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This paper provided a comprehensive overview of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), which is a severe mental health condition after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. PTSD is marked by persistent, distressing recollections of the traumatic incident, which includes flashbacks, nightmares, and severe anxiety, along with uncontrollable thoughts about the event. This paper discussed the various etiology, manifestation and treatments associated with PTSD. Key symptoms are outlined, aligning with the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosis. Treatment options, including psychotherapy and medication, are explored, alongside the challenges faced in treatment accessibility and effectiveness. Additionally, this paper delves into emerging research in PTSD, exploring new therapeutic approaches and future directions in understanding and managing the disorder. This overview aims to shed light on the complexities of PTSD, advocating for increased awareness and support for those affected by this challenging mental health condition. Future studies should delve into the mechanisms of PTSD and try developing more effective therapies

Online education has long been suffering from high dropout rate and low achievement. However, both asynchronous and synchronous online instructions have to become effective to serve as a quick response to maintain undisrupted learning during the COVID-19 outbreak. The purpose of the present study was to examine student engagement, learning outcome, and students' perceptions of an online course featured with frequent tasks, quizzes, and tests as formative assessment. Data were collected from the first five weeks of a course that was temporarily converted from blended learning to be fully online in time of school closure. Analysis of students' learning records and scores indicated that students engaged themselves actively in all of the online learning activities and had gained high scores in all tasks, quizzes, and tests. In addition, students held positive perceptions towards the formative assessment.

Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) consensus protocols are essential in distributed computing. Most partially synchronous BFT protocols proceed in views and rely on a view synchronizer module to guarantee liveness by synchronizing honest replicas to the same view. HotStuff is a leading BFT consensus protocol known for achieving linear view change and optimistic responsiveness. To achieve these desirable properties, HotStuff relies on a candidate solution for the view synchronizer based on a recomposed timer doubling mechanism. However, a formal analysis of this mechanism is currently lacking. This paper delves into HotStuff with the recomposed timer doubling mechanism. To facilitate accurate analysis, we introduce a new specification for the view synchronizer, incorporating two paths for view switching as in HotStuff's setting. Surprisingly, we observe that the adversary can disrupt the view synchronization and launch a liveness attack, stalling the confirmation process. Besides, the adversary can further recover or control the confirmation process at will. A repairment that retains the desirable feature of HotStuff is also presented. We simulate the liveness attack and the repairment, demonstrating their effectiveness. Specifically, the liveness attack can cause HotStuff's throughput to drop and remain at 0. When equipped with our repairment, HotStuff can resist the attack and retain the throughput performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review encompasses additive manufacturing techniques for crafting 5G electronics, showcasing how these methods innovate device creation with novel examples. A wearable phased array device on commonplace 3D printed material is described, with integrated microfluidic cooling channels used for thermal regulation of integrated circuit bulk components. Mechanical and electrical tunability are exemplified in an origami-inspired phased array structure. A 3D printed IoT cube structure shows the flexibility in the number of geometries additively manufactured 5G devices can adhere to. Finally, integrating 3D optical lenses with 5G electronics is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a prevalent hematological neoplastic disorder in clinics and its immunopathogenesis has garnered growing interest. Oral and intravenous arsenic agents have long been used to treat hematological malignancies. The main component of oral arsenic is realgar (arsenic disulfide), while arsenic trioxide is the main component of intravenous arsenic. This study aimed to assess the effects of ATO and Realgar on the enhancement of peripheral blood, drug safety, and T cell immune status in the NUP98-HOXD13 (NHD13) mice model of MDS, specifically in the peripheral blood, spleen, and liver. The study findings indicate that realgar and arsenic trioxide (ATO) can improve peripheral hemogram in mice, whereas realgar promotes higher peripheral blood cell production than ATO. Furthermore, the clinical administration method and