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1. A revamped rat reference genome improves the discovery of genetic diversity in laboratory rats

Author

de Jong, Tristan V, Pan, Yanchao, Rastas, Pasi, Munro, Daniel, Tutaj, Monika, Akil, Huda, Benner, Chris, Chen, Denghui, Chitre, Apurva S, Chow, William, Colonna, Vincenza, Dalgard, Clifton L, Demos, Wendy M, Doris, Peter A, Garrison, Erik, Geurts, Aron M, Gunturkun, Hakan M, Guryev, Victor, Hourlier, Thibaut, Howe, Kerstin, Huang, Jun, Kalbfleisch, Ted, Kim, Panjun, Li, Ling, Mahaffey, Spencer, Martin, Fergal J, Mohammadi, Pejman, Ozel, Ayse Bilge, Polesskaya, Oksana, Pravenec, Michal, Prins, Pjotr, Sebat, Jonathan, Smith, Jennifer R, Woods, Leah C Solberg, Tabakoff, Boris, Tracey, Alan, Uliano-Silva, Marcela, Villani, Flavia, Wang, Hongyang, Sharp, Burt M, Telese, Francesca, Jiang, Zhihua, Saba, Laura, Wang, Xusheng, Murphy, Terence D, Palmer, Abraham A, Kwitek, Anne E, Dwinell, Melinda R, Williams, Robert W, Li, Jun Z, and Chen, Hao

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genetics, Human Genome, Biotechnology, Good Health and Well Being, Rats, Animals, Genome, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Genomics, Whole Genome Sequencing, Genetic Variation, Rnor_6.0, genetic map, heterogeneous stock, hybrid rat diversity panel, inbred strains, mRatBN7.2, phylogenetic tree, rat, recombinant inbred, reference genome
Abstract

The seventh iteration of the reference genome assembly for Rattus norvegicus-mRatBN7.2-corrects numerous misplaced segments and reduces base-level errors by approximately 9-fold and increases contiguity by 290-fold compared with its predecessor. Gene annotations are now more complete, improving the mapping precision of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomics datasets. We jointly analyzed 163 short-read whole-genome sequencing datasets representing 120 laboratory rat strains and substrains using mRatBN7.2. We defined ∼20.0 million sequence variations, of which 18,700 are predicted to potentially impact the function of 6,677 genes. We also generated a new rat genetic map from 1,893 heterogeneous stock rats and annotated transcription start sites and alternative polyadenylation sites. The mRatBN7.2 assembly, along with the extensive analysis of genomic variations among rat strains, enhances our understanding of the rat genome, providing researchers with an expanded resource for studies involving rats.

Published
2024

2. Author Correction: The European Reference Genome Atlas: piloting a decentralised approach to equitable biodiversity genomics

Author

Mc Cartney, Ann M., Formenti, Giulio, Mouton, Alice, De Panis, Diego, Marins, Luísa S., Leitão, Henrique G., Diedericks, Genevieve, Kirangwa, Joseph, Morselli, Marco, Salces-Ortiz, Judit, Escudero, Nuria, Iannucci, Alessio, Natali, Chiara, Svardal, Hannes, Fernández, Rosa, De Pooter, Tim, Joris, Geert, Strazisar, Mojca, Wood, Jonathan M. D., Herron, Katie E., Seehausen, Ole, Watts, Phillip C., Shaw, Felix, Davey, Robert P., Minotto, Alice, Fernández, José M., Böhne, Astrid, Alegria, Carla, Alioto, Tyler, Alves, Paulo C., Amorim, Isabel R., Aury, Jean-Marc, Backstrom, Niclas, Baldrian, Petr, Baltrunaite, Laima, Barta, Endre, BedHom, Bertrand, Belser, Caroline, Bergsten, Johannes, Bertrand, Laurie, Bilandija, Helena, Binzer-Panchal, Mahesh, Bista, Iliana, Blaxter, Mark, Borges, Paulo A. V., Dias, Guilherme Borges, Bosse, Mirte, Brown, Tom, Bruggmann, Rémy, Buena-Atienza, Elena, Burgin, Josephine, Buzan, Elena, Cariani, Alessia, Casadei, Nicolas, Chiara, Matteo, Chozas, Sergio, Čiampor, Jr., Fedor, Crottini, Angelica, Cruaud, Corinne, Cruz, Fernando, Dalen, Love, De Biase, Alessio, del Campo, Javier, Delic, Teo, Dennis, Alice B., Derks, Martijn F. L., Diroma, Maria Angela, Djan, Mihajla, Duprat, Simone, Eleftheriadi, Klara, Feulner, Philine G. D., Flot, Jean-François, Forni, Giobbe, Fosso, Bruno, Fournier, Pascal, Fournier-Chambrillon, Christine, Gabaldon, Toni, Garg, Shilpa, Gissi, Carmela, Giupponi, Luca, Gomez-Garrido, Jessica, González, Josefa, Grilo, Miguel L., Grüning, Björn, Guerin, Thomas, Guiglielmoni, Nadege, Gut, Marta, Haesler, Marcel P., Hahn, Christoph, Halpern, Balint, Harrison, Peter W., Heintz, Julia, Hindrikson, Maris, Höglund, Jacob, Howe, Kerstin, Hughes, Graham M., Istace, Benjamin, Cock, Mark J., Janžekovič, Franc, Jonsson, Zophonias O., Joye-Dind, Sagane, Koskimäki, Janne J., Krystufek, Boris, Kubacka, Justyna, Kuhl, Heiner, Kusza, Szilvia, Labadie, Karine, Lähteenaro, Meri, Lantz, Henrik, Lavrinienko, Anton, Leclère, Lucas, Lopes, Ricardo Jorge, Madsen, Ole, Magdelenat, Ghislaine, Magoga, Giulia, Manousaki, Tereza, Mappes, Tapio, Marques, Joao Pedro, Redondo, Gemma I. Martinez, Maumus, Florian, McCarthy, Shane A., Megens, Hendrik-Jan, Melo-Ferreira, Jose, Mendes, Sofia L., Montagna, Matteo, Moreno, Joao, Mosbech, Mai-Britt, Moura, Mónica, Musilova, Zuzana, Myers, Eugene, Nash, Will J., Nater, Alexander, Nicholson, Pamela, Niell, Manuel, Nijland, Reindert, Noel, Benjamin, Noren, Karin, Oliveira, Pedro H., Olsen, Remi-Andre, Ometto, Lino, Oomen, Rebekah A., Ossowski, Stephan, Palinauskas, Vaidas, Palsson, Snaebjorn, Panibe, Jerome P., Pauperio, Joana, Pavlek, Martina, Payen, Emilie, Pawlowska, Julia, Pellicer, Jaume, Pesole, Graziano, Pimenta, Joao, Pippel, Martin, Pirttilä, Anna Maria, Poulakakis, Nikos, Rajan, Jeena, M.C. Rego, Rúben, Resendes, Roberto, Resl, Philipp, Riesgo, Ana, Rodin-Morch, Patrik, Soares, Andre E. R., Fernandes, Carlos Rodriguez, Romeiras, Maria M., Roxo, Guilherme, Rüber, Lukas, Ruiz-Lopez, Maria Jose, Saarma, Urmas, da Silva, Luis P., Sim-Sim, Manuela, Soler, Lucile, Sousa, Vitor C., Santos, Carla Sousa, Spada, Alberto, Stefanovic, Milomir, Steger, Viktor, Stiller, Josefin, Stöck, Matthias, Struck, Torsten H., Sudasinghe, Hiranya, Tapanainen, Riikka, Tellgren-Roth, Christian, Trindade, Helena, Tukalenko, Yevhen, Urso, Ilenia, Vacherie, Benoit, Van Belleghem, Steven M., Van Oers, Kees, Vargas-Chavez, Carlos, Velickovic, Nevena, Vella, Noel, Vella, Adriana, Vernesi, Cristiano, Vicente, Sara, Villa, Sara, Pettersson, Olga Vinnere, Volckaert, Filip A. M., Voros, Judit, Wincker, Patrick, Winkler, Sylke, Ciofi, Claudio, Waterhouse, Robert M., and Mazzoni, Camila J.

