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Objective To investigate the effects of family history of hypertension, overweight/obesity and the interaction between the two factors on hypertension in Han and Manchu adults in Hebei Province, so to provide a reference for the prevention and control of hypertension in Hebei province. Methods A cross-section survey by questionnaires investigation and physical examination was conducted in Hebei province in July to August 2017, a multistage stratified cluster sampling covering 4 633 Han and Manchu people aged 20-80 years old in Hebei province was performed. A multivariate Logistic regression model was used to analyze the effects of family history of hypertension and overweight/obesity on hypertension. Results After adjusting for ethnicity, sex, age, geographic distribution(urban/rural), economic income,education, smoking, drinking, physical exercise and daily activity, the risk of hypertension was 3.6(95% CI: 2.51-5.18) times higher in those with a family history of hypertension than those without the family history. The risk of hypertension in overweight/obese people was 2.90(95% CI: 1.92-4.37) times higher than non-overweight/obese people. The risk of hypertension was 9.78(95% CI: 6.86-13.95) times higher in population with the factors of overweight plus family history as compared to those with neither factors.The relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) was 4.28(95% CI: 2.59-5.96), the synergy index (SI) was 1.95(95% CI: 1.54-2.47) and the attributable proportion due to interaction (AP) was 0.44(95% CI: 0.33-0.54). Conclusions Both family history of hypertension and overweight/obesity are associated with an increased risk of hypertension, and there is a positive additive interaction between the two factors.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the heritability of various obesity indices and their shared genetic factors with cardiometabolic traits in the Chinese nuclear family. Methods: A total of 1270 individuals from 538 nuclear families were included in this cross‐sectional study. Different indices were used to quantify fat mass and distribution, including body index mass (BMI), visceral fat index (VFI), and body fat percent (BFP). Heritability and genetic correlations for all quantitative traits were estimated using variance component models. The susceptibility‐threshold model was utilized to estimate the heritability for binary traits. Results: Heritability estimates for obesity indices were highest for BMI (59%), followed by BFP (49%), and VFI (40%). Heritability estimates for continuous cardiometabolic traits varied from 24% to 50%. All obesity measures exhibited consistently significant positive genetic correlations with blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and uric acid (rG range: 0.26–0.57). However, diverse genetic correlations between various obesity indices and lipid profiles were observed. Significant genetic correlations were limited to specific pairs: BFP and total cholesterol (rG = 0.24), BFP and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (rG = 0.25), and VFI and triglyceride (rG = 0.33). Conclusion: The genetic overlap between various obesity indices and cardiometabolic traits underscores the importance of pleiotropic genes. Further studies are warranted to investigate specific shared genetic and environmental factors between obesity and cardiometabolic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Helicobacter pylori epidemic in China accounts for up to a third of gastric cancers worldwide. We aim to monitor the temporal and spatial dynamics of H. pylori infection in both adults and children across China. Materials and Methods: We developed a surveillance system consisting of a data collection component that harnessed survey reports in natural populations and an analysis component that accounted for the differences in survey time and location, population age structure, and H. pylori detection method. System outputs were estimates of the prevalence of H. pylori in adults and children (aged ≤ 14 years) presented at three hierarchical levels (regional, provincial, and prefectural). Results: The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection declined sharply in adults (63.3%, 52.5%, 43.4%, and 38.7%) and less sharply in children (23.1%, 26.1%, 16.0%, and 15.7%) in 1983–1999, 2000–2009, 2010–2014, and 2015–2019, respectively. The changes were asynchronous across regions, with the most marked declines in the Northwest, the Hong Kong‐Macao‐Taiwan region, and the East. We estimated that 457.6 million adults and 44.5 million children have been infected with H. pylori, with cross‐province disparities in prevalence ranging from 24.3% to 69.3% among adults and 2.9% to 46.3% among children. In general, the risk level of gastric cancer increased as the prevalence of H. pylori increased. The correlation was statistically significant for both adult men (Spearman coefficient of correlation: 0.393, p = 0.0146) and women (0.470, p = 0.0029). Conclusions: The tracking system would be important for the continuous and stratified tracking of the Helicobacter pylori epidemic across China and can be used to furnish an evidence base for the formulation of tailored prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The current guidelines for managing screen‐detected pulmonary nodules offer rule‐based recommendations for immediate diagnostic work‐up or follow‐up at intervals of 3, 6, or 12 months. Customized visit plans are lacking. Purpose: To develop individualized screening schedules