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Repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is essential for genome integrity, and is accompanied by transcriptional repression at the DSB regions. However, the mechanisms how DNA repair induces transcriptional inhibition remain elusive. Here, it is identified that BRD7 participates in DNA damage response (DDR) and is recruited to the damaged chromatin via ATM signaling. Mechanistically, BRD7 joins the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation (NuRD) complex at the damaged DNA and recruits E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF168 to the DSBs. Furthermore, ATM-mediated BRD7 phosphorylation is required for recruitment of the PRC2 complex, NuRD complex, DSB sensor complex MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN), and RNF168 to the active transcription sites at DSBs, resulting in transcriptional repression and DNA repair. Moreover, BRD7 deficiency sensitizes cancer cells to PARP inhibition. Collectively, BRD7 is crucial for DNA repair and DDR-mediated transcription repression, which may serve as a therapeutic target. The findings identify the missing link between DNA repair and transcription regulation that maintains genome integrity.

The bromodomain-containing protein 7 (BRD7) is a tumour suppressor protein with critical roles in cell cycle transition and transcriptional regulation. Whether BRD7 is regulated by post-translational modifications remains poorly understood. Here, we find that chemotherapy-induced DNA damage leads to the rapid degradation of BRD7 in various cancer cell lines. PARP-1 binds and poly(ADP)ribosylates BRD7, which enhances its ubiquitination and degradation through the PAR-binding E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF146. Moreover, the PARP1 inhibitor Olaparib significantly enhances the sensitivity of BRD7-positive cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, while it has little effect on cells with low BRD7 expression. Taken together, our findings show that PARP1 induces the degradation of BRD7 resulting in cancer cell resistance to DNA-damaging agents. BRD7 might thus serve as potential biomarker in clinical trial for the prediction of synergistic effects between chemotherapeutic drugs and PARP inhibitors.

As the second most common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents, Ewing sarcoma is initiated and exacerbated by a chimeric oncoprotein, most commonly, EWS-FLI1. In this study, we apply epigenomic analysis to characterize the transcription dysregulation in this cancer, focusing on the investigation of super-enhancer and its associated transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. We demonstrate that super-enhancer-associated transcripts are significantly enriched in EWS-FLI1 target genes, contribute to the aberrant transcriptional network of the disease, and mediate the exceptional sensitivity of Ewing sarcoma to transcriptional inhibition. Through integrative analysis, we identify MEIS1 as a super-enhancer-driven oncogene, which co-operates with EWS-FLI1 in transcriptional regulation, and plays a key pro-survival role in Ewing sarcoma. Moreover, APCDD1, another super-enhancer-associated gene, acting as a downstream target of both MEIS1 and EWS-FLI1, is also characterized as a novel tumor-promoting factor in this malignancy. These data delineate super-enhancer-mediated transcriptional deregulation in Ewing sarcoma, and uncover numerous candidate oncogenes which can be exploited for further understanding of the molecular pathogenesis for this disease.

Dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 2 (DYRK2) is a member of dual-specificity kinase family, which could phosphorylate both Ser/Thr and Tyr substrates. The role of DYRK2 in human cancer remains controversial. For example, overexpression of DYRK2 predicts a better survival in human non-small cell lung cancer. In contrast, amplification of DYRK2 gene occurs in esophageal/lung adenocarcinoma, implying the role of DYRK2 as a potential oncogene. However, its clinical role in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been explored. In this study, we analyzed the expression of DYRK2 from Oncomine database and found that DYRK2 level is lower in primary or metastatic CRC compared to adjacent normal colon tissue or non-metastatic CRC, respectively, in 6 colorectal carcinoma data sets. The correlation between DYRK2 expression and clinical outcome in 181 CRC patients was also investigated by real-time PCR and IHC. DYRK2 expression was significantly down-regulated in colorectal cancer tissues compared with adjacent non-tumorous tissues. Functional studies confirmed that DYRK2 inhibited cell invasion and migration in both HCT116 and SW480 cells and functioned as a tumor suppressor in CRC cells. Furthermore, the lower DYRK2 levels were correlated with tumor sites (P = 0.023), advanced clinical stages (P = 0.006) and shorter survival in the advanced clinical stages. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that DYRK2 expression was an independent prognostic factor (P < 0.001). Taking all, we concluded that DYRK2 a novel prognostic biomarker of human colorectal cancer.