Published
2024
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3. The European Reference Genome Atlas: piloting a decentralised approach to equitable biodiversity genomics

Author

Mc Cartney, Ann M., Formenti, Giulio, Mouton, Alice, De Panis, Diego, Marins, Luísa S., Leitão, Henrique G., Diedericks, Genevieve, Kirangwa, Joseph, Morselli, Marco, Salces-Ortiz, Judit, Escudero, Nuria, Iannucci, Alessio, Natali, Chiara, Svardal, Hannes, Fernández, Rosa, De Pooter, Tim, Joris, Geert, Strazisar, Mojca, Wood, Jonathan M. D., Herron, Katie E., Seehausen, Ole, Watts, Phillip C., Shaw, Felix, Davey, Robert P., Minotto, Alice, Fernández, José M., Böhne, Astrid, Alegria, Carla, Alioto, Tyler, Alves, Paulo C., Amorim, Isabel R., Aury, Jean-Marc, Backstrom, Niclas, Baldrian, Petr, Baltrunaite, Laima, Barta, Endre, BedHom, Bertrand, Belser, Caroline, Bergsten, Johannes, Bertrand, Laurie, Bilandija, Helena, Binzer-Panchal, Mahesh, Bista, Iliana, Blaxter, Mark, Borges, Paulo A. V., Dias, Guilherme Borges, Bosse, Mirte, Brown, Tom, Bruggmann, Rémy, Buena-Atienza, Elena, Burgin, Josephine, Buzan, Elena, Cariani, Alessia, Casadei, Nicolas, Chiara, Matteo, Chozas, Sergio, Čiampor, Jr., Fedor, Crottini, Angelica, Cruaud, Corinne, Cruz, Fernando, Dalen, Love, De Biase, Alessio, del Campo, Javier, Delic, Teo, Dennis, Alice B., Derks, Martijn F. L., Diroma, Maria Angela, Djan, Mihajla, Duprat, Simone, Eleftheriadi, Klara, Feulner, Philine G. D., Flot, Jean-François, Forni, Giobbe, Fosso, Bruno, Fournier, Pascal, Fournier-Chambrillon, Christine, Gabaldon, Toni, Garg, Shilpa, Gissi, Carmela, Giupponi, Luca, Gomez-Garrido, Jessica, González, Josefa, Grilo, Miguel L., Grüning, Björn, Guerin, Thomas, Guiglielmoni, Nadege, Gut, Marta, Haesler, Marcel P., Hahn, Christoph, Halpern, Balint, Harrison, Peter W., Heintz, Julia, Hindrikson, Maris, Höglund, Jacob, Howe, Kerstin, Hughes, Graham M., Istace, Benjamin, Cock, Mark J., Janžekovič, Franc, Jonsson, Zophonias O., Joye-Dind, Sagane, Koskimäki, Janne J., Krystufek, Boris, Kubacka, Justyna, Kuhl, Heiner, Kusza, Szilvia, Labadie, Karine, Lähteenaro, Meri, Lantz, Henrik, Lavrinienko, Anton, Leclère, Lucas, Lopes, Ricardo Jorge, Madsen, Ole, Magdelenat, Ghislaine, Magoga, Giulia, Manousaki, Tereza, Mappes, Tapio, Marques, Joao Pedro, Redondo, Gemma I. Martinez, Maumus, Florian, McCarthy, Shane A., Megens, Hendrik-Jan, Melo-Ferreira, Jose, Mendes, Sofia L., Montagna, Matteo, Moreno, Joao, Mosbech, Mai-Britt, Moura, Mónica, Musilova, Zuzana, Myers, Eugene, Nash, Will J., Nater, Alexander, Nicholson, Pamela, Niell, Manuel, Nijland, Reindert, Noel, Benjamin, Noren, Karin, Oliveira, Pedro H., Olsen, Remi-Andre, Ometto, Lino, Oomen, Rebekah A., Ossowski, Stephan, Palinauskas, Vaidas, Palsson, Snaebjorn, Panibe, Jerome P., Pauperio, Joana, Pavlek, Martina, Payen, Emilie, Pawlowska, Julia, Pellicer, Jaume, Pesole, Graziano, Pimenta, Joao, Pippel, Martin, Pirttilä, Anna Maria, Poulakakis, Nikos, Rajan, Jeena, M.C. Rego, Rúben, Resendes, Roberto, Resl, Philipp, Riesgo, Ana, Rodin-Morch, Patrik, Soares, Andre E. R., Fernandes, Carlos Rodriguez, Romeiras, Maria M., Roxo, Guilherme, Rüber, Lukas, Ruiz-Lopez, Maria Jose, Saarma, Urmas, da Silva, Luis P., Sim-Sim, Manuela, Soler, Lucile, Sousa, Vitor C., Santos, Carla Sousa, Spada, Alberto, Stefanovic, Milomir, Steger, Viktor, Stiller, Josefin, Stöck, Matthias, Struck, Torsten H., Sudasinghe, Hiranya, Tapanainen, Riikka, Tellgren-Roth, Christian, Trindade, Helena, Tukalenko, Yevhen, Urso, Ilenia, Vacherie, Benoit, Van Belleghem, Steven M., Van Oers, Kees, Vargas-Chavez, Carlos, Velickovic, Nevena, Vella, Noel, Vella, Adriana, Vernesi, Cristiano, Vicente, Sara, Villa, Sara, Pettersson, Olga Vinnere, Volckaert, Filip A. M., Voros, Judit, Wincker, Patrick, Winkler, Sylke, Ciofi, Claudio, Waterhouse, Robert M., and Mazzoni, Camila J.

Published
2024
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4. Chromosome level genome assembly of the Etruscan shrew Suncus etruscus

Author

Bukhman, Yury V., Meyer, Susanne, Chu, Li-Fang, Abueg, Linelle, Antosiewicz-Bourget, Jessica, Balacco, Jennifer, Brecht, Michael, Dinatale, Erica, Fedrigo, Olivier, Formenti, Giulio, Fungtammasan, Arkarachai, Giri, Swagarika Jaharlal, Hiller, Michael, Howe, Kerstin, Kihara, Daisuke, Mamott, Daniel, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Pelan, Sarah, Rabbani, Keon, Sims, Ying, Tracey, Alan, Wood, Jonathan M. D., Jarvis, Erich D., Thomson, James A., Chaisson, Mark J. P., and Stewart, Ron

Published
2024
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5. A draft human pangenome reference

Author

Liao, Wen-Wei, Asri, Mobin, Ebler, Jana, Doerr, Daniel, Haukness, Marina, Hickey, Glenn, Lu, Shuangjia, Lucas, Julian K, Monlong, Jean, Abel, Haley J, Buonaiuto, Silvia, Chang, Xian H, Cheng, Haoyu, Chu, Justin, Colonna, Vincenza, Eizenga, Jordan M, Feng, Xiaowen, Fischer, Christian, Fulton, Robert S, Garg, Shilpa, Groza, Cristian, Guarracino, Andrea, Harvey, William T, Heumos, Simon, Howe, Kerstin, Jain, Miten, Lu, Tsung-Yu, Markello, Charles, Martin, Fergal J, Mitchell, Matthew W, Munson, Katherine M, Mwaniki, Moses Njagi, Novak, Adam M, Olsen, Hugh E, Pesout, Trevor, Porubsky, David, Prins, Pjotr, Sibbesen, Jonas A, Sirén, Jouni, Tomlinson, Chad, Villani, Flavia, Vollger, Mitchell R, Antonacci-Fulton, Lucinda L, Baid, Gunjan, Baker, Carl A, Belyaeva, Anastasiya, Billis, Konstantinos, Carroll, Andrew, Chang, Pi-Chuan, Cody, Sarah, Cook, Daniel E, Cook-Deegan, Robert M, Cornejo, Omar E, Diekhans, Mark, Ebert, Peter, Fairley, Susan, Fedrigo, Olivier, Felsenfeld, Adam L, Formenti, Giulio, Frankish, Adam, Gao, Yan, Garrison, Nanibaa’ A, Giron, Carlos Garcia, Green, Richard E, Haggerty, Leanne, Hoekzema, Kendra, Hourlier, Thibaut, Ji, Hanlee P, Kenny, Eimear E, Koenig, Barbara A, Kolesnikov, Alexey, Korbel, Jan O, Kordosky, Jennifer, Koren, Sergey, Lee, HoJoon, Lewis, Alexandra P, Magalhães, Hugo, Marco-Sola, Santiago, Marijon, Pierre, McCartney, Ann, McDaniel, Jennifer, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Nattestad, Maria, Nurk, Sergey, Olson, Nathan D, Popejoy, Alice B, Puiu, Daniela, Rautiainen, Mikko, Regier, Allison A, Rhie, Arang, Sacco, Samuel, Sanders, Ashley D, Schneider, Valerie A, Schultz, Baergen I, Shafin, Kishwar, Smith, Michael W, Sofia, Heidi J, Abou Tayoun, Ahmad N, Thibaud-Nissen, Françoise, and Tricomi, Francesca Floriana

