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Unlabelled: Blymphocytes are cells of the immune system responsible for the antibody  mediated immune response. As estimated, a human body can produce as much as 1011 specific antibodies. There are no specific genes coding for every individual antibody in the human genome. Discrepancy between the huge diversity of antibodies and limited coding capacity of the genome is solved by combination of unique arrangement of genetic information for immunoglobulin and unique genetic and somatic processes providing this wide spectrum of antibodies. On one side, these mechanisms represent a life protecting source of a wide spectrum of antibodies but at the same time, they can be life threatening by raising the risk of a serious tumor disease, the B cell lymphoma. Double hit lymphomas represent a specific group of B cell lymphomas often featuring concurrent rearrangements of BCL2 and MYC genes. Activation of the MYC oncogene, typical for Burkitt lymphoma (BL), causes strong stimulation of cell proliferation. High activity of BCL 2, typical for follicular lymphoma, induces resistance to apoptosis. Concurrent damage of regulation of apoptosis and proliferation is probably responsible for the typical clinical manifestation of double hit lymphomas - aggressive course, resistance to conventional chemotherapy, high-risk of early relapse, short overall survival, frequent extranodal and central nervous system involvement. Recently, these lymphomas have attracted a strong attention of researchers as they provide sharp insights into processes of lymphocytes maturing and lymphomas development and highlight the double edged nature of mechanisms allowing the antibody broad diversity., Case Report: Fifty  three year  old man was diagnosed with B cell lymphoma unclassifiable with features intermediate between diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and BL, based on morphology and immunophenotype. Fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis revealed double hit lymphoma diagnosis as the tumor cells bear t(14;18) translocation concurrently with the MYC gene rearrangement. The patient died five months after dia-gnosis.

Unlabelled: Urothelial carcinoma is a disease at high risk of recurrence after the initial therapy (70-80%) and with the tendency to progression accomplishing the recurrence (30%). Long lasting monitoring of patients with urothelial carcinoma is necessary. Cystoscopy and cytology are currently the primary modalities used to detect and monitor urothelial carcinoma. However, cytology has relatively poor sensitivity especially in well differentiated tumors. Cystoscopy is an invasive and relatively expensive method. Therefore, methods improving detection of urothelial carcinoma from urine specimens are employed. Uro Vysion (Vysis) fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for improved detection of urothelial carcinoma was evaluated., Materials and Methods: Bladder tumor progression is accompanied by increased chromosomal instability and aneuploidy of chromosomes 3, 7, 17 and loss of locus 9p21. A total of 124 patients were analyzed at Dpts. of Urology and Pathology, Faculty Hospital in Brno. Cytologically analyzed urine specimens were tested by FISH and simultaneously cystoscopy was employed including biopsy for histological examination., Results: FISH analysis was positive in 35 cases, including 5 cases with negative biopsy and cytology. Negative FISH result was detected in 24 cases where the malignant status was determined. The sensitivity of FISH in our series was 58.9% and the specificity 88.1%., Conclusions: FISH is a relatively simple, speedy and non invasive diagnostic method. It detects the symptoms of malignity on the molecular level, which leads to earlier diagnosis and therapy and, hence, to potential extended survival. FISH makes it possible to take decision in cases of atypical or unclear cytological finding. The FISH method using the Uro Vysion kit appears as a prospective non invasive method capable of early UK detection, with a higher sensitivity than the standard cytology of urine.