using reinforcement learning (RL) and evaluate the effectiveness of RL‐based policy models. Methods: Using a nested case–control design, we retrospectively identified 308 patients with cancer who had positive screening results in at least two screening rounds in the National Lung Screening Trial. We established a control group that included cancer‐free patients with nodules, matched (1:1) according to the year of cancer diagnosis. By generating 10,164 sequence decision episodes, we trained RL‐based policy models, incorporating nodule diameter alone, combined with nodule appearance (attenuation and margin) and/or patient information (age, sex, smoking status, pack‐years, and family history). We calculated rates of misdiagnosis, missed diagnosis, and delayed diagnosis, and compared the performance of RL‐based policy models with rule‐based follow‐up protocols (National Comprehensive Cancer Network guideline; China Guideline for the Screening and Early Detection of Lung Cancer). Results: We identified significant interactions between certain variables (e.g., nodule shape and patient smoking pack‐years, beyond those considered in guideline protocols) and the selection of follow‐up testing intervals, thereby impacting the quality of the decision sequence. In validation, one RL‐based policy model achieved rates of 12.3% for misdiagnosis, 9.7% for missed diagnosis, and 11.7% for delayed diagnosis. Compared with the two rule‐based protocols, the three best‐performing RL‐based policy models consistently demonstrated optimal performance for specific patient subgroups based on disease characteristics (benign or malignant), nodule phenotypes (size, shape, and attenuation), and individual attributes. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of using an RL‐based approach that is both clinically interpretable and performance‐robust to develop personalized lung cancer screening schedules. Our findings present opportunities for enhancing the current cancer screening system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Maintaining a safe and adequate supply of blood for health services is an important responsibility of every World Health Organization Member State. (1,2) Demographic changes are a threat to [...], Objective To estimate the long-term effect of the changing demography in China on blood supply and demand. Methods We developed a predictive model to estimate blood supply and demand during 2017-2036 in mainland China and in 31 province-level regions. Model parameters were obtained from World Population Prospects, China statistical yearbook 2016, China's report on blood safety and records from a large tertiary hospital. Our main assumptions were stable age-specific per capita blood supply and demand over time. Findings We estimated that the change in demographic structure between 2016 (baseline year) and 2036 would result in a 16.0% decrease in blood supply (from 43.2 million units of 200 mL to 36.3 million units) and a 33.1% increase in demand (from 43.2 million units to 57.5 million units). In 2036, there would be an estimated shortage of 21.2 million units. An annual increase in supply between 0.9% and 1.8% is required to maintain a balance in blood supply and demand. This increase is not enough for every region as regional differences will increase, e.g. a blood demand/supply ratio > 1.45 by 2036 is predicted in regions with large populations older than 65 years. Sensitivity analyses showed that increasing donations by 4.0% annually by people aged 18-34 years or decreasing the overall blood discard rate from 5.0% to 2.0% would not offset but help reduce the blood shortage. Conclusion Multidimensional strategies and tailored, coordinated actions are needed to deal with growing pressures on blood services because of China's ageing population. Objectif Estimer I'effet a long terme de revolution demographique en Chine sur l'approvisionnement et la demande en produits sanguins. Methodes Nous avons elabore un modele de prevision pour estimer l'approvisionnement et la demande en produits sanguins en Chine continentale et dans 31 provinces entre 2017 et 2036. Les parametres du modele ont ete definis a partir des Perspectives de la population mondiale, de l'Annuaire statistique 2016 de la Chine, du Rapport de la Chine sur la securite transfusionnelle et des dossiers d'un important hopital de soins tertiaires. Nous sommes partis de l'hypothese que l'approvisionnement et la demande en produits sanguins par habitant et par groupe d'age etaient stables dans le temps. Resultats Nous avons estime que Revolution de la structure demographique entre 2016 (annee de reference) et 2036 entrainerait une diminution de l'approvisionnement en produits sanguins de 16,0% (de 43,2 millions d'unites de 200 mL a 36,3 millions d'unites) et une augmentation de la demande de 33,1% (de 43,2 millions d'unites a 57,5 millions d'unites). Nous estimons qu'en 2036, il manquera 21,2 millions d'unites. Une augmentation annuelle de l'approvisionnement de 0,9% a 1,8% est necessaire pour maintenir un equilibre entre l'approvisionnement et la demande en produits sanguins. Cette augmentation n'est pas suffisante pour toutes les regions, car les differences regionales vont s'accentuer. Par exemple, un rapport demande/approvisionnement en produits sanguins [greater than or equal to] 1,45 d'ici a 2036 est prevu dans les regions qui comptent un nombre eleve d'habitants ages de plus de 65 ans. Les analyses de sensibilite ont montre qu'une augmentation des dons de 4,0% chaque annee par des individus ages de 18 a 34 ans ou une diminution du taux