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, 1.5 Resources and infrastructure (underpinning), Generic health relevance, Humans, Diploidy, Genome, Human, Haplotypes, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Genomics, Reference Standards, Cohort Studies, Alleles, Genetic Variation, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Here the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium presents a first draft of the human pangenome reference. The pangenome contains 47 phased, diploid assemblies from a cohort of genetically diverse individuals1. These assemblies cover more than 99% of the expected sequence in each genome and are more than 99% accurate at the structural and base pair levels. Based on alignments of the assemblies, we generate a draft pangenome that captures known variants and haplotypes and reveals new alleles at structurally complex loci. We also add 119 million base pairs of euchromatic polymorphic sequences and 1,115 gene duplications relative to the existing reference GRCh38. Roughly 90 million of the additional base pairs are derived from structural variation. Using our draft pangenome to analyse short-read data reduced small variant discovery errors by 34% and increased the number of structural variants detected per haplotype by 104% compared with GRCh38-based workflows, which enabled the typing of the vast majority of structural variant alleles per sample.

Published
2023

6. Gaps and complex structurally variant loci in phased genome assemblies

Author

Porubsky, David, Vollger, Mitchell R, Harvey, William T, Rozanski, Allison N, Ebert, Peter, Hickey, Glenn, Hasenfeld, Patrick, Sanders, Ashley D, Stober, Catherine, Consortium, Human Pangenome Reference, Korbel, Jan O, Paten, Benedict, Marschall, Tobias, Eichler, Evan E, Abel, Haley J, Antonacci-Fulton, Lucinda L, Asri, Mobin, Baid, Gunjan, Baker, Carl A, Belyaeva, Anastasiya, Billis, Konstantinos, Bourque, Guillaume, Buonaiuto, Silvia, Carroll, Andrew, Chaisson, Mark JP, Chang, Pi-Chuan, Chang, Xian H, Cheng, Haoyu, Chu, Justin, Cody, Sarah, Colonna, Vincenza, Cook, Daniel E, Cook-Deegan, Robert M, Cornejo, Omar E, Diekhans, Mark, Doerr, Daniel, Ebler, Jana, Eizenga, Jordan M, Fairley, Susan, Fedrigo, Olivier, Felsenfeld, Adam L, Feng, Xiaowen, Fischer, Christian, Flicek, Paul, Formenti, Giulio, Frankish, Adam, Fulton, Robert S, Gao, Yan, Garg, Shilpa, Garrison, Erik, Garrison, Nanibaa’ A, Giron, Carlos Garcia, Green, Richard E, Groza, Cristian, Guarracino, Andrea, Haggerty, Leanne, Hall, Ira M, Haukness, Marina, Haussler, David, Heumos, Simon, Hoekzema, Kendra, Hourlier, Thibaut, Howe, Kerstin, Jain, Miten, Jarvis, Erich D, Ji, Hanlee P, Kenny, Eimear E, Koenig, Barbara A, Kolesnikov, Alexey, Kordosky, Jennifer, Koren, Sergey, Lee, HoJoon, Lewis, Alexandra P, Li, Heng, Liao, Wen-Wei, Lu, Shuangjia, Lu, Tsung-Yu, Lucas, Julian K, Magalhães, Hugo, Marco-Sola, Santiago, Marijon, Pierre, Markello, Charles, Martin, Fergal J, McCartney, Ann, McDaniel, Jennifer, Miga, Karen H, Mitchell, Matthew W, Monlong, Jean, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Munson, Katherine M, Mwaniki, Moses Njagi, Nattestad, Maria, Novak, Adam M, and Nurk, Sergey

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genetics, Human Genome, Humans, DNA, Satellite, Polymorphism, Genetic, Haplotypes, Segmental Duplications, Genomic, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Human Pangenome Reference Consortium, Medical and Health Sciences, Bioinformatics
Abstract

There has been tremendous progress in phased genome assembly production by combining long-read data with parental information or linked-read data. Nevertheless, a typical phased genome assembly generated by trio-hifiasm still generates more than 140 gaps. We perform a detailed analysis of gaps, assembly breaks, and misorientations from 182 haploid assemblies obtained from a diversity panel of 77 unique human samples. Although trio-based approaches using HiFi are the current gold standard, chromosome-wide phasing accuracy is comparable when using Strand-seq instead of parental data. Importantly, the majority of assembly gaps cluster near the largest and most identical repeats (including segmental duplications [35.4%], satellite DNA [22.3%], or regions enriched in GA/AT-rich DNA [27.4%]). Consequently, 1513 protein-coding genes overlap assembly gaps in at least one haplotype, and 231 are recurrently disrupted or missing from five or more haplotypes. Furthermore, we estimate that 6-7 Mbp of DNA are misorientated per haplotype irrespective of whether trio-free or trio-based approaches are used. Of these misorientations, 81% correspond to bona fide large inversion polymorphisms in the human species, most of which are flanked by large segmental duplications. We also identify large-scale alignment discontinuities consistent with 11.9 Mbp of deletions and 161.4 Mbp of insertions per haploid genome. Although 99% of this variation corresponds to satellite DNA, we identify 230 regions of euchromatic DNA with frequent expansions and contractions, nearly half of which overlap with 197 protein-coding genes. Such variable and incompletely assembled regions are important targets for future algorithmic development and pangenome representation.

Published
2023

7. Semi-automated assembly of high-quality diploid human reference genomes

Author

Jarvis, Erich D, Formenti, Giulio, Rhie, Arang, Guarracino, Andrea, Yang, Chentao, Wood, Jonathan, Tracey, Alan, Thibaud-Nissen, Francoise, Vollger, Mitchell R, Porubsky, David, Cheng, Haoyu, Asri, Mobin, Logsdon, Glennis A, Carnevali, Paolo, Chaisson, Mark JP, Chin, Chen-Shan, Cody, Sarah, Collins, Joanna, Ebert, Peter, Escalona, Merly, Fedrigo, Olivier, Fulton, Robert S, Fulton, Lucinda L, Garg, Shilpa, Gerton, Jennifer L, Ghurye, Jay, Granat, Anastasiya, Green, Richard E, Harvey, William, Hasenfeld, Patrick, Hastie, Alex, Haukness, Marina, Jaeger, Erich B, Jain, Miten, Kirsche, Melanie, Kolmogorov, Mikhail, Korbel, Jan O, Koren, Sergey, Korlach, Jonas, Lee, Joyce, Li, Daofeng, Lindsay, Tina, Lucas, Julian, Luo, Feng, Marschall, Tobias, Mitchell, Matthew W, McDaniel, Jennifer, Nie, Fan, Olsen, Hugh E, Olson, Nathan D, Pesout, Trevor, Potapova, Tamara, Puiu, Daniela, Regier, Allison, Ruan, Jue, Salzberg, Steven L, Sanders, Ashley D, Schatz, Michael C, Schmitt, Anthony, Schneider, Valerie A, Selvaraj, Siddarth, Shafin, Kishwar, Shumate, Alaina, Stitziel, Nathan O, Stober, Catherine, Torrance, James, Wagner, Justin, Wang, Jianxin, Wenger, Aaron, Xiao, Chuanle, Zimin, Aleksey V, Zhang, Guojie, Wang, Ting, Li, Heng, Garrison, Erik, Haussler, David, Hall, Ira, Zook, Justin M, Eichler, Evan E, Phillippy, Adam M, Paten, Benedict, Howe, Kerstin, and Miga, Karen H

Subjects
Genetics, Human Genome, Biotechnology, Generic health relevance, Humans, Chromosome Mapping, Diploidy, Genome, Human, Haplotypes, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Reference Standards, Genomics, Chromosomes, Human, Genetic Variation, Human Pangenome Reference Consortium, General Science & Technology
Abstract

