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In order to reveal the influence law of coating thickness on the blackness， corrosion resistance and hardness of black micro-arc oxidation coatings on aluminum alloy for promoting their practical application，6061 aluminum alloy was treated by micro-arc oxidation in silicatevanadate composite solution systems，and black ceramics coatings with different coating thickness on aluminum alloy were obtained through controlling micro-arc oxidation time.The surface structure， composition and roughness of the black ceramic coatings were characterized by thickness gauge， roughometer， SEM and EDS.Moreover， the effects of coating thickness on the blackness， microhardness and corrosion resistance of the black ceramic coatings were studied by using colorimeter， Vickers hardness tester and electro-chemistry workstation.Results showed that the coating thickness had great influence on the surface morphology， roughness， color features， microhardness and corrosion resistance.As the micro-arc oxidation time increased， the thickness of coatings increased， the surface of the coating became rougher， the number of discharge micropores on the surface declined， and the diameter of the discharge micropores increased.When the thickness increased to 30.786 μm， the size of discharge micropores increased significantly， reaching 10 μm.As the coating thickness increased， the blackness and microhardness of ceramic coatings improved， while the corrosion resistance increased firstly and then decreased.When the thickness reached 20.781 μm， the ceramic coating had higher microhardness and blackness， and showed the best corrosion resistance， with the self-corrosion current density of 1.093×10-6 A/cm2 in 3.5%(mass fraction) NaCl solution.

Polyploids are essential in plant evolution and species formation, providing a rich genetic reservoir and increasing species diversity. Complex polyploids with higher ploidy levels often have a dosage effect on the phenotype, which can be highly detrimental to gametes, making them rare. In this study, offspring plants resulting from an autoallotetraploid (RRRC) derived from the interspecific hybridization between allotetraploid Raphanobrassica (RRCC, 2n = 36) and diploid radish (RR, 2n = 18) were obtained. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using C-genome-specific repeats as probes revealed two main genome configurations in these offspring plants: RRRCC (2n = 43, 44, 45) and RRRRCC (2n = 54, 55), showing more complex genome configurations and higher ploidy levels compared to the parental plants. These offspring plants exhibited extensive variation in phenotypic characteristics, including leaf type and flower type and color, as well as seed and pollen fertility. Analysis of chromosome behavior showed that homoeologous chromosome pairing events are widely observed at the diakinesis stage in the pollen mother cells (PMCs) of these allopolyploids, with a range of 58.73% to 78.33%. Moreover, the unreduced C subgenome at meiosis anaphase II in PMCs was observed, which provides compelling evidence for the formation of complex allopolyploid offspring. These complex allopolyploids serve as valuable genetic resources for further analysis and contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the formation of complex allopolyploids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose the design for a nanoparticle carrier that combines three existing motifs into a single construct: a liposome is stabilized by anchoring it to an enclosed solid core via extended polymeric tethers that are chemically grafted to the core and physisorb into the surrounding lipid membrane. Such a design would exhibit several enticing properties, among them: (i) the anchoring stabilizes the liposome against a variety of external stresses, while preserving an aqueous compartment between core and membrane; (ii) the interplay of design parameters such as polymer length or grafting density enforces strong constraints on nanoparticle size and hence ensures a high degree of uniformity; and (iii) the physical and chemical characteristics of the individual constituents equip the construct with numerous functionalities that can be exploited in many ways. However, navigating the large parameter space requires a sound prior understanding for how various design features work together, and how this impacts potential pathways for synthesizing and assembling these nanoparticles. In this paper, we examine these connections in detail, using both soft matter theory and computer simulations at all levels of resolution. We thereby derive strong constraints on the experimentally relevant parameter space, and also propose potential equilibrium and nonequilibrium pathways for nanoparticle assembly.

Oleanolic acid (OA) is a natural triterpenoid with therapeutic potential for a multitude of diseases. However, the precise mechanism by which OA influences stress‐induced apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells remains elusive. Therefore, the effect of OA on intestinal diseases under stressful conditions and its possible mechanisms have been investigated. In a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐induced oxidative stress model, OA attenuated H2O2‐induced apoptosis in a concentration‐dependent manner. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, the gene expression profile of OA on IPEC‐J2 cells was analyzed using an RNA sequencing system. Results from gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analysis confirmed that OA may mitigate the cytotoxic effects of H2O2 by downregulating gene expression through the MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction results validated the differentially expressed genes data. Western blot analysis further demonstrated that OA effectively suppressed the expression level of c‐Jun protein induced by H2O2 in IPEC‐J2 cells. Collectively, our results indicate that OA pretreatment significantly attenuated H2O2‐induced apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells through suppressing c‐Jun and MAPK pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin, the most abundant renewable aromatic compound, finds diverse applications across various sectors, including environmental, energy, catalytic, and pharmaceutical industries. The application of aqueous deep eutectic solvents (ADESs) for lignin valorization has garnered significant attention in recent years. However, a comprehensive review addressing lignin extraction using ADESs is currently unavailable, and the implementation of these processes at an industrial scale is still ongoing. This review aims to fill the research gap by presenting recent advancements in lignin valorization using ADESs, with a specific focus on the impact of water on DES properties, such as viscosity, polarity, and nanostructure. The major influencing factors and mechanisms of lignin extraction using ADESs are also highlighted, particularly in optimizing the water content for achieving efficient extraction. Moreover, this review examines the structural features of lignin generated from ADESs and explores its potential valorization. Additionally, an evaluation of the economic and environmental sustainability of lignin extraction using ADESs is provided, highlighting the potential feasibility toward the coming industrial-scale applications. Finally, insights into future perspectives for lignin extraction with ADESs are proposed, reinforcing the status of ADESs as the most promising green solvents for lignin valorization in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trisomy harbouring an extra copy of the chromosome generally causes a variety of physical and intellectual disabilities in mammals but is an extremely rare and important genetic stock in plants. In this study, a spontaneous trisomy plant in a Chinese kale accession (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra, CC, 2n = 18) that showed significantly smaller plant architecture when compared to other normal plants was found and subsequently confirmed by cytological analysis in which the chromosome set of 2n = 19 and abnormal chromosome behaviour were observed. Then, based on the gene expression deviation determined by RNA-seq, the extra chromosome copy in this trisomy was identified as chromosome C2 (TC2). Compared to normal plants, TC2 not only showed generally upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) on chromosome C2 (97.21% of 573 DEGs in chromosome C2) but also exhibited a whole-genome expression perturbation, in which 1329 DEGs (69.87% of total DEGs) were observed along two-copy chromosomes (trans-effect). The genes in the high (gene expression value > 100) and medium (100 > gene expression value > 10) groups were more prone to decreased gene expression, but the genes in the low group (10 > gene expression value > 0.1) showed upregulated expression deviation. In addition, GO (Gene ontology) annotation analysis revealed that the upregulated DEGs in the trans-effect group were overrepresented by the genes involved in the response to stress category, while the downregulated DEGs in the trans-effect group were mostly enriched in pathways related to DNA synthesis. In conclusion, we think our results can provide important resources for genetic analysis in B. oleracea and show some novel insights for understanding trisomy plant biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]