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Exploring dual-functional metal-based hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst with high activity and stability is an indispensable strategy to effectively utilize hydrogen energy and alleviate energy crisis. Herein, a series of dual-functional NiFe-MOF@FeOOH-based composites with different electrodeposition intervals were synthesized via a solvothermal method and subsequent electrodeposition process. It was noted that when the electrodeposition time was set as 300 s, the corresponding composites exhibited the most effective OER catalytic activity with a low overpotential of 303 mV at 40 mA cm−2. The optimal composites also displayed fast reaction kinetics with a small tafel plot of 36 mV dec−1 and superior durability for 20 h. Meanwhile, the composite only required 137 mV for HER to reach a catalytic current density of 10 mA cm−2 under the same condition. Clearly, the obtained composites depicted excellent dual-functional electrocatalytic performance which can be ascribed to its unique 3D hierarchical structure, larger electrochemical surface area, strong synergistic effect as well as improved electrical conductivity. Besides, the adopted FeOOH was favorable for the transformation from Ni2+ to Ni3+, which acted as the active centers of catalytic reaction to advance the OER process. All in all, this study provided a novel insight to design bimetallic MOF based electrode materials with both excellent HER and OER properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coeval Neoproterozoic mafic dykes with a well‐constrained isotopic age of 925 Ma are distributed in the North China Craton (NCC) of China and São Francisco Craton (SFC) of Brazil. Several recent studies favor the hypothesis that these two cratons were connected during 925 Ma and constituted building cratons for the supercontinent Rodinia. However, the paleo‐positions of the two cratons in Rodinia have not yet been paleomagnetically resolved. This paper presents the paleomagnetic results of these dykes in both NCC and SFC. Detailed thermal and alternating‐field demagnetization revealed that these dykes record stable components of magnetization with unblocking temperatures below the Curie temperature of magnetite. Rock magnetic results and scanning electron microscope analysis further confirm that the major magnetic minerals in dyke samples are pseudo‐single domain titanomagnetites. The mean directions of the characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) of the dykes are distinct from those of rocks of different ages in the sampling localities, and are supported by positive baked contact tests, indicating primary remanent magnetization. The ChRM of the SFC dykes also exhibits dual polarity. Our results suggest that the NCC and SFC were in the moderate to high paleolatitudes of the Southern Hemisphere during approximately 925 Ma, suggesting a possible paleogeographic connection between the two cratons. A new paleogeographic reconstruction of both cratons during 925 Ma is proposed, which is supported by other geological evidence. Plain Language Summary: The formation and breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia have played crucial roles in the global tectonic evolution and paleoclimate changes during the Neoproterozoic which lasted from 1.0 billion to 541 million years ago. The exact configuration of the Rodinia remains debatable, including whether the North China Craton (NCC) and São Francisco Craton (SFC) were integral components of the Rodinia. In this paper, we present new results of an integrated investigation, including paleomagnetic and rock magnetic studies and scanning electron microscope analysis, on the well dated coeval 925 Ma mafic dykes in both NCC and SFC. The results of scanning electron microscope and magnetic measurements confirm the major magnetic minerals and the stability of characteristic remanence directions. The results imply that both NCC and SFC were located at moderate to high paleolatitudes of the Southern Hemisphere during approximately 925 Ma, suggesting the possibility of a paleogeographic connection between the two cratons in the Rodinia. The findings of this study help gain improved understanding of paleogeography of the early Earth. Key Points: Characteristic remanence for the 925 Ma dykes in North China Craton and São Francisco Craton is interpreted as primaryBoth cratons were located at moderate–high paleolatitudes, southwest of Rodinia's core at 925 Ma, suggesting a paleogeographic connectionThe possible paleogeographic connection between the two cratons is supported by new paleomagnetic and geological evidence [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensing and characterizing water-soluble polypeptides are essential in various biological applications. However, detecting polypeptides using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) remains a challenge due to the dominance of aromatic