The current human reference genome, GRCh38, represents over 20 years of effort to generate a high-quality assembly, which has benefitted society1,2. However, it still has many gaps and errors, and does not represent a biological genome as it is a blend of multiple individuals3,4. Recently, a high-quality telomere-to-telomere reference, CHM13, was generated with the latest long-read technologies, but it was derived from a hydatidiform mole cell line with a nearly homozygous genome5. To address these limitations, the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium formed with the goal of creating high-quality, cost-effective, diploid genome assemblies for a pangenome reference that represents human genetic diversity6. Here, in our first scientific report, we determined which combination of current genome sequencing and assembly approaches yield the most complete and accurate diploid genome assembly with minimal manual curation. Approaches that used highly accurate long reads and parent-child data with graph-based haplotype phasing during assembly outperformed those that did not. Developing a combination of the top-performing methods, we generated our first high-quality diploid reference assembly, containing only approximately four gaps per chromosome on average, with most chromosomes within ±1% of the length of CHM13. Nearly 48% of protein-coding genes have non-synonymous amino acid changes between haplotypes, and centromeric regions showed the highest diversity. Our findings serve as a foundation for assembling near-complete diploid human genomes at scale for a pangenome reference to capture global genetic variation from single nucleotides to structural rearrangements.

Published
2022

8. A haplotype-resolved genome assembly of the Nile rat facilitates exploration of the genetic basis of diabetes.

Author

Toh, Huishi, Yang, Chentao, Formenti, Giulio, Raja, Kalpana, Yan, Lily, Tracey, Alan, Chow, William, Howe, Kerstin, Bergeron, Lucie, Zhang, Guojie, Haase, Bettina, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Fedrigo, Olivier, Fogg, John, Kirilenko, Bogdan, Munegowda, Chetan, Hiller, Michael, Jain, Aashish, Kihara, Daisuke, Rhie, Arang, Phillippy, Adam, Swanson, Scott, Jiang, Peng, Jarvis, Erich, Thomson, James, Stewart, Ron, Chaisson, Mark, Bukhman, Yury, and Clegg, Dennis

Subjects
Arvicanthis niloticus, Diabetes, Diurnal, Genome, Germline mutation rate, Heterozygosity, Long-read genome assembly, Orthology, Positive selection, Retrogenes, Segmental duplications, Humans, Animals, Haplotypes, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Murinae, Genome, Genomics
Abstract

BACKGROUND: The Nile rat (Avicanthis niloticus) is an important animal model because of its robust diurnal rhythm, a cone-rich retina, and a propensity to develop diet-induced diabetes without chemical or genetic modifications. A closer similarity to humans in these aspects, compared to the widely used Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus models, holds the promise of better translation of research findings to the clinic. RESULTS: We report a 2.5 Gb, chromosome-level reference genome assembly with fully resolved parental haplotypes, generated with the Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP). The assembly is highly contiguous, with contig N50 of 11.1 Mb, scaffold N50 of 83 Mb, and 95.2% of the sequence assigned to chromosomes. We used a novel workflow to identify 3613 segmental duplications and quantify duplicated genes. Comparative analyses revealed unique genomic features of the Nile rat, including some that affect genes associated with type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunctions. We discuss 14 genes that are heterozygous in the Nile rat or highly diverged from the house mouse. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reflect the exceptional level of genomic resolution present in this assembly, which will greatly expand the potential of the Nile rat as a model organism.

Published
2022

10. The admixed brushtail possum genome reveals invasion history in New Zealand and novel imprinted genes

Author

Bond, Donna M., Ortega-Recalde, Oscar, Laird, Melanie K., Hayakawa, Takashi, Richardson, Kyle S., Reese, Finlay.C. B., Kyle, Bruce, McIsaac-Williams, Brooke E., Robertson, Bruce C., van Heezik, Yolanda, Adams, Amy L., Chang, Wei-Shan, Haase, Bettina, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Driller, Maximilian, Collins, Joanna, Howe, Kerstin, Go, Yasuhiro, Thibaud-Nissen, Francoise, Lister, Nicholas C., Waters, Paul D., Fedrigo, Olivier, Jarvis, Erich D., Gemmell, Neil J., Alexander, Alana, and Hore, Timothy A.

Published
2023
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11. The swan genome and transcriptome, it is not all black and white

Author

Karawita, Anjana C., Cheng, Yuanyuan, Chew, Keng Yih, Challagulla, Arjun, Kraus, Robert, Mueller, Ralf C., Tong, Marcus Z. W., Hulme, Katina D., Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Helle, Steele, Lauren E., Wu, Melanie, Sng, Julian, Noye, Ellesandra, Bruxner, Timothy J., Au, Gough G., Lowther, Suzanne, Blommaert, Julie, Suh, Alexander, McCauley, Alexander J., Kaur, Parwinder, Dudchenko, Olga, Aiden, Erez, Fedrigo, Olivier, Formenti, Giulio, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Chow, William, Martin, Fergal J., Ogeh, Denye N., Thiaud-Nissen, Françoise, Howe, Kerstin, Tracey, Alan, Smith, Jacqueline, Kuo, Richard I., Renfree, Marilyn B., Kimura, Takashi, Sakoda, Yoshihiro, McDougall, Mathew, Spencer, Hamish G., Pyne, Michael, Tolf, Conny, Waldenström, Jonas, Jarvis, Erich D., Baker, Michelle L., Burt, David W., and Short, Kirsty R.

Published
2023
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12. The Human Pangenome Project: a global resource to map genomic diversity

Author

Wang, Ting, Antonacci-Fulton, Lucinda, Howe, Kerstin, Lawson, Heather A, Lucas, Julian K, Phillippy, Adam M, Popejoy, Alice B, Asri, Mobin, Carson, Caryn, Chaisson, Mark JP, Chang, Xian, Cook-Deegan, Robert, Felsenfeld, Adam L, Fulton, Robert S, Garrison, Erik P, Garrison, Nanibaa’ A, Graves-Lindsay, Tina A, Ji, Hanlee, Kenny, Eimear E, Koenig, Barbara A, Li, Daofeng, Marschall, Tobias, McMichael, Joshua F, Novak, Adam M, Purushotham, Deepak, Schneider, Valerie A, Schultz, Baergen I, Smith, Michael W, Sofia, Heidi J, Weissman, Tsachy, Flicek, Paul, Li, Heng, Miga, Karen H, Paten, Benedict, Jarvis, Erich D, Hall, Ira M, Eichler, Evan E, and Haussler, David

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genetics, Human Genome, Biotechnology, Generic health relevance, Genome, Human, Genomics, Haplotypes, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Humans, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Human Pangenome Reference Consortium, General Science & Technology
Abstract

The human reference genome is the most widely used resource in human genetics and is due for a major update. Its current structure is a linear composite of merged haplotypes from more than 20 people, with a single individual comprising most of the sequence. It contains biases and errors within a framework that does not represent global human genomic variation. A high-quality reference with global representation of common variants, including single-nucleotide variants, structural variants and functional elements, is needed. The Human Pangenome Reference Consortium aims to create a more sophisticated and complete human reference genome with a graph-based, telomere-to-telomere representation of global genomic diversity. Here we leverage innovations in technology, study design and global partnerships with the goal of constructing the highest-possible quality human pangenome reference. Our goal is to improve data representation and streamline analyses to enable routine assembly of complete diploid genomes. With attention to ethical frameworks, the human pangenome reference will contain a more accurate and diverse representation of global genomic variation, improve gene-disease association studies across populations, expand the scope of genomics research to the most repetitive and polymorphic regions of the genome, and serve as the ultimate genetic resource for future biomedical research and precision medicine.