global de rejet de produits sanguins de 5,0% a 2,0% ne permettrait pas de reduire a neant la penurie de produits sanguins, mais aiderait a la resorber. Conclusion Des strategies multidimensionnelles et des actions adaptees et concertees sont necessaires pour faire face aux pressions croissantes qui pesent sur les services de transfusion sanguine en raison du vieillissement de la population chinoise. Conclusion Se necesitan estrategias multidimensionales y acciones coordinadas y adaptadas para hacer frente a la creciente presion sobre los servicios de transfusion de sangre debido al envejecimiento de la poblacion de China. Objetivo Estimar el efecto a largo plazo de los cambios demograficos en China sobre la oferta y la demanda de sangre. Metodos Se desarrollo un modelo predictivo para estimar la oferta y la demanda de sangre durante el periodo en China continental y en 31 provincias. Los parametros del modelo se obtuvieron de World Population Prospects (Perspectivas mundiales de poblacion), China statistical yearbook 2016 (Anuario estadistico de China 2016), China's report on blood safety (Informe de China sobre seguridad de la sangre) y de registros de un gran hospital terciario. Los supuestos principales eran la estabilidad de la oferta y la demanda de sangre per capita especifica de la edad a lo largo del tiempo. Resultados Se estimo que el cambio en la estructura demografica entre 2016 (ano inicial) y 2036 resultaria en una disminucion del 16,0% en el suministro de sangre (de 43,2 millones de unidades de 200 ml a 36,3 millones de unidades) y un aumento del 33,1% en la demanda (de 43,2 millones de unidades a 57,5 millones de unidades). En 2036, habria una escasez estimada de 21,2 millones de unidades. Se requiere un aumento anual de la oferta de entre el 0,9% y el 1,8% para mantener un equilibrio entre la oferta y la demanda de sangre. Este aumento no es suficiente para todas las regiones, ya que las diferencias regionales aumentaran, por ejemplo, se pronostica una relacion entre la demanda y la oferta de sangre [mayor que o igual a] = 1,45 para el ano 2036 en regiones con grandes poblaciones mayores de 65 anos. Los analisis de sensibilidad mostraron que el aumento de las donaciones en un 4,0% anual por parte de las personas de 18 a 34 anos o la disminucion de la tasa general de descarte de sangre del 5,0% al 2,0% no compensaria sino que ayudaria a reducir la escasez de sangre.

Little is known about the association between surface water quality and cancer incidence, especially in China. Drinking water quality has been linked to the incidence of several cancers in individual-level studies. However, few studies have attempted to examine multiple pollutants and multiple cancers at population level. This study used water monitoring and population-level cancer data from across China to examine spatial associations between water pollutants and types of cancer. We found a "dose–response" relationship between the number of pollutants present at high levels and cancer incidence. These results provide evidence of a nationwide spatial association between water quality and cancer in China. The precise relationship varies with cancers and pollutants. However, the overall consistency of the "dose–response" relationship suggests that surface water quality is an important factor in cancer incidence. Our findings highlight new issues such as the changing effects when different pollutants co-exist and an increasing number of new cancer cases partially attributable to poor water quality. Our work also points to some ways to deal with these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Approximately 30% of patients with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) present with masked hypertension, primarily characterized by elevated nighttime blood pressure. This study aimed to develop a hypertension prediction model tailored for primary care physicians, utilizing simple, readily available predictors derived from type IV sleep monitoring devices., Patients and Methods: Participants were recruited from communities in Guangdong Province, China, between April and May 2021. Data collection included demographic information, clinical indicators, and results from type IV sleep monitors, which recorded oxygen desaturation index (ODI), average nocturnal oxygen saturation (MeanSpO2), and lowest recorded oxygen saturation (MinSpO2). Hypertension was diagnosed using blood pressure monitoring or self-reported antihypertensive medication use. A nomogram was constructed using multivariate logistic regression after Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression identified six predictors: waist circumference, age, ODI, diabetes status, family history of hypertension, and apnea. Model performance was evaluated using area under the curve (AUC), calibration plots, and decision curve analysis (DCA)., Results: The model, developed in a cohort of 680 participants and validated in 401 participants, achieved an AUC of 0.775 (95% CI: 0.730-0.820) in validation set. Calibration plots demonstrated excellent agreement between predictions and outcomes, while DCA confirmed significant clinical utility., Conclusion: This hypertension prediction model leverages easily accessible indicators, including oximetry data from type IV sleep monitors, enabling effective screening during community-based SDB assessments. It provides a cost-effective and practical tool for prioritizing early intervention and management strategies in both primary care and clinical settings., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2025 Feng et al.)