amino acid residues and backbones in the signal, which hinders the detection of non-aromatic amino acid residues. Herein, intra-nanoparticle plasmonic nanogap were designed by etching the Ag shell in Au@AgNPs (i.e., obtaining AuAg cores) with chlorauric acid under mild conditions, at the same time forming the outermost Au shell and the void between the AuAg cores and the Au shell (AuAg@void@Au). By varying the Ag to added chloroauric acid molar ratios, we pioneered a simple, controllable, and general synthetic strategy to form interlayer-free nanoparticles with tunable Au shell thickness, achieving precise regulation of electric field enhancement within the intra-nanogap. As validation, two polypeptide molecules, bacitracin and insulin B, were successfully synchronously encapsulated and spatial-confined in the intra-nanogap for sensing. Compared with concentrated 50 nm AuNPs and Au@AgNPs as SERS substrates, our simultaneous detection method improved the sensitivity of the assay while benefiting to obtain more comprehensive characteristic peaks of polypeptides. The synthetic strategy of confining analytes while fabricating plasmonic nanostructures enables the diffusion of target molecules into the nanogap in a highly specific and sensitive manner, providing the majority of the functionality required to achieve peptide detection or sequencing without the hassle of labeling. [Display omitted] • Au shell thickness of AuAg@void@Au was tuned to regulate electric field enhancement. • Polypeptides were spatially confined in plasmonic nanogaps within intra-nanoparticles. • AuAg@void@Au enables label-free and sensitive SERS detection of polypeptides. • More comprehensive characteristic SERS peaks of polypeptides were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the synergistic effect of co-gasification for coal gangue and pine sawdust was studied on a self-made two-stage gasification fixed bed experimental device. The results indicated that there was synergistic effect between coal gangue and pine sawdust. With the gasification temperature was 850 °C, the catalytic reforming temperature was 900 °C, the steam flow was 2 ml/min and the mixing ratio of coal gangue and pine sawdust was 1:1. The co-gasification synergistic effect yields the best results, the H 2 volume fraction reached its highest value of 37.2%, with a synergistic coefficient of 0.22. Under this condition, the number of mesopores in co-gasification char was the largest and the absorbance of the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group was the smallest. The alkali metal (K, Ca) content reached a maximum of 22.18%, which was conducive to the formation of hydrogen. • Relationship between gas composition and physiochemical properties was observed. • With a mixing ratio of 1:1, the synergistic effect was the greatest. • The alkali metals K and Ca had a catalytic effect on the decomposition of –OH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has consistently supported the significance of parental attachment in behavioral development during adolescence. Based on the attachment theory and the engine of well-being model, the current study examined the mediating effect of hope in the relation between parental attachment and social problem-solving skills in Chinese early adolescents (N = 745, 6th to 8th grade, age range 11 to 15 years, mean = 12.76, SD = 0.74). Data were collected across two time points, with six months between each time. After confirming the measurement model, the structural equation modeling analysis results showed that hope fully mediated the relation between maternal and paternal attachment, respectively, and social problem-solving skills. The findings are consistent with previous research conducted in the United States showing the mediating role of hope in the relation between family resources and adolescents' positive goal-directed behavior. These findings also support the application of the attachment theory and the engine of well-being model in Chinese culture and possibly Eastern culture in general. Implications for school psychologists and other mental health professionals to help parents understand how they influence adolescents' social problem-solving skills (via hope), especially in the Eastern cultural context, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical properties of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) are time-dependent due to the cement hydration process. The mechanical behavior of ECC is not only related to the matrix material properties, but also to the fiber/matrix interface properties. In this study, the modeling of fiber and fiber/matrix interactions is accomplished by using a semi-discrete model in the framework of peridynamics (PD), and the time-varying laws of cement matrix and fiber/matrix interface bonding properties with curing age are also considered. The strain-softening behavior of the cement matrix is represented by introducing a correction factor to modify