Published
2022

13. The complete sequence of a human genome

Author

Nurk, Sergey, Koren, Sergey, Rhie, Arang, Rautiainen, Mikko, Bzikadze, Andrey V, Mikheenko, Alla, Vollger, Mitchell R, Altemose, Nicolas, Uralsky, Lev, Gershman, Ariel, Aganezov, Sergey, Hoyt, Savannah J, Diekhans, Mark, Logsdon, Glennis A, Alonge, Michael, Antonarakis, Stylianos E, Borchers, Matthew, Bouffard, Gerard G, Brooks, Shelise Y, Caldas, Gina V, Chen, Nae-Chyun, Cheng, Haoyu, Chin, Chen-Shan, Chow, William, de Lima, Leonardo G, Dishuck, Philip C, Durbin, Richard, Dvorkina, Tatiana, Fiddes, Ian T, Formenti, Giulio, Fulton, Robert S, Fungtammasan, Arkarachai, Garrison, Erik, Grady, Patrick GS, Graves-Lindsay, Tina A, Hall, Ira M, Hansen, Nancy F, Hartley, Gabrielle A, Haukness, Marina, Howe, Kerstin, Hunkapiller, Michael W, Jain, Chirag, Jain, Miten, Jarvis, Erich D, Kerpedjiev, Peter, Kirsche, Melanie, Kolmogorov, Mikhail, Korlach, Jonas, Kremitzki, Milinn, Li, Heng, Maduro, Valerie V, Marschall, Tobias, McCartney, Ann M, McDaniel, Jennifer, Miller, Danny E, Mullikin, James C, Myers, Eugene W, Olson, Nathan D, Paten, Benedict, Peluso, Paul, Pevzner, Pavel A, Porubsky, David, Potapova, Tamara, Rogaev, Evgeny I, Rosenfeld, Jeffrey A, Salzberg, Steven L, Schneider, Valerie A, Sedlazeck, Fritz J, Shafin, Kishwar, Shew, Colin J, Shumate, Alaina, Sims, Ying, Smit, Arian FA, Soto, Daniela C, Sović, Ivan, Storer, Jessica M, Streets, Aaron, Sullivan, Beth A, Thibaud-Nissen, Françoise, Torrance, James, Wagner, Justin, Walenz, Brian P, Wenger, Aaron, Wood, Jonathan MD, Xiao, Chunlin, Yan, Stephanie M, Young, Alice C, Zarate, Samantha, Surti, Urvashi, McCoy, Rajiv C, Dennis, Megan Y, Alexandrov, Ivan A, Gerton, Jennifer L, O’Neill, Rachel J, Timp, Winston, Zook, Justin M, Schatz, Michael C, Eichler, Evan E, Miga, Karen H, and Phillippy, Adam M

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genetics, Human Genome, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Underpinning research, Generic health relevance, Cell Line, Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial, Chromosomes, Human, Genome, Human, Human Genome Project, Humans, Reference Values, Sequence Analysis, DNA, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Since its initial release in 2000, the human reference genome has covered only the euchromatic fraction of the genome, leaving important heterochromatic regions unfinished. Addressing the remaining 8% of the genome, the Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) Consortium presents a complete 3.055 billion-base pair sequence of a human genome, T2T-CHM13, that includes gapless assemblies for all chromosomes except Y, corrects errors in the prior references, and introduces nearly 200 million base pairs of sequence containing 1956 gene predictions, 99 of which are predicted to be protein coding. The completed regions include all centromeric satellite arrays, recent segmental duplications, and the short arms of all five acrocentric chromosomes, unlocking these complex regions of the genome to variational and functional studies.

Published
2022

14. Standards recommendations for the Earth BioGenome Project

Author

Lawniczak, Mara KN, Durbin, Richard, Flicek, Paul, Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, Wei, Xiaofeng, Archibald, John M, Baker, William J, Belov, Katherine, Blaxter, Mark L, Bonet, Tomas Marques, Childers, Anna K, Coddington, Jonathan A, Crandall, Keith A, Crawford, Andrew J, Davey, Robert P, Di Palma, Federica, Fang, Qi, Haerty, Wilfried, Hall, Neil, Hoff, Katharina J, Howe, Kerstin, Jarvis, Erich D, Johnson, Warren E, Johnson, Rebecca N, Kersey, Paul J, Liu, Xin, Lopez, Jose Victor, Myers, Eugene W, Pettersson, Olga Vinnere, Phillippy, Adam M, Poelchau, Monica F, Pruitt, Kim D, Rhie, Arang, Castilla-Rubio, Juan Carlos, Sahu, Sunil Kumar, Salmon, Nicholas A, Soltis, Pamela S, Swarbreck, David, Thibaud-Nissen, Françoise, Wang, Sibo, Wegrzyn, Jill L, Zhang, Guojie, Zhang, He, Lewin, Harris A, and Richards, Stephen

Subjects
Human Genome, Genetics, Animals, Base Sequence, Biodiversity, Eukaryota, Genomics, Humans, Reference Standards, Reference Values, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Earth BioGenome Project, genomics, ethics, genome assembly
Abstract

A global international initiative, such as the Earth BioGenome Project (EBP), requires both agreement and coordination on standards to ensure that the collective effort generates rapid progress toward its goals. To this end, the EBP initiated five technical standards committees comprising volunteer members from the global genomics scientific community: Sample Collection and Processing, Sequencing and Assembly, Annotation, Analysis, and IT and Informatics. The current versions of the resulting standards documents are available on the EBP website, with the recognition that opportunities, technologies, and challenges may improve or change in the future, requiring flexibility for the EBP to meet its goals. Here, we describe some highlights from the proposed standards, and areas where additional challenges will need to be met.

Published
2022

15. Population genomics of the critically endangered kākāpō

Author

Dussex, Nicolas, van der Valk, Tom, Morales, Hernán E, Wheat, Christopher W, Díez-del-Molino, David, von Seth, Johanna, Foster, Yasmin, Kutschera, Verena E, Guschanski, Katerina, Rhie, Arang, Phillippy, Adam M, Korlach, Jonas, Howe, Kerstin, Chow, William, Pelan, Sarah, Damas, Joanna D Mendes, Lewin, Harris A, Hastie, Alex R, Formenti, Giulio, Fedrigo, Olivier, Guhlin, Joseph, Harrop, Thomas WR, Le Lec, Marissa F, Dearden, Peter K, Haggerty, Leanne, Martin, Fergal J, Kodali, Vamsi, Thibaud-Nissen, Françoise, Iorns, David, Knapp, Michael, Gemmell, Neil J, Robertson, Fiona, Moorhouse, Ron, Digby, Andrew, Eason, Daryl, Vercoe, Deidre, Howard, Jason, Jarvis, Erich D, Robertson, Bruce C, and Dalén, Love

Subjects
Human Genome, Genetics, Life on Land, bottleneck, conservation, inbreeding, kākāpō, mutational load, purging
Abstract

The kākāpō is a flightless parrot endemic to New Zealand. Once common in the archipelago, only 201 individuals remain today, most of them descending from an isolated island population. We report the first genome-wide analyses of the species, including a high-quality genome assembly for kākāpō, one of the first chromosome-level reference genomes sequenced by the Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP). We also sequenced and analyzed 35 modern genomes from the sole surviving island population and 14 genomes from the extinct mainland population. While theory suggests that such a small population is likely to have accumulated deleterious mutations through genetic drift, our analyses on the impact of the long-term small population size in kākāpō indicate that present-day island kākāpō have a reduced number of harmful mutations compared to mainland individuals. We hypothesize that this reduced mutational load is due to the island population having been subjected to a combination of genetic drift and purging of deleterious mutations, through increased inbreeding and purifying selection, since its isolation from the mainland ∼10,000 years ago. Our results provide evidence that small populations can survive even when isolated for hundreds of generations. This work provides key insights into kākāpō breeding and recovery and more generally into the application of genetic tools in conservation efforts for endangered species.

