of tested pH conditions. PM plates 1-2 revealed 43 efficient carbon sources, including M -Hydroxyphenyl acid, N -Acetyl- D -Glucosamine, Tyramine, Maltotrios, α -D -Glucosine, I -Erythritol, L -Valine, D -Melezitose, D -Tagatose, and Turanose. PM plates 3,6-8 indicated 170 efficient nitrogen sources, including Adenosine, Inosine Allantoin, D, L -Lactamide, Arg-Met, lle-Trp, Ala-Arg, Thr-Arg, Trp-Tyr, Val-Asn, Gly-Gly- D -Leu, Gly-Gly-Phe, and Leu-Leu-Leu. This study demonstrates that P. indica can metabolize a variety of substrates, such as carbon and nitrogen sources, and has a wide range of environmental adaptability. The growth dynamics on artificial culture media and metabolic phenotypes of P. indica can be used to investigate its biological characteristics, screen for more suitable growth and sporulation conditions, and elucidate the physiological mechanisms that enhance the stress resistance of host plants. This study provides a theoretical basis for its better application in agriculture., Competing Interests: C-yH was employed by Guizhou Provincial Tobacco Company. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Hu, Li, Wang, Sun, Huang and Wang.)

At present, the research on Global Health Competencies is mainly conducted in the field of the establishment of competency models and application of indicators. This review summarizes the research progress of the Global Health Competency and its models, and focuses on cutting-edge research from the aspects of target audience, purpose, content, classical model, methods and future development. The competency model is suggested to be adjusted and updated according to the practices of different countries and regions. The research and funding of the competency model in the field of public health is suggested to be strengthened, and the global health and diplomacy are suggested to be combined to enrich and improve the competency model. Finally, this review aims to promote Global Health Competencies research in China, especially to improve the global health talent training system and relevant policies in further research.

Introduction: In-hospital delirium is more common among older adults and is associated with increased mortality and adverse health-related outcomes. We aim to establish the contemporary prevalence of delirium among older adults undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and the impact of delirium on in-hospital complications., Methods: We identified older adults aged ≥75 years in the National Inpatient Sample who underwent inpatient PCI for any reason from 2016 to 2020 and stratified them into those with and without delirium. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, and secondary outcomes encompassed post-procedural complications., Results: Delirium occurred in 14,130 (2.6 %) hospitalizations in which PCI was performed. Patients who developed delirium were older and had more comorbidities. Patients with in-hospital delirium had higher odds of in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.27, p = 0.002) and non-home discharge (aOR 3.17, p < 0.001). Delirium was also associated with higher odds of intracranial hemorrhage (aOR 2.49, p < 0.001), gastrointestinal hemorrhage (aOR 1.25, p = 0.030), need for blood transfusion (aOR 1.52, p < 0.001), acute kidney injury (aOR 1.62, p < 0.001), and fall in hospital (aOR 1.97, p < 0.001)., Conclusion: Delirium among older adults undergoing PCI is relatively common and associated with higher odds of in-hospital mortality and adverse events. This highlights the importance of vigilant delirium prevention and early recognition in the peri-procedural setting, especially for older adults., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this study., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose of Review: The role of neuroimmune modulation and inflammation in cardiovascular disease has been historically underappreciated. Physiological connections between the heart and brain, termed the heart-brain axis (HBA), are bidirectional, occur through a complex network of autonomic nerves/hormones and cytokines, and play important roles in common disorders., Recent Findings: At the molecular level, advances in the past two decades reveal complex crosstalk mediated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, the renin-angiotensin aldosterone and hypothalamus-pituitary axes, microRNA, and cytokines. Afferent pathways amplify proinflammatory signals via the hypothalamus and brainstem to the periphery, promoting neurogenic inflammation. At the organ level, while stress-mediated cardiomyopathy is the prototypical disorder of the HBA, cardiac dysfunction can result from a myriad of neurologic insults including stroke and spinal injury. Atrial fibrillation is not necessarily a causative factor for cardioembolic stroke, but a manifestation of an abnormal atrial substrate, which can lead to the development of stroke independent of AF. Central and peripheral neurogenic proinflammatory factors have major roles in the HBA, manifesting as complex bi-directional relationships in common conditions such as stroke, arrhythmia, and cardiomyopathy., (© 2023. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

