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In this paper, China's core inflation is defined as any price changes that are caused by the money supply. This definition is especially relevant to examining monetary policy because the money supply is controllable by China's central bank. This paper develops a New Keynesian DSGE model with a quantity-based monetary rule that fits real aggregated data from China to analyze core inflation's key characteristics. Eight different approaches are used to estimate core inflation in China. By constructing VAR models of output growth, money supply growth and core inflation, we estimate the response of core inflation measures to the money supply shock. By matching the response to money supply shocks in both the model and the data, we compare the performance of different core inflation measures for monetary policy in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and enterotoxin gene of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods in Guangzhou from 2008 to 2019.MethodsRTE food samples were randomly collected from retail outlets and supermarkets in 11 districts of Guangzhou and the isolation and identification of S. aureus were performed. All isolated S. aureus were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, enterotoxin genes and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were further characterized by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing.ResultsA total of 157 S. aureus isolates(11.22%) were detected from 1 399 RTE food samples in Guangzhou from 2009 to 2018. The prevalence of S. aureus in cooked pork samples was significantly higher than those in non-meat samples (17.95% vs 9.43%, P

Enteral nutrition (EN) and foods for special medical purposes (FSMPs) can be used to meet the specific nutritional needs of patients. There are multiple types of EN products and nutritionally complete FSMPs on the market. The peptides in these products are important nutritional components, while their presence in different products remains unclear. To provide better clinical guidelines, we analyzed and compared the molecular weight (MW) distribution, types, and quantities of peptides and bioactive peptides of two EN products (liquid products) and two FSMPs with nutritionally complete formulas (powder products). Our results showed that each product had a unique peptide profile. The two liquid products and one powder product (Samples 1–3) had a higher content of peptides. Sample 1 contained 75.60% peptides with an MW less than 375 Da and contained 95.21% peptides with an MW less than 1000 Da, being rich in short peptides. Sample 2 and 3 had high levels of peptides with MW values between 180 Da and 2000 Da. Additionally, Sample 4 contained high levels of proteins, containing 69.18% peptides with MW values larger than 10,000 Da. Further, Sample 1 had more bioactive dipeptides and Sample 2 had more long bioactive peptides. Our results suggest that peptides in different EN and FSMP products are very different and should be evaluated in more detail. This will provide valuable information for clinical medical professionals, help them to guide patients with different physiological conditions better, and ultimately benefit patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statins are widely used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia disease, which are refractory in the municipal sewage treatment plant. The photocatalytic degradation of statins by the Z-scheme heterostructured photocatalyst is confirmed, but the degradation mechanism of statins needs to be further revealed. In this study, the effects of photocatalyst dosage, solution pH and humic acid (HA) on the photocatalysis of fluvastatin by ZnIn2S4/Bi2WO6 Z-scheme heterostructured photocatalyst (ZIS/BWO photocatalyst) were investigated and the degradation mechanism was proposed. Results showed that adsorption of fluvastatin was improved with the increase of photocatalyst dosage, but photoinduced desorption and light scattering resulted in the decrease of the removal of fluvastatin with high dosage. 0.2 g/L of the ZIS/BWO photocatalyst was optimal dosage. 65.21% of fluvastatin was removed at pH=9, because high concentration of OH− was conducive to produce ⋅OH. The change of pH, competition of photons and active sites, and trapping of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by carboxyl group of HA combined to inhibit the photocatalysis of fluvastatin in the presence of HA. The C–C, C = C and C–N bonds of fluvastatin were attacked by a variety of ROS to generate degradable intermediates that were easily mineralized to H2O and CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of semiconductor photocatalysts with narrow band gaps is hindered by the rapid recombination of electron–hole pairs and limitation of multiple reactive oxygen species (ROS) synchronous generation. A n–n-type direct Z-scheme heterostructured photocatalyst was constructed based on the staggered band alignment of bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6) and indium zinc sulfide (ZnIn2S4) to reveal the synergistic effect of charge separation and multiple ROS synchronous generation on boosting photocatalytic performance. Under irradiation, electrons in the conduction band (CB) of Bi2WO6 and holes in the valence band (VB) of ZnIn2S4 recombined at interface to prolong the lifetime of electrons in the CB of ZnIn2S4 and holes in the VB of Bi2WO6. Meanwhile, the multiple ROS synchronously generated to oxidize pollutant due to the strong redox ability of electrons of ZnIn2S4 and holes of Bi2WO6, which was determined by the CB potential of ZnIn2S4 and VB potential of Bi2WO6. The results provided valuable insights for the application of photocatalysts with a narrow band gap in the field of water pollution control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) is a useful technique to identify and quantify potential failures. FMEA determines a potential failure mode by evaluating risk factors. In recent years, there are many works improving FMEA by allowing multiple experts to use linguistic term sets to evaluate risk factors. However, it is important to design a framework that can consider both the weight of risk factors and the weight of the experts. In addition, managing conflicts among experts is also an urgent problem to be addressed. In this paper, we proposed an FMEA model based on multi‐granularity linguistic terms and the Dempster–Shafer evidence theory. On the other hand, the weights for both experts and risk factors are taken into consideration. The weights are computed objectively and subjectively to ensure the reasonability. Further, we apply our method to an emergency department case, which shows the effectiveness