Published
2021

16. Reference genome and demographic history of the most endangered marine mammal, the vaquita

Author

Morin, Phillip A, Archer, Frederick I, Avila, Catherine D, Balacco, Jennifer R, Bukhman, Yury V, Chow, William, Fedrigo, Olivier, Formenti, Giulio, Fronczek, Julie A, Fungtammasan, Arkarachai, Gulland, Frances MD, Haase, Bettina, Heide‐Jorgensen, Mads Peter, Houck, Marlys L, Howe, Kerstin, Misuraca, Ann C, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Musser, Whitney, Paez, Sadye, Pelan, Sarah, Phillippy, Adam, Rhie, Arang, Robinson, Jacqueline, Rojas‐Bracho, Lorenzo, Rowles, Teri K, Ryder, Oliver A, Smith, Cynthia R, Stevenson, Sacha, Taylor, Barbara L, Teilmann, Jonas, Torrance, James, Wells, Randall S, Westgate, Andrew J, and Jarvis, Erich D

Subjects
Genetics, Human Genome, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Generic health relevance, Life on Land, Animals, Chromosomes, Endangered Species, Female, Genetics, Population, Genome, Phocoena, Conservation genomics, genome diversity, historical demography, Phocoena sinus, porpoise, Vertebrate Genomes Project, Biological Sciences, Evolutionary Biology
Abstract

The vaquita is the most critically endangered marine mammal, with fewer than 19 remaining in the wild. First described in 1958, the vaquita has been in rapid decline for more than 20 years resulting from inadvertent deaths due to the increasing use of large-mesh gillnets. To understand the evolutionary and demographic history of the vaquita, we used combined long-read sequencing and long-range scaffolding methods with long- and short-read RNA sequencing to generate a near error-free annotated reference genome assembly from cell lines derived from a female individual. The genome assembly consists of 99.92% of the assembled sequence contained in 21 nearly gapless chromosome-length autosome scaffolds and the X-chromosome scaffold, with a scaffold N50 of 115 Mb. Genome-wide heterozygosity is the lowest (0.01%) of any mammalian species analysed to date, but heterozygosity is evenly distributed across the chromosomes, consistent with long-term small population size at genetic equilibrium, rather than low diversity resulting from a recent population bottleneck or inbreeding. Historical demography of the vaquita indicates long-term population stability at less than 5,000 (Ne) for over 200,000 years. Together, these analyses indicate that the vaquita genome has had ample opportunity to purge highly deleterious alleles and potentially maintain diversity necessary for population health.

Published
2021

17. Platypus and echidna genomes reveal mammalian biology and evolution

Author

Zhou, Yang, Shearwin-Whyatt, Linda, Li, Jing, Song, Zhenzhen, Hayakawa, Takashi, Stevens, David, Fenelon, Jane C, Peel, Emma, Cheng, Yuanyuan, Pajpach, Filip, Bradley, Natasha, Suzuki, Hikoyu, Nikaido, Masato, Damas, Joana, Daish, Tasman, Perry, Tahlia, Zhu, Zexian, Geng, Yuncong, Rhie, Arang, Sims, Ying, Wood, Jonathan, Haase, Bettina, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Fedrigo, Olivier, Li, Qiye, Yang, Huanming, Wang, Jian, Johnston, Stephen D, Phillippy, Adam M, Howe, Kerstin, Jarvis, Erich D, Ryder, Oliver A, Kaessmann, Henrik, Donnelly, Peter, Korlach, Jonas, Lewin, Harris A, Graves, Jennifer, Belov, Katherine, Renfree, Marilyn B, Grutzner, Frank, Zhou, Qi, and Zhang, Guojie

Subjects
Genetics, Human Genome, Biotechnology, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Underpinning research, Generic health relevance, Animals, Biological Evolution, Female, Genome, Male, Mammals, Phylogeny, Platypus, Sex Chromosomes, Tachyglossidae, Base Pairing, Base Sequence, Cattle, Chromosome Mapping, Chromosomes, Mammalian, DNA, Evolution, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Recombination, Genetic, X Chromosome, Y Chromosome, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Egg-laying mammals (monotremes) are the only extant mammalian outgroup to therians (marsupial and eutherian animals) and provide key insights into mammalian evolution1,2. Here we generate and analyse reference genomes of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), which represent the only two extant monotreme lineages. The nearly complete platypus genome assembly has anchored almost the entire genome onto chromosomes, markedly improving the genome continuity and gene annotation. Together with our echidna sequence, the genomes of the two species allow us to detect the ancestral and lineage-specific genomic changes that shape both monotreme and mammalian evolution. We provide evidence that the monotreme sex chromosome complex originated from an ancestral chromosome ring configuration. The formation of such a unique chromosome complex may have been facilitated by the unusually extensive interactions between the multi-X and multi-Y chromosomes that are shared by the autosomal homologues in humans. Further comparative genomic analyses unravel marked differences between monotremes and therians in haptoglobin genes, lactation genes and chemosensory receptor genes for smell and taste that underlie the ecological adaptation of monotremes.

Published
2021

18. Pan-conserved segment tags identify ultra-conserved sequences across assemblies in the human pangenome

Author

Liao, Wen-Wei, Asri, Mobin, Ebler, Jana, Doerr, Daniel, Haukness, Marina, Hickey, Glenn, Lu, Shuangjia, Lucas, Julian K., Monlong, Jean, Abel, Haley J., Buonaiuto, Silvia, Chang, Xian H., Cheng, Haoyu, Chu, Justin, Colonna, Vincenza, Eizenga, Jordan M., Feng, Xiaowen, Fischer, Christian, Fulton, Robert S., Garg, Shilpa, Groza, Cristian, Guarracino, Andrea, Harvey, William T., Heumos, Simon, Howe, Kerstin, Jain, Miten, Lu, Tsung-Yu, Markello, Charles, Martin, Fergal J., Mitchell, Matthew W., Munson, Katherine M., Mwaniki, Moses Njagi, Novak, Adam M., Olsen, Hugh E., Pesout, Trevor, Porubsky, David, Prins, Pjotr, Sibbesen, Jonas A., Tomlinson, Chad, Villani, Flavia, Vollger, Mitchell R., Antonacci-Fulton, Lucinda L., Baid, Gunjan, Baker, Carl A., Belyaeva, Anastasiya, Billis, Konstantinos, Carroll, Andrew, Chang, Pi-Chuan, Cody, Sarah, Cook, Daniel E., Cornejo, Omar E., Diekhans, Mark, Ebert, Peter, Fairley, Susan, Fedrigo, Olivier, Felsenfeld, Adam L., Formenti, Giulio, Frankish, Adam, Gao, Yan, Giron, Carlos Garcia, Green, Richard E., Haggerty, Leanne, Hoekzema, Kendra, Hourlier, Thibaut, Ji, Hanlee P., Kolesnikov, Alexey, Korbel, Jan O., Kordosky, Jennifer, Lee, HoJoon, Lewis, Alexandra P., Magalhães, Hugo, Marco-Sola, Santiago, Marijon, Pierre, McDaniel, Jennifer, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Nattestad, Maria, Olson, Nathan D., Puiu, Daniela, Regier, Allison A., Rhie, Arang, Sacco, Samuel, Sanders, Ashley D., Schneider, Valerie A., Schultz, Baergen I., Shafin, Kishwar, Sirén, Jouni, Smith, Michael W., Sofia, Heidi J., Abou Tayoun, Ahmad N., Thibaud-Nissen, Françoise, Tricomi, Francesca Floriana, Wagner, Justin, Wood, Jonathan M.D., Zimin, Aleksey V., Popejoy, Alice B., Bourque, Guillaume, Chaisson, Mark J.P., Flicek, Paul, Phillippy, Adam M., Zook, Justin M., Eichler, Evan E., Haussler, David, Jarvis, Erich D., Miga, Karen H., Wang, Ting, Garrison, Erik, Marschall, Tobias, Hall, Ira, Li, Heng, Paten, Benedict, Greer, Stephanie U., Pavlichin, Dmitri S., Zhou, Bo, Urban, Alexander E., and Weissman, Tsachy

Published
2023
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19. Telomere-to-telomere assembly of a complete human X chromosome

Author

Miga, Karen H, Koren, Sergey, Rhie, Arang, Vollger, Mitchell R, Gershman, Ariel, Bzikadze, Andrey, Brooks, Shelise, Howe, Edmund, Porubsky, David, Logsdon, Glennis A, Schneider, Valerie A, Potapova, Tamara, Wood, Jonathan, Chow, William, Armstrong, Joel, Fredrickson, Jeanne, Pak, Evgenia, Tigyi, Kristof, Kremitzki, Milinn, Markovic, Christopher, Maduro, Valerie, Dutra, Amalia, Bouffard, Gerard G, Chang, Alexander M, Hansen, Nancy F, Wilfert, Amy B, Thibaud-Nissen, Françoise, Schmitt, Anthony D, Belton, Jon-Matthew, Selvaraj, Siddarth, Dennis, Megan Y, Soto, Daniela C, Sahasrabudhe, Ruta, Kaya, Gulhan, Quick, Josh, Loman, Nicholas J, Holmes, Nadine, Loose, Matthew, Surti, Urvashi, Risques, Rosa ana, Graves Lindsay, Tina A, Fulton, Robert, Hall, Ira, Paten, Benedict, Howe, Kerstin, Timp, Winston, Young, Alice, Mullikin, James C, Pevzner, Pavel A, Gerton, Jennifer L, Sullivan, Beth A, Eichler, Evan E, and Phillippy, Adam M

