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Oudemansiella raphanipies has gradually gained more and more popularity in the market for its delicious taste, while enhancing human immunity and regulating human body functions as well. To achieve the high-throughput and automatic monitoring of the phenotypes of Oudemansiella raphanipies, a novel method, based on YOLO v4 and Distance Filter (DF), was proposed for high-precision diameter estimation of Oudemansiella raphanipies caps. To begin with, a dataset of Oudemansiella raphanipies was established by the laboratory cultivation and collection of factory samples. The improved YOLO v4 target detection model with added CBAM modules to each convolution block in the backbone was trained to locate the caps and, thus, obtain an approximate bounding box. Secondly, the approximate contour of the cap was gained through the H component, canny edge detection operators, and distance filtering to conduct the noise elimination. Finally, the center of the fitted circle and its accurate contour of the cap could be obtained by the constrained least square method, and the diameter of the fitted circle was estimated by the calibration data. The results of practical tests showed that this method achieved an accuracy of 95.36% in recognizing Oudemansiella raphanipies caps in the growing bed, and the fitting effect of caps was superior to Circle Hough Transform (CHT), the least square method (LS), and Ransac, with no manual adjustment on parameters. Compared with the manual measurement, the mean absolute error (MAE) of this method was 0.77 mm, the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.95, and the root mean square error (RMSE) was 0.96 mm. Therefore, the model had high-cost performance and could meet the needs of continuous and long-term tracking of the cap shape of Oudemansiella raphanipies, providing the basis for future high-throughput breeding and machine picking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As for plants and animals, the objectives of edible mushroom breeding programs are to harness natural phenotypic variations among strains and populations in order to breed superior cultivars that satisfy our needs. Effective breeding of edible mushrooms requires an understanding of the natural genotypic and phenotypic variations among strains and a breeding method that can bring the desirable genes and traits together. In this paper, we argue that genotype environment interactions(GEI)should be a key factor for consideration when breeding edible mushrooms. We provide a brief rationale, and demonstrate how experimental designs can be improved to allow accurate estimates of GEI. Using several selected edible mushroom species(Lentinula edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Agaricus bisporus)as examples, we show how effective use of GEI can generate not only novel data on the fundamental biology of these fungi but also aid the development of new cultivars for commercial production. These deliverables will serve to meet regionspecific cultivation restraints and minimize the adverse impacts of strain degeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new Sirothecium species on decaying bamboo culms was collected from China. This fungus is distinct from other Sirothecium species in conidial size and septum number. A synoptic table of Sirothecium species is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]