Proteasome inhibitors have been proven to be effective anticancer compounds in many tumor models, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). In this study, we found that the proteasome inhibitor Velcade (PS-341/bortezomib) caused GBM cell death while simultaneously activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Therefore, we sought to investigate if the PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474 would enhance the effectiveness of Velcade in anticancer therapy. Two GBM cell lines were used to detect the effects of Velcade and ZSTK474 alone or in combination in vitro. The combination of Velcade and ZSTK474 synergistically inhibited the proliferation of GBM cell lines. Cell apoptosis was increased when exposed to Velcade and ZSTK474 in combination as shown by Annexin V analysis. Treatment with both drugs led to downregulation of the p-Akt, p-4EBP1 and p-mTOR proteins as determined by western blot analysis. The anticancer ability of Velcade for glioblastoma multiforme was, therefore, enhanced by combination with the PI3K pathway inhibitor ZSTK474 in glioblastoma multiforme.

Objective To analyze the protein interactome and reveal the functional regulation network of RCC2 protein in MDA-MB-468 cell line. Methods Using enzyme digestion combined with one generation sequencing, we successfully constructed overexpression vector of RCC2 protein with a Flag tag. MDA-MB-468 cell line with Flag-RCC2 stably overexpression was constructed using a lentiviral vector system. Flag-tag gel beads affinity precipitation was used to collect RCC2-interacting proteins for high-sensitivity mass spectrometry analysis. And bioinformatic analyses of interacting-proteins, including GO annotation, KEGG pathway enrichment, construction of protein-protein interaction network, were further processed. Results Clustering analyses of 164 proteins with high confidence indicated that RCC2 and its interacting proteins were significantly enriched in ribosomal-related pathways and had the abilities to bind with RNA and ribosomal proteins, revealing its involvement in protein translation and maturation. Conclusion We systematically identified the RCC2 interactome map and revealed that RCC2 plays a new role of translational regulation in breast cancer cells.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an vital neurotransmitter, and the reaction to obtain GABA through biocatalysis requires coenzymes, which are therefore limited in the production of GABA. In this study, polyacrylamide hydrogels doped with chitosan and waste toner were synthesized for glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and coenzyme co-immobilization to realize the production of GABA and the recovery of coenzymes. Enzymatic properties of immobilized GAD were discussed. The immobilized enzymes have significantly improved pH and temperature tolerance compared to free enzymes. In terms of reusability, after 10 repeated reuses of the immobilized GAD, the residual enzyme activity of immobilized GAD still retains 100% of the initial enzyme activity, and the immobilized coenzyme can also be kept at about 32%, with better stability and reusability. And under the control of no exogenous pH, immobilized GAD showed good performance in producing GABA. Therefore, in many ways, the new composite hydrogel provides another way for the utilization of waste toner and promises the possibility of industrial production of GABA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies resistant to current chemotherapies or radiotherapies, which makes it urgent to identify new therapeutic targets for HCC. In this study, we found that checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) was frequently overexpressed and correlated with poor clinical out-come in patients with HCC. We further showed that the CHK1 inhibitor GO6976 was capable of sensitizing HCC cells to cisplatin, indicating that CHK1 may have oncogenic function in HCC. We found that CHK1 phosphorylated the tumor suppressor spleen tyrosine kinase (L) (SYK[L]) and identified the phosphorylation site at Ser295. Furthermore, CHK1 phosphorylation of SYK(L) promoted its subsequent proteasomal degradation. Expression of a nonphosphorylated mutant of SYK(L) was more efficient at suppressing proliferation, colony formation, mobility, and tumor growth in HCC lines. Importantly, a strong inverse correlation between the expression levels of CHK1 and SYK(L) was observed in patients with HCC. Collectively, our data demonstrate that SYK(L) is a substrate of CHK1 in tumor cells and suggest that targeting the CHK1/SYK(L) pathway may be a promising strategy for treating HCC., Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide (1, 2). Hepatic resection is still considered the gold standard for treating HCC patients who are healthy enough [...]