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genetics, Bioengineering, Nanotechnology, Human Genome, Generic health relevance, Centromere, Chromosomes, Human, X, CpG Islands, DNA Methylation, DNA, Satellite, Female, Genome, Human, Humans, Hydatidiform Mole, Male, Pregnancy, Reproducibility of Results, Telomere, Testis, General Science & Technology
Abstract

After two decades of improvements, the current human reference genome (GRCh38) is the most accurate and complete vertebrate genome ever produced. However, no single chromosome has been finished end to end, and hundreds of unresolved gaps persist1,2. Here we present a human genome assembly that surpasses the continuity of GRCh382, along with a gapless, telomere-to-telomere assembly of a human chromosome. This was enabled by high-coverage, ultra-long-read nanopore sequencing of the complete hydatidiform mole CHM13 genome, combined with complementary technologies for quality improvement and validation. Focusing our efforts on the human X chromosome3, we reconstructed the centromeric satellite DNA array (approximately 3.1 Mb) and closed the 29 remaining gaps in the current reference, including new sequences from the human pseudoautosomal regions and from cancer-testis ampliconic gene families (CT-X and GAGE). These sequences will be integrated into future human reference genome releases. In addition, the complete chromosome X, combined with the ultra-long nanopore data, allowed us to map methylation patterns across complex tandem repeats and satellite arrays. Our results demonstrate that finishing the entire human genome is now within reach, and the data presented here will facilitate ongoing efforts to complete the other human chromosomes.

Published
2020

20. Reference genome and demographic history of the most endangered marine mammal, the vaquita

Author

Morin, Phillip A, Archer, Frederick I, Avila, Catherine D, Balacco, Jennifer R, Bukhman, Yury V, Chow, William, Fedrigo, Olivier, Formenti, Giulio, Fronczek, Julie A, Fungtammasan, Arkarachai, Gulland, Frances MD, Haase, Bettina, Heide-Jorgensen, Mads Peter, Houck, Marlys L, Howe, Kerstin, Misuraca, Ann C, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Musser, Whitney, Paez, Sadye, Pelan, Sarah, Phillippy, Adam, Rhie, Arang, Robinson, Jacqueline, Rojas-Bracho, Lorenzo, Rowles, Teri K, Ryder, Oliver A, Smith, Cynthia R, Stevenson, Sacha, Taylor, Barbara L, Teilmann, Jonas, Torrance, James, Wells, Randall S, Westgate, Andrew, and Jarvis, Erich D

Subjects
Human Genome, Genetics, Generic health relevance, Life on Land
Abstract

AbstractThe vaquita is the most critically endangered marine mammal, with fewer than 19 remaining in the wild. First described in 1958, the vaquita has been in rapid decline resulting from inadvertent deaths due to the increasing use of large-mesh gillnets for more than 20 years. To understand the evolutionary and demographic history of the vaquita, we used combined long-read sequencing and long-range scaffolding methods with long- and short-read RNA sequencing to generate a near error-free annotated reference genome assembly from cell lines derived from a female individual. The genome assembly consists of 99.92% of the assembled sequence contained in 21 nearly gapless chromosome-length autosome scaffolds and the X-chromosome scaffold, with a scaffold N50 of 115 Mb. Genome-wide heterozygosity is the lowest (0.01%) of any mammalian species analyzed to date, but heterozygosity is evenly distributed across the chromosomes, consistent with long-term small population size at genetic equilibrium, rather than low diversity resulting from a recent population bottleneck or inbreeding. Historical demography of the vaquita indicates long-term population stability at less than 5000 (Ne) for over 200,000 years. Together, these analyses indicate that the vaquita genome has had ample opportunity to purge highly deleterious alleles and potentially maintain diversity necessary for population health.

Published
2020

21. An improved germline genome assembly for the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus illuminates the evolution of germline-specific chromosomes

Author

Timoshevskaya, Nataliya, Eşkut, Kaan İ., Timoshevskiy, Vladimir A., Robb, Sofia M.C., Holt, Carson, Hess, Jon E., Parker, Hugo J., Baker, Cindy F., Miller, Allison K., Saraceno, Cody, Yandell, Mark, Krumlauf, Robb, Narum, Shawn R., Lampman, Ralph T., Gemmell, Neil J., Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Haase, Bettina, Balacco, Jennifer R., Formenti, Giulio, Pelan, Sarah, Sims, Ying, Howe, Kerstin, Fedrigo, Olivier, Jarvis, Erich D., and Smith, Jeramiah J.

Published
2023
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22. A chromosome-level reference genome and pangenome for barn swallow population genomics

Author

Secomandi, Simona, Gallo, Guido R., Sozzoni, Marcella, Iannucci, Alessio, Galati, Elena, Abueg, Linelle, Balacco, Jennifer, Caprioli, Manuela, Chow, William, Ciofi, Claudio, Collins, Joanna, Fedrigo, Olivier, Ferretti, Luca, Fungtammasan, Arkarachai, Haase, Bettina, Howe, Kerstin, Kwak, Woori, Lombardo, Gianluca, Masterson, Patrick, Messina, Graziella, Møller, Anders P., Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Mousseau, Timothy A., Ferrer Obiol, Joan, Olivieri, Anna, Rhie, Arang, Rubolini, Diego, Saclier, Marielle, Stanyon, Roscoe, Stucki, David, Thibaud-Nissen, Françoise, Torrance, James, Torroni, Antonio, Weber, Kristina, Ambrosini, Roberto, Bonisoli-Alquati, Andrea, Jarvis, Erich D., Gianfranceschi, Luca, and Formenti, Giulio

Published
2023
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23. Chasing perfection: validation and polishing strategies for telomere-to-telomere genome assemblies

Author

Mc Cartney, Ann M., Shafin, Kishwar, Alonge, Michael, Bzikadze, Andrey V., Formenti, Giulio, Fungtammasan, Arkarachai, Howe, Kerstin, Jain, Chirag, Koren, Sergey, Logsdon, Glennis A., Miga, Karen H., Mikheenko, Alla, Paten, Benedict, Shumate, Alaina, Soto, Daniela C., Sović, Ivan, Wood, Jonathan M. D., Zook, Justin M., Phillippy, Adam M., and Rhie, Arang

Published
2022
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27. Sixteen diverse laboratory mouse reference genomes define strain-specific haplotypes and novel functional loci

Author

Lilue, Jingtao, Doran, Anthony G, Fiddes, Ian T, Abrudan, Monica, Armstrong, Joel, Bennett, Ruth, Chow, William, Collins, Joanna, Collins, Stephan, Czechanski, Anne, Danecek, Petr, Diekhans, Mark, Dolle, Dirk-Dominik, Dunn, Matt, Durbin, Richard, Earl, Dent, Ferguson-Smith, Anne, Flicek, Paul, Flint, Jonathan, Frankish, Adam, Fu, Beiyuan, Gerstein, Mark, Gilbert, James, Goodstadt, Leo, Harrow, Jennifer, Howe, Kerstin, Ibarra-Soria, Ximena, Kolmogorov, Mikhail, Lelliott, Chris J, Logan, Darren W, Loveland, Jane, Mathews, Clayton E, Mott, Richard, Muir, Paul, Nachtweide, Stefanie, Navarro, Fabio CP, Odom, Duncan T, Park, Naomi, Pelan, Sarah, Pham, Son K, Quail, Mike, Reinholdt, Laura, Romoth, Lars, Shirley, Lesley, Sisu, Cristina, Sjoberg-Herrera, Marcela, Stanke, Mario, Steward, Charles, Thomas, Mark, Threadgold, Glen, Thybert, David, Torrance, James, Wong, Kim, Wood, Jonathan, Yalcin, Binnaz, Yang, Fengtang, Adams, David J, Paten, Benedict, and Keane, Thomas M

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Human Genome, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Animals, Animals, Laboratory, Chromosome Mapping, Genetic Loci, Genome, Haplotypes, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Inbred C3H, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Inbred CBA, Mice, Inbred DBA, Mice, Inbred NOD, Mice, Inbred Strains, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Phylogeny, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Species Specificity, Medical and Health Sciences, Developmental Biology, Agricultural biotechnology, Bioinformatics and computational biology
Abstract

We report full-length draft de novo genome assemblies for 16 widely used inbred mouse strains and find extensive strain-specific haplotype variation. We identify and characterize 2,567 regions on the current mouse reference genome exhibiting the greatest sequence diversity. These regions are enriched for genes involved in pathogen defence and immunity and exhibit enrichment of transposable elements and signatures of recent retrotransposition events. Combinations of alleles and genes unique to an individual strain are commonly observed at these loci, reflecting distinct strain phenotypes. We used these genomes to improve the mouse reference genome, resulting in the completion of 10 new gene structures. Also, 62 new coding loci were added to the reference genome annotation. These genomes identified a large, previously unannotated, gene (Efcab3-like) encoding 5,874 amino acids. Mutant Efcab3-like mice display anomalies in multiple brain regions, suggesting a possible role for this gene in the regulation of brain development.