the pairwise force function in PD theory. The fracture damage of ECC plate from 3 to 28 days was numerically simulated by using the improved PD model to visualize the process of damage fracture under dynamic loading. The shorter the hydration time, the lower the corresponding elastic modulus, and the smaller the number of cracks generated. The dynamic fracture process of early-age ECC is analyzed to understand the crack development pattern, which provides reference for guiding structural design and engineering practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study takes an intersectional position when examining K-12th grade students’ school-based discipline experiences in minoritized communities. We build on the intersectional view of minoritized racial and gender experiences by adding to additional dimensions of marginalized identity to predictive models of disciplinary absences. Using negative binomial regression, we model disciplinary absences by gender, racial identity, poverty, and primary language, adding interaction terms to explicitly account for cumulative moderating effects of having more than one marginalized identity. Participants included 8,495 kindergarten through 12th grade students enrolled in the 21st Century Community Learning Center after school program during the 2016–2017 school year. Analyses suggested differences in disciplinary absences across racial identities and qualification of free or reduced lunch. Results also indicated that when controlling for covariates, being male predicted more disciplinary absences than being female among White students. However, this effect was not evident among male participants whose primary language was English. These findings highlight the need for culturally responsive and affirming programming to further improve equitable access to positive outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study took a family systems perspective and tested spillover theory to examine the transmission of stress from parents to children during COVID-19. Using a longitudinal design with a 1-year interval, we tested the association between parent perceived stress and perceived child stress, and the sequential mediating effects of poor family functioning and parent–child closeness. The data comprised 134 parents residing in the US who were assessed from the initial first peak of COVID-19 infections in 2020 to 2021, 1 year later. Results indicated that when controlling for covariates, there was a significant association between parent perceived stress and perceived child stress. What is more, poor family functioning and parent–child closeness fully mediated the former link in sequence. These findings highlighted the need for improving family relationship quality when providing interventions that target families suffering in stressful contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dense medium cyclones (DMCs) are widely used in coal mine sorting processes to improve the quality of coal products and reduce pollution. The conventional linear inlet DMCs has the problems of unstable flow field, high turbulence density and low separation efficiency. Based on these concerns, the volute inlet DMCs was proposed, however the nose angle as one of the most critical parameters has not yet been investigated in depth. In this paper, a DMC with volute inlet is investigated, and the effect of nose angle is studied by a computational fluid dynamics model in terms of flow field, particle motion and the forces acting on the particles. The performance of the DMC is evaluated with respect to the inlet nose angle. As the nose angle increases from 0 to 180 deg., the separation efficiency has a tendency to increase and then decrease with the inflection point founding when nose angle is 180 deg. Then the flow field, particle distribution and particle force are analyzed respectively. The results show that the symmetry and stability of the flow field can be significantly improved as nose angle increases from 0 to 180 deg., but they remain almost constant when nose angle is 270°. In addition, a quantification method of the short-circuiting flow is established and it has been found that increasing the nose angle can notably reduce the short-circuiting flow. In terms of particle phase, increasing the nose angle causes heavier particle distribution tends to concentrate. During this period, the variation pattern of forces on particles with different nose angles is also analyzed. The DMC with a nose angle of 180 deg. has a longer acceleration zone at the entrance height and an increased radial force on the particles, which results in better performance. This study provides a theoretical basis and reference for the structure optimization of dense medium cyclones. [Display omitted] • The effect of nose angle on the performance of volute inlet DMC was investigated. • A CFD model was built for the multiphase flow and particle motion in the DMC. • A quantification method of the