Background: Ankyrin repeat domain 49 (ANKRD49) has been found to be highly expressed in multiple cancer including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous carcinoma (LUSC). However, the function of ANKRD49 in the pathogenesis of NSCLC still remains elusive. Previously, ANKRD49 has been demonstrated to promote the invasion and metastasis of A549 cells, a LUAD cell line, via activating the p38-ATF-2-MMP2/MMP9 pathways. Considering the heterogeneity of tumor cells, the function and mechanism of ANKRD49 in NSCLC need more NSCLC-originated cells to clarify., Methods: Real-time qPCR was employed to test ANKRD49 expression levels in nine pairs of fresh NSCLC tissues and the corresponding adjacent normal tissues. The function of ANKRD49 was investigated using overexpression and RNA interference assays in lung adenocarcinoma cell line (NCI-H1299) and lung squamous carcinoma cell line (NCI-H1703) through gelatin zymography, cell counting kit-8, colony formation, wound healing, migration and invasion assays mmunoprecipitation was performed to in vitro. Immunoprecipitation was performed to test the interaction of c-Jun and ATF2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was conducted to assess the transcriptional regulation of ATF2/c-Jun on MMP-2/9. Moreover, the tumorigenicity of ANKRD49 was evaluated in nude mice models and the involved signal molecular was also measured by immunohistochemical method., Results: We found that the levels of ANKRD49 in cancerous tissues were higher than those in adjacent normal tissues. in vitro assay showed that ANKRD49 promoted the migration and invasion of NCI-H1299 and NCI-H1703 cells via enhancing the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Furthermore, ANKRD49 elevated phosphorylation of JNK and then activated c-Jun and ATF2 which interact in nucleus to promote the binding of ATF2:c-Jun with the promoter MMP-2 or MMP-9. In vivo assay showed that ANKRD49 promoted lung metastasis of injected-NSCLC cells and the high metastatic rate was positively correlated with the high expression of ANKRD49, MMP-2, MMP-9, p-JNK, p-c-Jun and p-ATF2., Conclusion: The present study indicated that ANKRD49 accelerated the invasion and metastasis of NSCLC cells via JNK-mediated transcription activation of c-Jun and ATF2 which regulated the expression of MMP-2/MMP-9. The molecular mechanisms of ANKRD49's function is different from those found in A549 cells. The current study is a supplement and improvement to the previous research., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The conventional sequence of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) initiation in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) assumes that the effectiveness and tolerability of GDMT agents mirror their order of discovery, which is not true. In this review, the authors discuss flexible GDMT sequencing that should be permitted in special populations, such as patients with bradycardia, chronic kidney disease, or atrial fibrillation. Moreover, the initiation of certain GDMT medications may enable tolerance of other GDMT medications. Most importantly, the achievement of partial doses of all four pillars of GDMT is better than achievement of target dosing of only a couple., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Intravascular imaging (IVI), including intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), improves outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusions (CTOs). We sought to quantify temporal trends in the uptake of IVI for CTO-PCI in the United States. We identified adults who underwent single-vessel PCI for CTO between 2008 and 2020. We quantified yearly trends in the number of IVUS-guided and OCT-guided single-vessel CTO-PCIs by Cochran-Armitage and linear regression tests. We also examined the rates of inhospital mortality and other prespecified inhospital outcomes in patients who underwent CTO-PCIs with and without IVI, using logistic regression. Our study included a total of 151,998 PCIs on single-vessel CTOs, with the absolute number of CTO-PCIs decreasing from 12,345 in 2008 to 8,525 in 2020 (p trend <0.001). IVUS use has increased dramatically from 6% in 2008 to 18% in 2020 for single-vessel CTO-PCIs (p trend <0.001). Rates of OCT use have increased as well, from 0% in 2008 to 7% in 2020 (p trend <0.001). There was no difference in inhospital mortality between patients who underwent CTO-PCI with and without IVI (p logistic = 0.60). In the largest national analysis of single-vessel CTO-PCI trends to date, we found that the use of IVUS has increased substantially accompanied by a similar but lesser increase in the use of OCT. There were no differences in rates of inhospital mortality between patients who underwent single-vessel CTO-PCIs with and without IVI., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Dr. Ahmad is a consultant for Shockwave Medical and Cardiovascular Systems, Inc.; and on the Medical Advisory Board for Boston Scientific. Dr. Nanna reports current research support from the American College of Cardiology Foundation (Washington, District of Columbia) supported by the George F. and Ann Harris Bellows Foundation (Houston, Texas), the Patient-centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) (Washington, District of Columbia), the Yale Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, P30AG021,342, (New Haven, Connecticut) and the National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, Maryland) from R03AG074067 (GEMSSTAR award). The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Importance: There are ongoing concerns about the benefits of intensive vs standard blood pressure (BP) treatment among adults with orthostatic hypotension or standing hypotension., Objective: To determine the effect of a lower BP treatment goal or active therapy vs a standard BP treatment goal or placebo on cardiovascular disease (CVD) or all-cause mortality in strata of baseline orthostatic hypotension or baseline standing hypotension., Data Sources: Individual participant data meta-analysis based on a systematic review of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases through May 13, 2022., Study Selection: Randomized trials of BP pharmacologic treatment (more intensive BP goal or active agent) with orthostatic hypotension assessments., Data Extraction and Synthesis: Individual participant data meta-analysis extracted following PRISMA guidelines. Effects were determined using Cox proportional hazard models using a single-stage approach., Main Outcomes and Measures: Main outcomes were CVD or all-cause mortality. Orthostatic hypotension was defined as a decrease in systolic BP of at least 20 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP of at least 10 mm Hg after changing position from sitting to standing. Standing hypotension was defined as a standing systolic BP of 110 mm Hg or less or standing diastolic BP of 60 mm Hg or less., Results: The 9 trials included 29 235 participants followed up for a median of 4 years (mean age, 69.0 [SD, 10.9] years; 48% women). There were 9% with orthostatic hypotension and 5% with standing hypotension at baseline. More intensive BP treatment or active therapy lowered risk of CVD or all-cause mortality among those without baseline orthostatic hypotension (hazard ratio [HR], 0.81; 95% CI, 0.76-0.86) similarly to those with baseline orthostatic hypotension (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70-1.00; P = .68 for interaction of treatment with baseline orthostatic hypotension). More intensive BP treatment or active therapy lowered risk of CVD or all-cause mortality among those without baseline standing hypotension (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.75-0.85), and nonsignificantly among those with baseline standing hypotension (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.75-1.18). Effects did not differ by baseline standing hypotension (P = .16 for interaction of treatment with baseline standing hypotension)., Conclusions and Relevance: In this population of hypertension trial participants, intensive therapy reduced risk of CVD or all-cause mortality regardless of orthostatic hypotension without evidence for different effects among those with standing hypotension.