dose did not cause significant toxicity or side effects and thus can be considered safe. Coexistence and interconversion of hyperimmune function and immunosuppression in mice were also observed in this study. In addition, there were interactions between immune cells in the peripheral blood, spleen, and liver to regulate the immune balance of the body and activate immunity via T-cell activation. In summary, oral and intravenous arsenic agents are beneficial in improving peripheral hemogram and immunity in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the mechanism by which methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) is involved in diabetes-induced endothelial cell apoptosis by promoting the N6-methyladenine (m6A) modification of forkhead box O (FOXO) 3 and its expression. Methods A model of advanced glycosylation end products (AGE)-induced damage in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) was constructed. HAEC were divided into 6 groups: cell control group, cell AGE group, cell control+negative control small interfering RNA (siRNA) group, cell AGE+negative control siRNA group, cell AGE+FOXO3 siRNA group, and cell AGE+METTL3 siRNA group, and 3 parallel groups were set in each group. The m6A modification profiles were detected and analyzed by methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-Seq) and bioinformatics techniques. The m6A modification level of FOXO3 mRNA was detected by RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP). Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression level of FOXO3 mRNA, and Western blotting was used to detect the expression level of FOXO3, METTL3. Six 6-week-old ApoE knockout male mice were divided into simple atherosclerosis group and diabetic atherosclerosis group by randomized numerical table method. The protein expression of mouse FOXO3, METTL3 was detected by Western blotting, and the expression of mouse FOXO3 and METTL3 in endothelial cells was detected by immunofluorescence co-localization. Two independent samples t-test was used for intergroup comparison. Results Total m6A modification and m6A modification of FOXO3 were significantly higher in the cellular AGE group compared with the cellular control group (P<0.001), and the protein expression of FOXO3 and METTL3 was significantly higher (P<0.05). Protein expression of FOXO3 and METTL3 was significantly elevated in endothelial cells in the aortic plaque region of diabetic atherosclerotic mice compared with that of mice with simple atherosclerosis (P<0.05). Apoptosis was significantly reduced in the cell AGE+FOXO3 siRNA group compared to the cell AGE+negative control siRNA group (P<0.01). The m6A modification of FOXO3 (P<0.001) and FOXO3 protein expression were significantly decreased (P<0.05) and apoptosis was significantly reduced (P<0.001) in the cellular AGE+METTL3 siRNA group compared with the cellular AGE+negative control siRNA group. Conclusion AGE induces significant changes in m6A modification in HAEC, METTL3 is involved in diabetes-induced apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells by promoting m6A modification of FOXO3 mRNA and regulating its expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid droplet, an intracellular lipid reservoir, is vital for energy metabolism and signal transmission in cells. The viscosity directly affects the metabolism of lipid droplets, and the abnormal viscosity is associated with the occurrence and development of various diseases. Therefore, it is indispensable to develop techniques that can detect viscosity changes in intracellular lipid droplets. Based on twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) mechanism, a novel small‐molecule lipid droplet‐targeted viscosity fluorescence probe PPF‐1 was designed. The probe was easy to synthesize, it had a large Stokes shift, stable optical properties, and low bio‐toxicity. Compared to being in methanol solution, the fluorescence intensity of PPF‐1 in glycerol solution was increased 26.7‐fold, and PPF‐1 showed excellent ability to target lipid droplets. Thus, the probe PPF‐1 could provide an effective means of detecting viscosity changes of lipid droplets and was of great value for physiological diagnosis of related diseases, pathological analysis, and medical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) targets sphingolipid biosynthesis, inhibiting ceramide synthases. In this issue of Structure , Zhang et al. 1 determined the cryoelectron microscopic structures of yeast ceramide synthase in complex with FB1 and its acylated derivative, acyl-FB1, revealing a two-step "ping-pong" mechanism for the N-acylation of FB1 and how it inhibits ceramide synthase. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) targets sphingolipid biosynthesis, inhibiting ceramide synthases. In this issue of Structure , Zhang et al. determined the cryoelectron microscopic structures of yeast ceramide synthase in complex with FB1 and its acylated derivative, acyl-FB1, revealing a two-step "ping-pong" mechanism for the N-acylation of FB1 and how it inhibits ceramide synthase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]