short-circuiting flow in the DMC was established. • The particle distribution and analysis of forces on particles in DMC were studied. • The volute inlet DMC with 180 deg. nose angle has better operation and separation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid component separation and accurate identification of bisphenols compounds (BPs) in real water sample remain an attractive challenge due to the trace amounts and structural similarities of BPs, and complexity of real samples. Here, we designed and synthesized chemically modified cellulose p-toluenesulfonate (CTSA) to encapsulate octadecylamine-modified gold nanoparticles (Au-ODA), obtaining 3D plasmonic cellulose (Au@CTSA). Simultaneously, by virtue of the high surface area in the 3D network of CTSA and the solvent volatile deposition, BPs in water were in situ extracted and concentrated in Au@CTSA microspheres. Since the 3D network of Au@CTSA supports the formation of "hotspots", the number of "hotspots" available is greatly improved, enabling excellent SERS detection of BPs. Based on the collected SERS spectra, machine learning was utilized to analyze the overall profile of BPs, which eliminated the subjective judgment of the concentration by the Au@CTSA sensor using a single characteristic peak. In this way, the accuracy of identification of BPs was significantly improved. The machine learning-driven Au@CTSA sensor realized the detection of traces bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), and bisphenol F (BPF) in water sample, pushing quantitative detection of different concentrations of BPs and contributing facile indicators for water quality monitoring. [Display omitted] • Chemically modified cellulose was designed to encapsulate octadecylamine-modified gold nanoparticles. • Plasmonic Au@CTSA sensor was constructed to extract three bisphenols. • Machine learning was applied to extract subtle variances within complex spectra with highly accuracies. • Detection of three bisphenols in environmental and bottled water was realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation and accumulation of coal gangue (CG) and coal slime (CS) are a serious cause of environmental pollution. The co-pyrolysis of CG/CS and pine sawdust (PS) is an effective method to reduce pollution and waste generation. In this work, the co-pyrolysis characteristics of CG/CS and PS were analyzed by the thermogravimetric analyzer and fixed bed pyrolysis reactor. The kinetics analysis showed that the activation energies decreased with the PS mixing ratio increased for CG/PS blends and CS/PS blends in the second pyrolysis stage. The synergistic effect on yield is quantified by comparing the results of the co-pyrolysis of CG/CS and PS blends with weighted results from the pyrolysis of CG, CS and PS individually. The results revealed that when the mixing ratio of CG:PS was 1:1, the difference between the experimental and calculated yields (2.9 %) and the H 2 yield (320 ml/g) were maximum. Among the CS/PS blends, these values are maximum when the mixing ratio of CS:PS is 3:1 (2.5 % and 450 ml/g). Furthermore, the alkali and alkaline earth metals K and Ca in the co-pyrolysis char catalyze the decomposition of the –OH functional group. • CG/CS and PS co-pyrolysis was studied by non-isothermal and isothermal conditions. • The alkali and alkaline earth metals in the co-pyrolysis char had a catalytic effect. • CG/PS1-1 and CS/PS3-1 mixing ratio had the highest hydrogen yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sliding electrical contact between rail and armature in rail launchers is characterized by high speed and large current. Melt erosion is caused by the current concentration on the contact surface of armature. Because the current melt erosion (CME) was considered to be a main mechanism of armature-rail contact failure, it was experimentally and theoretically studied in the early years using current density of 30–40 kA/mm, which is the exact driving current of rail launches. However, the critical behavior at the onset of CME cannot be observed due to the serious melt erosion at such high current densities. In this paper, the CME of armatures has been experimentally studied in the current range of 10–20 kA/mm with a lab-scale rail launcher. A payload separated method was used to keep the recovered armatures intact. The critical process for the onset of melting was observed and the erosion spreading patterns on the contact surface was analyzed. It is found that the current melt-wave model postulated in early years cannot describe the development of CME in our experiments. The result shows that current erosion mostly occurs at the static and the low-velocity stage of armature. The CME begins at the point of maximum contact pressure provided by armature-rail interference fit, and then, the melt erosion spreads longitudinally and transversely. The current erosion is affected by both current distribution and the movement of liquid aluminum. In longitudinal direction, the flow of liquid aluminum results in erosion propagation to leading edges. The transverse width of erosion zone expands with increasing current magnitude along the edge of interference fit. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

