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The direct electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through a two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e− ORR) under ambient conditions has emerged as a promising solution for on-site applications, aiming to replace the energy-intensive, waste-generating, and indirect anthraquinone process. Recent advancements have focused on developing catalysts to enhance their activity and efficiency. However, the dynamic evolution and in situ construction behavior of electrocatalysts during operation have often been overlooked. Herein, we investigate the in situ electrochemical reconstruction process of oxygen-deficient TiO2, which forms on the surface of Ti2O3 during the ORR process. The reconstructed catalyst exhibits a complete transition from a 4e− ORR pathway to a 2e− pathway, exhibiting exceptional performance in synthesizing H2O2 with a faradaic efficiency exceeding 90%. Furthermore, by cross-confirmation with density functional calculations, we validate the transition process of the phase and ORR pathway by in situ electrochemical Raman and infrared spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical CO2 reduction into value-added chemicals represents an attractive and promising approach to capitalize on the abundant CO2 present in the atmosphere. This reaction, however, is hampered by low energy efficiency and selectivity owing to competition from hydrogen evolution reaction and multiple-electron transfer processes. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop efficient yet cost-effective electrocatalysts to facilitate practical applications. Sn-based electrocatalysts have gained increasing attention in this active field due to their outstanding merits such as abundance, non-toxicity, and environmental friendliness. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in Sn-based catalysts for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), beginning with a brief introduction to the CO2RR mechanism. Subsequently, the CO2RR performance of various Sn-based catalysts with different structures is discussed. The article concludes by addressing the existing challenges and offering personal perspectives on the future prospects in this exciting research area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical study on the operation of Si nanowire (NW) biosensors in charge-based sensing is presented. The simulation is built on physical models that, upon numerical convergence, coherently account for Fermi–Dirac, Poisson–Boltzman, site-binding and Gouy–Chapman–Stern theories in self-consistent manner. The method enables us to disentangle the impact of key design and experimental setup factors and assess their contribution to the sensitivity, linearity, and stability of such sensors. Our results quantitatively show SiNW sensor is significantly more stable when biased through solution gate than back gate; dense functional group at oxide surface and good SAM coverage are essential to linear and sensitive detection of uniformly distributed targets; compared to high concentration target detection, the effect of NW surface-to-volume ratio (S/V ) plays a more profound role in biomolecule detection when targets are at very low concentration, in which case, optimal S/V exists for a maximum sensitivity. Arbitrary down scaling beyond such S/V point may have reverse effect on sensor sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The ion-sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) has emerged as a crucial sensor device, owing to its numerous benefits such as label-free operation, miniaturization, high sensitivity, and rapid response time. Currently, ISFET technology excels in detecting ions, nucleic acids, proteins, and cellular components, with widespread applications in early disease screening, condition monitoring, and drug analysis. Recent advancements in sensing techniques, coupled with breakthroughs in nanomaterials and microelectronics, have significantly improved sensor performance. These developments are steering ISFETs toward a promising future characterized by enhanced sensitivity, seamless integration, and multifaceted detection capabilities. This review explores the structure and operational principles of ISFETs, highlighting recent research in ISFET biosensors for biomarker detection. It also examines the limitations of these sensors, proposes potential solutions, and anticipates their future trajectory. This review aims to provide a valuable reference for advancing ISFETs in the field of biomarker measurement.

Developing an accurate, cost-effective, reliable, and stable glucose detection sensor for the food industry poses a significant yet challenging endeavor. Herein, we present a silver nanoparticle-decorated titanium dioxide nanoribbon array on titanium plate (Ag@TiO 2 /TP) as an efficient electrode for non-enzymatic glucose detection in alkaline environments. Electrochemical evaluations of the Ag@TiO 2 /TP electrode reveal a broad linear response range (0.001 mM - 4 mM), high sensitivity (19,106 and 4264 μA mM -1  cm -2 ), rapid response time (6 s), and a notably low detection limit (0.18 μM, S/N = 3). Moreover, its efficacy in measuring glucose in beverage samples shows its practical applicability. The impressive performance and structural benefits of the Ag@TiO 2 /TP electrode highlight its potential in advancing electrochemical sensors for small molecule detection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Electrochemical CO 2 reduction into value-added chemicals represents an attractive and promising approach to capitalize on the abundant CO 2 present in the atmosphere. This reaction, however, is hampered by low energy efficiency and selectivity owing to competition from hydrogen evolution reaction and multiple-electron transfer processes. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop efficient yet cost-effective electrocatalysts to facilitate practical applications. Sn-based electrocatalysts have gained increasing attention in this active field due to their outstanding merits such as abundance, non-toxicity, and environmental friendliness. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in Sn-based catalysts for the CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR), beginning with a brief introduction to the CO 2 RR mechanism. Subsequently, the CO 2 RR performance of various Sn-based catalysts with different structures is discussed. The article concludes by addressing the existing challenges and offering personal perspectives on the future prospects in this exciting research area.

Chemical functionalization of silicon oxide (SiO(2)) surfaces with silane molecules is an important technique for a variety of device and sensor applications. Quality control of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is difficult to achieve because of the lack of a direct measure for newly formed interfacial Si-O bonds. Herein we report a sensitive measure of the bonding interface between the SAM and SiO(2), whereby the longitudinal optical (LO) phonon mode of SiO(2) provides a high level of selectivity for the characterization of newly formed interfacial bonds. The intensity and spectral position of the LO peak, observed upon silanization of a variety of silane molecules, are shown to be reliable fingerprints of formation of interfacial bonds that effectively extend the Si-O network after SAM formation. While the IR absorption intensities of functional groups (e.g., >C=O, CH(2)/CH(3)) depend on the nature of the films, the blue-shift and intensity increase of the LO phonon mode are common to all silane molecules investigated and their magnitude is associated with the creation of interfacial bonds only. Moreover, results from this study demonstrate the ability of the LO phonon mode to analyze the silanization kinetics of SiO(2) surfaces, which provides mechanistic insights on the self-assembly process to help achieve a stable and high quality SAM.