of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How is new economic knowledge produced over time? That depends on how the expertise of authors is managed within economic journals. Using data from 41 major economics journals spanning 21 years (1994–2014), we find that both the intensive margin (article length) and extensive margin (article number) of the discipline have been growing. In particular, the extensive margin has outgrown the intensive margin, such that each article produces absolutely more but relatively less knowledge. This pattern is highly consistent with a model of within‐journal specialization. As predicted by the model, the share of an individual article shrinks less in general interest journals and in more prestigious journals, where expertise is less substitutable across topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a noticeable trend toward return migration in both developed and developing countries, including China. Nonetheless, return migration in China has received relatively scant scholarly attention. It is underexplored whether return migrants and local workers are complements or substitutes. In this study, we develop a theoretical model to disclose the mechanism of return migration on villagers. Using a novel self-collected nationwide household survey dataset combining agricultural production and income information in rural China, we examine how return migrants affect rural household income, including income growth, relative income, and expected income growth. The results show that return migrants negatively impact rural household income. This impact is driven by the competition effect and the spillover effect between return migrants and local villagers. We also analyze the identities of return migrants before and after returning to distinguish the transmission channels. Our findings suggest that the government should persist in its encouragement of urbanization and promote return migrants to carry out work that complements local villagers. • We examine how return migrants affect rural household income in China. • We use self-collected nationwide household survey data combining agricultural production and income information. • Our results show that return migrants negatively impact rural household income. • This is driven by the competition effect and spillover effect between return migrants and local villagers. • The government should encourage return migrants to carry out work that complements local villagers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid and accurate method for simultaneous identification of foodborne infectious pathogens was developed based on oligonucleotide microarray technology. The proposed identification method is based on PCR amplification of the target region of the groEL genes with degenerate primers, followed by the PCR products hybridization with oligonucleotide probes specific for species. The groEL gene amplification products of seventeen species of pathogenic bacteria were hybridized to the oligonucleotide array. Hybridization results were analyzed with digoxigenin-linked enzyme reaction. Results indicated that fifteen species of pathogenic bacteria showed high sensitivity and specificity for the oligonucleotide array, while two other species gave cross-reaction with the E. coli. Our results suggested that microarray analysis of foodborne infectious pathogens might be very useful for simultaneous identification of bacterial pathogens. The oligonucleotide array can also be applied to samples collected in clinical settings of foodborne infections. The superiority of oligonucleotide array over other tests lies on its rapidity, accuracy and efficiency in the diagnosis, treatment and control of foodborne infections. (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the distribution of resistance genes and the clonal relationships among carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from the intensive care unit wards of two hospitals in Guangzhou, China. From 2012 to 2013, 57 A. baumannii isolates were obtained from blood cultures from two hospitals in Guangzhou. The antibiotic resistance profiles were determined by using the Vitek2 system and Etest strips. PCR was used to detect the genes encoding OXA-type carbapenemases and metallo-β-lactamases and the presence of IS Aba1 upstream of the blaOXA-51-like gene and the blaOXA-23-like gene. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and sequence-based typing of blaOXA-51-like genes (SBT- blaOXA-51-like genes) were performed to analyze the genetic relationship of the isolates. Among the 57 isolates, 46 were carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) isolates. The blaOXA-51-like gene was identified in all 57 isolates, while the blaOXA-23-like gene was present in all 46 CRAB isolates. The MLST analysis grouped the A. baumannii isolates into five existing sequence types (STs) and five new STs. Fifty-two isolates belonged to the worldwide spread of clonal complex 92 (CC92), among which ST195 and ST365 were the most common STs. The MLST data and SBT- blaOXA-51-like genes showed that all isolates harboring the major blaOXA-51-like alleles, such as blaOXA-66, belonged to CC92. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) is routinely used as a bioderived plasticizer and stabilizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC), as it prolongs material integrity during dehydrochlorination. During this process, the epoxide moieties of ESO are progressively converted to chlorohydrins, which amplify ESO's inherent structural complexity. Past characterization efforts utilized separation-mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of the hydrolyzed acyl chains to simplify the complexity. However, this approach significantly increases the complexity of sample preparation and cannot directly monitor the chlorination of individual ESO species during aging. Here, we present a comprehensive LC-MS/MS data acquisition and in silico spectral library identification workflow optimized for intact ESO byproduct analysis. Detailed MS/MS fragmentation rules derived from synthesized standards were coupled with improved fragment ion intensity modeling capabilities to generate a high-fidelity spectral library for rapid ESO byproduct identification. Identification confidence was further bolstered by using retention time modeling to filter spurious MS/MS matches. Finally, we paired this informatic approach with an optimized extraction procedure and reversed-phase separation to generate a detailed timeline of more than 400 ESO species and byproducts during PVC thermal aging. These developments significantly improve our ability to detect, characterize, and understand ESO degradation in complex PVC formulations with new levels of molecular resolution.