• Strawberry showed wilting phenomenon after a week of Colletotrichum siamense infection. • Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were upregulated in crown with C. siamense infection. • Phenolic acids of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis increased susceptibility of crown rot. Crown rot caused by Colletotrichum siamense is a serious disease affecting strawberry that leads to large-scale losses, both in their quality and yield, in the Yangtze River Basin, China. Secondary metabolites are known to play pivotal roles in defense responses against invading pathogens, and identifying metabolites involved in crown rot is necessary for understanding induced resistance and developing improved genetic resistance against strawberry crown rot. To explore this research topic, the infection process was verified via observation of the phenotypes and histopathology of susceptible 'Benihoppe' strawberry inoculated with C. siamense. Following this, metabolomic analysis was used that identified phenolic acids, flavonoids, and amino acids as the metabolites accumulated in the rotten crown caused by the C. siamense infection process. Furthermore, the transcripts encoding enzymes involved in the 'phenylpropanoid biosynthesis' of phenolic acids, trans -cinnamate 4-monooxygenase, caffeoylshikimate esterase, and caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase were all upregulated in the rotten crown, as shown by transcriptomic analysis and qRT-PCR. In addition, the metabolites p -coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid in the 'phenylpropanoid biosynthesis' pathway all enhanced C. siamense infection, as shown by an exogenous validation experiment. Together, the results demonstrate that the 'phenylpropanoid biosynthesis' pathway was induced during crown rot and thus highlight the potentially crucial regulatory role of this pathway in plant immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Strawberry showed wilting phenomenon after a week of Colletotrichum siamense infection. • Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were upregulated in crown with C. siamense infection. • Phenolic acids of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis increased susceptibility of crown rot. Crown rot caused by Colletotrichum siamense is a serious disease affecting strawberry that leads to large-scale losses, both in their quality and yield, in the Yangtze River Basin, China. Secondary metabolites are known to play pivotal roles in defense responses against invading pathogens, and identifying metabolites involved in crown rot is necessary for understanding induced resistance and developing improved genetic resistance against strawberry crown rot. To explore this research topic, the infection process was verified via observation of the phenotypes and histopathology of susceptible 'Benihoppe' strawberry inoculated with C. siamense. Following this, metabolomic analysis was used that identified phenolic acids, flavonoids, and amino acids as the metabolites accumulated in the rotten crown caused by the C. siamense infection process. Furthermore, the transcripts encoding enzymes involved in the 'phenylpropanoid biosynthesis' of phenolic acids, trans -cinnamate 4-monooxygenase, caffeoylshikimate esterase, and caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase were all upregulated in the rotten crown, as shown by transcriptomic analysis and qRT-PCR. In addition, the metabolites p -coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid in the 'phenylpropanoid biosynthesis' pathway all enhanced C. siamense infection, as shown by an exogenous validation experiment. Together, the results demonstrate that the 'phenylpropanoid biosynthesis' pathway was induced during crown rot and thus highlight the potentially crucial regulatory role of this pathway in plant immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here robust Pb‐S covalency is successfully incorporated into CsPbI3 heterojunction by introducing a new zwitterionic organosulfide‐halide perovskite on top of CsPbI3. Cysteamine (CYS: +NH3(CH2)2S−) will react with PbCl2 and form a new 3D perovskite with much shallower fermi level on CsPbI3 surface, constructing an efficient CsPbI3/[CYS][PbCl2] heterojunction. As a result, interfacial energy loss can be significantly inhibited and device open‐circuit voltage (Voc) is increased to over 1.20 V with champion efficiency of 20.38% in inverted CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Besides, the intrinsic moisture and phase stability of [CYS][PbCl2] perovskite will effectively stabilize the CsPbI3 beneath owing to its robust Pb‐S covalency. PSCs with [CYS][PbCl2] exhibit significantly improved