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High-quality three-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) heterostructures were fabricated using the modified self-assembly method, and their structural and optical properties were analyzed. Results suggest that the optical quality of heterostructures formed by depositing bigger particles on small ones is superior to that of heterostructures formed by stacking smaller particles on big ones, due to the rough interface effects in the latter structure. The roughness of the interface in the latter structure can be largely improved by introducing a thin two-dimensional planar defect layer into the PCs, and significant progress in the quality of the heterostructures is achieved. The important role of the thin planar defect layer in the quality of the heterostructures was also verified by numerical simulations. OCIS codes: 220.4000, 160.5293, 230.5298, 250.6715.

Particles sedimenting in a viscoelastic fluid form chains. It has been observed in experiments that, sometimes, the last particle in the chain gets detached. In this paper, we investigate this phenomenon. It is known that a long chain falls faster than a single particle in fluids. This long body effect tends to detach the last particle from the chain. The wake effect and the normal stress effect are the mechanisms that work against the long body effect. The last particle is not detached if the inertial wake effects are strong enough to cause substantial drag reduction on it. The detachment is also restricted by the elastic normal stress of the viscoelastic fluid.

• The study focuses on health and routinely collected traits in Holstein cattle. • The events of health problems and culling were investigated in Holstein cattle. • The heritability and genetic correlation of health traits were estimated. • The approximate genetic correlations were estimated between health and routinely collected traits. • The results are beneficial for disease−resistance breeding in Holstein cattle. Health traits have high economic values in dairy cattle breeding, which can cause considerable financial loss through involuntary culling. In this study, fourteen health traits were analysed, including five composite health traits: reproductive disorders, udder health (UH), digestive disorders, metabolic disorders, locomotory diseases (LD), and nine independent health traits: gestation disorders and peripartum disorders, irregular estrus cycle and sterility, metritis (ME), mastitis (MA), abomasal displacement (AD), enteritis (EN), and ketosis, claw diseases (CD), laminitis complex. This study analysed variance components for health traits through both single and bivariate repeatability animal models. All health traits showed low heritability, ranging from 0.001 to 0.025. Most of the health traits in five categories showed negative genetic correlations, ranging from −0.012 (CD and EN) to −0.634 (ME and EN). Strong positive genetic correlations appeared within the same category, ranging from 0.469 (EN and AD) to 0.994 (UH and MA, LD and CD). Furthermore, approximate genetic correlations were evaluated between health traits and routinely collected traits (longevity, fertility, production, and conformation). In general, the low to moderate approximate genetic correlations were estimated between health traits and routinely collected traits. The estimated correlations between health traits and longevity, fertility, production, and conformation traits could provide an indirect reference for disease−resistance breeding in Holstein cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this note we present a proof showing that the contribution from the extra stress tensor to the normal component of the stress on the surface of a moving rigid body in an incompressible Oldroyd-B fluid is zero. [DOI: 10.1115/1.1436095]