Purpose of Review: Blood pressure (BP) fluctuations outside of clinic are increasingly recognized for their role in the development of cardiovascular disease, syncope, and premature death and as a promising target for tailored hypertension treatment. However, current cuff-based BP devices, including home and ambulatory devices, are unable to capture the breadth of BP variability across human activities, experiences, and contexts., Recent Findings: Cuffless, wearable BP devices offer the promise of beat-to-beat, continuous, noninvasive measurement of BP during both awake and sleep periods with minimal patient inconvenience. Importantly, cuffless BP devices can characterize BP variability, allowing for the identification of patient-specific triggers of BP surges in the home environment. Unfortunately, the pace of evidence, regulation, and validation testing has lagged behind the pace of innovation and direct consumer marketing. We provide an overview of the available technologies and devices for cuffless BP monitoring, considerations for the calibration and validation of these devices, and the promise and pitfalls of the cuffless BP paradigm., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Over the past decade, super-resolution ultrasound localization microscopy (SR-ULM) has revolutionized ultrasound imaging with its capability to resolve the microvascular structures below the ultrasound diffraction limit. The introduction of this imaging technique enables the visualization, quantification, and characterization of tissue microvasculature. The early implementations of SR-ULM utilize microbubbles (MBs) that require a long image acquisition time due to the requirement of capturing sparsely isolated microbubble signals. The next-generation SR-ULM employs nanodroplets that have the potential to significantly reduce the image acquisition time without sacrificing the resolution. This review discusses various nanodroplet-based ultrasound localization microscopy techniques and their corresponding imaging mechanisms. A summary is given on the preclinical applications of SR-ULM with nanodroplets, and the challenges in the clinical translation of nanodroplet-based SR-ULM are presented while discussing the future perspectives. In conclusion, ultrasound localization microscopy is a promising microvasculature imaging technology that can provide new diagnostic and prognostic information for a wide range of pathologies, such as cancer, heart conditions, and autoimmune diseases, and enable personalized treatment monitoring at a microlevel.

Epicoccum latusicollum is a fungus that causes a severe foliar disease on flue-cured tobacco in southwest China, resulting in significant losses in tobacco yield and quality. To better understand the organism, researchers investigated its optimal growth conditions and metabolic versatility using a combination of traditional methods and the Biolog Phenotype MicroArray technique. The study found that E. latusicollum exhibited impressive metabolic versatility, being able to metabolize a majority of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus sources tested, as well as adapt to different environmental conditions, including broad pH ranges and various osmolytes. The optimal medium for mycelial growth was alkyl ester agar medium, while oatmeal agar medium was optimal for sporulation, and the optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 25°C. The lethal temperature was 40°C. The study also identified arbutin and amygdalin as optimal carbon sources and Ala-Asp and Ala-Glu as optimal nitrogen sources for E. latusicollum . Furthermore, the genome of E. latusicollum strain T41 was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq and Pacific Biosciences technologies, with 10,821 genes predicted using Nonredundant, Gene Ontology, Clusters of Orthologous Groups, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and SWISS-PROT databases. Analysis of the metabolic functions of phyllosphere microorganisms on diseased tobacco leaves affected by E. latusicollum using the Biolog Eco microplate revealed an inability to efficiently metabolize a total of 29 carbon sources, with only tween 40 showing some metabolizing ability. The study provides new insights into the structure and function of phyllosphere microbiota and highlights important challenges for future research, as well as a theoretical basis for the integrated control and breeding for disease resistance of tobacco Epicoccus leaf spot. This information can be useful in developing new strategies for disease control and management, as well as enhancing crop productivity and quality., Competing Interests: Author Z-NG was employed by MGI Tech Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The authors declare that this study received funding from the China National Tobacco Corporation and Guizhou Tobacco Company. The funders were not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article or the decision to submit it for publication., (Copyright © 2023 Li, Hu, Li, Wang, Guo, Cheng, Cai and Shi.)