stability, whether in moist air or under continuous maximum power point (MPP) tracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A semi-discrete model based on bond-based PD for ECC is presented. • An improved damage coefficient is used to modify the pairwise force function. • The performance of the model under tensile and impact loading is analyzed. The engineered cementitious composite (ECC) cracking process involves discontinuities. To solve this difficulty, a semi-discrete model for ECC based on peridynamics (PD) is established. In this paper, the pairwise force function is modified by using an improved damage coefficient. This model is established by modeling the matrix and the interactions between the fiber and matrix. The interactions between the fiber and matrix are applied to the material point in the form of forces. A reasonable horizon size and grid spacing ratio are obtained by analyzing the convergence of the ECC plate's crack propagation. The validity of the PD model in this paper is demonstrated by comparing the uniaxial tensile simulation results of ECC plates with the relevant experimental results. Finally, the effects of pre-crack position and fiber volume fraction on dynamic fracture under an impact load are studied. This work helps to predict the crack propagation path of ECC structures which is important to guide engineering practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quasi-Helmholtz decomposition with loop-star basis functions including multibranch Rao-Wilton-Glisson (MB-RWG) basis functions is proposed for electromagnetic scattering problems on an object with multiple surfaces. The loop and star basis functions in the interior region of each surface are generated with RWG functions, and those loop functions and star functions at the bordering lines between different surfaces are constructed with MB-RWG and RWG functions. With MB-RWG functions, the proposed loop-star scheme can be applied to two adjacent surfaces with different mesh resolutions directly. Some numerical examples are presented at low frequencies to verify the accuracy of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multibranch Rao–Wilton–Glisson (MB-RWG) basis function is proposed in this article, which is composed of one positive triangle with a larger edge length and several negative triangles with smaller edge lengths. All negative triangles are aggregated to replace the negative triangle in the traditional RWG basis function, with exactly the same function expression defined on the triangles. The number of negative triangles can be changed in different mesh structures. Similar to traditional RWG basis functions, the proposed MB-RWG basis functions guarantee normal current continuity across the common edges. No line charges exist and the total charge on one MB-RWG is zero. MB-RWG basis functions can be used very conveniently to connect one surface with a coarse mesh scheme to another with a fine mesh scheme and can be flexibly applied in the domain decomposition method (DDM). Numerical results validate the accuracy and demonstrate the versatility of the proposed basis function in modeling multiscale perfect electrically conducting (PEC) objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual-channel probe was developed, based on a novel composite metal organic frameworks (ZnMOF-74@Al-MOF) for glyphosate determination through ratio fluorescence and colorimetric methods. The prepared probe can not only recognize and combine glyphosate by introducing copper ion into the MOF, but also possess peroxidase-like catalytic activity. The recognition of target glyphosate brought about changes relative to its concentration on fluorescence intensity and ultraviolet absorption. And, the high specific surface area and porosity of porphyrin MOF provides the developed probe with more response opportunities to afford a better detection performance for glyphosate. Under optimum conditions, the copper ion-mediated method exhibited good detection performance for glyphosate with low detection limits (0.070 and 0.092 μg mL−1 for fluorescence and colorimetric techniques, respectively). Furthermore, the possible mechanisms of the fluorescence quenching and the peroxidase-like catalytic of the probe were also explored. This dual-channel method was applied to monitor glyphosate degradation in environmental samples and satisfactory results were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical and electrical properties of soft tissues are relative to soft tissues’ pathological state. Modern medical imaging devices have shown a trend to multi-modal imaging, which will provide complementary functional information to improve the accuracy of disease diagnosis. However, no method or system can simultaneously measure the mechanical and electrical properties of the soft tissue. In this study, we proposed a novel dual-modal imaging method integrated by shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI) and