Background: The mechanisms distinguishing metabolically healthy from unhealthy phenotypes within the same BMI categories remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the associations between regional fat distribution and metabolically unhealthy phenotypes in Chinese adults across different BMI categories., Methods: This cross-sectional study involving 11833 Chinese adults aged 20 years and older. Covariance analysis, adjusted for age, compared the percentage of regional fat (trunk, leg, or arm fat divided by whole-body fat) between metabolically healthy and unhealthy participants. Trends in regional fat percentage with the number of metabolic abnormalities were assessed by the Jonckheere-Terpstra test. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by logistic regression models. All analyses were performed separately by sex., Results: In non-obese individuals, metabolically unhealthy participants exhibited higher percent trunk fat and lower percent leg fat compared to healthy participants. Additionally, percent trunk fat increased and percent leg fat decreased with the number of metabolic abnormalities. After adjustment for demographic and lifestyle factors, as well as BMI, higher percent trunk fat was associated with increased odds of being metabolically unhealthy [highest vs. lowest quartile: ORs (95%CI) of 1.64 (1.35, 2.00) for men and 2.00 (1.63, 2.46) for women]. Conversely, compared with the lowest quartile, the ORs (95%CI) of metabolically unhealthy phenotype in the highest quartile for percent arm and leg fat were 0.64 (0.53, 0.78) and 0.60 (0.49, 0.74) for men, and 0.72 (0.56, 0.93) and 0.46 (0.36, 0.59) for women, respectively. Significant interactions between BMI and percentage of trunk and leg fat were observed in both sexes, with stronger associations found in individuals with normal weight and overweight., Conclusions: Trunk fat is associated with a higher risk of metabolically unhealthy phenotype, while leg and arm fat are protective factors. Regional fat distribution assessments are crucial for identifying metabolically unhealthy phenotypes, particularly in non-obese individuals.

Introduction: Obesity not only affects human health but also is an important risk factor for a variety of chronic diseases. Therefore, it is particularly important to analyse the epidemic trend of obesity and actively carry out the prevention and control of obesity in the population., Material and Methods: A total of 4565 adults were selected by multi-stage stratified random sampling in Shenmu, Shaanxi Province, China. Univariate analysis was used to explore the epidemic characteristics of obesity in this region. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyse the relationship between obesity and chronic diseases. Finally, the prediction efficiency of different obesity indexes was analysed by drawing receiver operator characteristic curves (ROC). All statistical analysis was completed by SPSS 26.0 software., Results: The prevalence rates of overweight, obesity, and central obesity were 39.9%, 18.2%, and 48.0%, respectively. After adjusting for other confounding factors, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that overweight and obesity were risk factors for hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and hyperuricaemia. Central obesity is a risk factor for dyslipidaemia and hyperuricaemia. High level of waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was a risk factor for dyslipidaemia and hyperuricaemia (p < 0.05). Obesity-related indicators: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and WHtR, are strongly correlated with the increased risk of chronic diseases in northern Shaanxi, China. The optimal BMI cut-off values for predicting hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and hyperuricaemia were 24.27, 24.04, and 25.54, respectively. The optimal WC cut-off values for predicting dyslipidaemia and hyperuricaemia were 84.5 and 90.5, and WHtR cut-off values were 0.52 and 0.54, respectively., Conclusion: The problem of overweight, obesity, and central obesity in adults is serious in northern Shaanxi, China. Obesity of all types will increase the risk of chronic diseases. Therefore, a variety of preventive and therapeutic measures should be adopted to curb obesity and reduce the incidence of related chronic diseases.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a predominant cause of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. However, there is limited knowledge about the epidemiology of oral HPV infections among adults in China., Methods: We collected data from a prospective cohort that enrolled participants in Mainland China. A total of 9,867 participants ages at least 20 years provided oral swab specimens in typical areas of China (Hebei and Guangdong provinces) in 2021. HPV DNA in oral exfoliated cells was tested using nested PCR and sequencing. Prevalence among subpopulations was compared. Multivariable logistic regression models were employed to assess possible factors influencing oral HPV infection., Results: The overall prevalence of oral HPV infection was 3.0% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.68-3.36]. Among those infected, 1.3% (1.08-1.53) were infected with high-risk HPV types. Men had a higher age-standardized HPV infection prevalence (3.6%, 2.96-4.29) compared with their female counterparts (2.7%, 2.35-3.12). People in Hebei had a higher age- and sex-standardized prevalence (4.1%, 3.50-4.70) than those in Guangdong (2.2%, 1.80-2.56). Generally, men (OR and 95% CI: 1.42, 1.09-1.85) and people in Hebei (2.01, 1.53-2.65) had higher odds of any type of HPV infection. In addition, people living in urban areas had a 2.15-fold (1.43-3.26) higher odds of high-risk HPV infection., Conclusions: This study reveals a low prevalence of oral HPV infection with significant geographic and sex differences among Chinese population., Impact: This is the first study to report the epidemiologic characteristics of oral HPV infection among Chinese adults in diverse geographic areas with large sample size., (©2023 The Authors; Published by the American Association for Cancer Research.)