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Neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) is a broad symptom encompassing many potential underlying causes. While alterations in the gut microbiota have been correlated with diarrhea, the effects of diarrhea on gut communities have not been sufficiently studied. To explore these effects and identify key microbiota involved, we profiled the fecal microbial community of 21 calves with varying health conditions using the 16S rRNA gene. In comparison to healthy calves, diarrheic calves exhibited significantly decreased diversity and evenness indices. There was a notable increase in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota, and a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, there were increased relative abundances of Escherichia-Shigella and Lactobacillus. Notably, the abundance of Lactobacillus continued to increase during the recovery from diarrhea. Clinical observation and bacterial typing analysis revealed fecal microbiome dysbiosis as a significant characteristic of NCD. This work identifies dysbiosis as a key factor promoting diarrhea in neonatal calves, characterized by a low-diversity microbiome. The increased abundance of Lactobacillus might contribute to the curative properties of diarrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capsaicin (CAP) and Yucca schidigera extract (YSE) are two types of plant extracts that can change rumen fermentation. This study was conducted to investigate whether supplementation of beef cattle diets with CAP and YSE for 90 days would affect rumen fermentation and microflora. Forty-five healthy Angus steers (initial body weight = 510.54 ± 41.27 kg) were divided into three groups: control (CON), CAP, and YSE. Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentrations were significantly higher in the YSE group than in the CON group and significantly lower in the CAP group than in the CON group. At the phylum level, YSE increased the relative abundances of Bacteroidota and Patescibacteria and reduced that of Bacillota. At the genus level, CAP and YSE both increased the relative abundances of genera subordinate to Bacteroidota and decreased the relative abundances of genera subordinate to Bacillota. Our study shows that YSE and CAP have different effects on rumen fermentation and microflora after long-term supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]