Magneto-acousto-electrical tomography (MAET) to measure soft tissue's elasticity and conductivity simultaneously. A dual-modal imaging system based on a linear array transducer is built, and the imaging performances of MAET and SWEI were respectively evaluated by phantoms experiment and in vitro experiment. Conductivity phantom experiments show that the MAET in this dual-modal system can image conductivity gradient as low as 0.4 S/m. The phantom experiments show that the reconstructed 2-D elasticity maps of the phantoms with inclusions with a diameter larger than 5 mm are relatively accurate. In vitro experiments show that the elasticity parameter can significantly distinguish the changes in tissue before and after heating. This study first proposes a method that can simultaneously obtain tissue elasticity and electrical conductivity to the best of our knowledge. Although this paper just carried out the proof of concept experiments of the new method, it demonstrates great potential for disease diagnosis in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this communication, a multibranch Schaubert–Wilton–Glisson (MB-SWG) basis function is proposed for solving volume integral equations (VIEs) involved in electromagnetic scattering problems. MB-SWG is defined on several tetrahedrons in the positive and negative parts that share a common triangular face, replacing two tetrahedrons in the traditional Schaubert–Wilton–Glisson (SWG) basis function. The MB-SWG basis function is convenient for domain decomposition with a coarse mesh scheme in one subdomain and a fine mesh scheme in the neighboring domains. Numerical results confirm the accuracy and versatility of the MB-SWG basis functions applying for dielectric scattering problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 4-Imidazoleethylamine is used to induce p to n-type transition at CsPbI 3 surface. • Back-surface field is established at CsPbI 3 surface region to inhibit interfacial energy loss. • High efficiency of over 20% is obtained in inverted CsPbI 3 solar cells. Energy loss at perovskite/electron transporting layer (ETL) interface is one key reason limiting the efficiency of inverted CsPbI 3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here we introduce a back-surface field in inverted PSCs through 4-Imidazoleethylamine (4-IEA) treatment to mitigate such interfacial energy loss. 4-IEA treatment will upshift the Fermi level of CsPbI 3 surface and thus induce an extra back-surface field aligning with the built-in potential of inverted PSCs, thus reducing energy loss and facilitating electrons extraction at the CsPbI 3 /ETL interface. In addition, 4-IEA can passivate interfacial defects owing to its Lewis base-acid interaction with CsPbI 3. As a result, power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.22% is achieved in inverted CsPbI 3 PSCs. Furthermore, PSCs with 4-IEA also exhibit good operational stability, retaining over 70% of initial efficiency after maximum power point (MPP) tracking at high temperature of 65 ℃ for 200 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different types of faulting may greatly impact the flow of hot fluids and related thermal anomalies, which may substantially affect the migration and accumulation of petroleum. However, little is known about the effects of fault types. In this study, 64 core samples were collected from localities controlled by extensional and strike-slip faults in the Liaodong Bay Subbasin, Bohai Bay Basin, and fluid inclusions in these samples were used as thermal indicators of paleo-fluids. The results show strong thermal anomalies near the extensional and strike-slip faults due to the flow of hot fluids. The highest anomalies were recorded at localities proximal to the faults: 134.4 °C at a distance of 375 m from an extensional fault and 145.5 °C at a distance of 262.5 m from the strike-slip fault. However, these anomalies are all local and decrease with increasing distance from the faults, up to a maximum distance of approximately 3000 m. Compared with those near the strike-slip fault, the anomalies near the extensional faults decrease more slowly and typically exhibit higher anomalies at similar distances, which indicates that the extensional faults are better pathways for the flow of hot fluids. The thermal effects of hot fluids have enhanced the maturation of organic matter and shifted the threshold depth for petroleum generation upward by approximately 300 m. Such effects on source rock maturation decrease with increasing distance from the faults, up to a maximum distance of approximately 3000 m. Most Ro values near the extensional faults are clearly higher than those near the strike-slip fault. Thus, the extensional faults play a more efficient role in the enhancement of source rock maturation and are interpreted as preferential pathways for the migration of generated hydrocarbons in the Liaodong Bay Subbasin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]