Published
2018

28. The sensory shark: high-quality phenotypic, genomic and transcriptomic data for the small spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula reveal the molecular bases of sensory organ evolution in jawed vertebrates

Author

Mayeur, Helene, primary, Leyhr, Jake, additional, Mulley, John, additional, Nicolas, Leurs, additional, Michel, Leo, additional, Sharma, Kanika, additional, Lagadec, Ronan, additional, Aury, Jean-Marc, additional, Osborne, Owen Gregory, additional, Mulhair, Peter, additional, Poulain, Julie, additional, Mangenot, Sophie, additional, Mead, Daniel, additional, Smith, Michelle, additional, Corton, Craig, additional, Oliver, Karen, additional, Skelton, Jason, additional, Betteridge, Emma, additional, Dolucan, Jale, additional, Dudchenko, Olga, additional, Omer, Arina, additional, Weisz, David, additional, Lieberman-Aiden, Erez, additional, McCarthy, Shane, additional, Sims, Ying, additional, Torrance, James, additional, Tracey, Alan, additional, Howe, Kerstin, additional, Baril, Tobias, additional, Hayward, Alex, additional, Martinand-Mari, Camille, additional, Sanchez, Sophie, additional, Haitina, Tatjana, additional, Martin, Kyle John, additional, MAZAN, Sylvie, additional, Korsching, Sigrun I, additional, and Debiais-Thibaud, Melanie, additional

Published
2024
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29. A region of suppressed recombination misleads neoavian phylogenomics

Author

Mirarab, Siavash, primary, Rivas-González, Iker, additional, Feng, Shaohong, additional, Stiller, Josefin, additional, Fang, Qi, additional, Mai, Uyen, additional, Hickey, Glenn, additional, Chen, Guangji, additional, Brajuka, Nadolina, additional, Fedrigo, Olivier, additional, Formenti, Giulio, additional, Wolf, Jochen B. W., additional, Howe, Kerstin, additional, Antunes, Agostinho, additional, Schierup, Mikkel H., additional, Paten, Benedict, additional, Jarvis, Erich D., additional, Zhang, Guojie, additional, and Braun, Edward L., additional

Published
2024
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30. A New Chicken Genome Assembly Provides Insight into Avian Genome Structure

Author

Warren, Wesley C, Hillier, LaDeana W, Tomlinson, Chad, Minx, Patrick, Kremitzki, Milinn, Graves, Tina, Markovic, Chris, Bouk, Nathan, Pruitt, Kim D, Thibaud-Nissen, Francoise, Schneider, Valerie, Mansour, Tamer A, Brown, C Titus, Zimin, Aleksey, Hawken, Rachel, Abrahamsen, Mitch, Pyrkosz, Alexis B, Morisson, Mireille, Fillon, Valerie, Vignal, Alain, Chow, William, Howe, Kerstin, Fulton, Janet E, Miller, Marcia M, Lovell, Peter, Mello, Claudio V, Wirthlin, Morgan, Mason, Andrew S, Kuo, Richard, Burt, David W, Dodgson, Jerry B, and Cheng, Hans H

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Human Genome, Generic health relevance, Animals, Chickens, Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial, Computational Biology, Contig Mapping, Genome, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Gallus gallus, genome assembly, MHC, Biochemistry and cell biology, Statistics
Abstract

The importance of the Gallus gallus (chicken) as a model organism and agricultural animal merits a continuation of sequence assembly improvement efforts. We present a new version of the chicken genome assembly (Gallus_gallus-5.0; GCA_000002315.3), built from combined long single molecule sequencing technology, finished BACs, and improved physical maps. In overall assembled bases, we see a gain of 183 Mb, including 16.4 Mb in placed chromosomes with a corresponding gain in the percentage of intact repeat elements characterized. Of the 1.21 Gb genome, we include three previously missing autosomes, GGA30, 31, and 33, and improve sequence contig length 10-fold over the previous Gallus_gallus-4.0. Despite the significant base representation improvements made, 138 Mb of sequence is not yet located to chromosomes. When annotated for gene content, Gallus_gallus-5.0 shows an increase of 4679 annotated genes (2768 noncoding and 1911 protein-coding) over those in Gallus_gallus-4.0. We also revisited the question of what genes are missing in the avian lineage, as assessed by the highest quality avian genome assembly to date, and found that a large fraction of the original set of missing genes are still absent in sequenced bird species. Finally, our new data support a detailed map of MHC-B, encompassing two segments: one with a highly stable gene copy number and another in which the gene copy number is highly variable. The chicken model has been a critical resource for many other fields of study, and this new reference assembly will substantially further these efforts.

Published
2017

31. Evolutionary and biomedical insights from a marmoset diploid genome assembly

Author

Yang, Chentao, Zhou, Yang, Marcus, Stephanie, Formenti, Giulio, Bergeron, Lucie A., Song, Zhenzhen, Bi, Xupeng, Bergman, Juraj, Rousselle, Marjolaine Marie C., Zhou, Chengran, Zhou, Long, Deng, Yuan, Fang, Miaoquan, Xie, Duo, Zhu, Yuanzhen, Tan, Shangjin, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Haase, Bettina, Balacco, Jennifer, Wood, Jonathan, Chow, William, Rhie, Arang, Pippel, Martin, Fabiszak, Margaret M., Koren, Sergey, Fedrigo, Olivier, Freiwald, Winrich A., Howe, Kerstin, Yang, Huanming, Phillippy, Adam M., Schierup, Mikkel Heide, Jarvis, Erich D., and Zhang, Guojie

Published
2021
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32. A region of suppressed recombination misleads neoavian phylogenomics

Author

Mirarab, Siavash, Rivas-González, Iker, Feng, Shaohong, Stiller, Josefin, Fang, Qi, Mai, Uyen, Hickey, Glenn, Chen, Guangji, Brajuka, Nadolina, Fedrigo, Olivier, Formenti, Giulio, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Howe, Kerstin, Antunes, Agostinho, Schierup, Mikkel H., Paten, Benedict, Jarvis, Erich D., Zhang, Guojie, Braun, Edward L., Mirarab, Siavash, Rivas-González, Iker, Feng, Shaohong, Stiller, Josefin, Fang, Qi, Mai, Uyen, Hickey, Glenn, Chen, Guangji, Brajuka, Nadolina, Fedrigo, Olivier, Formenti, Giulio, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Howe, Kerstin, Antunes, Agostinho, Schierup, Mikkel H., Paten, Benedict, Jarvis, Erich D., Zhang, Guojie, and Braun, Edward L.

Abstract

Genomes are typically mosaics of regions with different evolutionary histories. When speciation events are closely spaced in time, recombination makes the regions sharing the same history small, and the evolutionary history changes rapidly as we move along the genome. When examining rapid radiations such as the early diversification of Neoaves 66 Mya, typically no consistent history is observed across segments exceeding kilobases of the genome. Here, we report an exception. We found that a 21-Mb region in avian genomes, mapped to chicken chromosome 4, shows an extremely strong and discordance-free signal for a history different from that of the inferred species tree. Such a strong discordance-free signal, indicative of suppressed recombination across many millions of base pairs, is not observed elsewhere in the genome for any deep avian relationships. Although long regions with suppressed recombination have been documented in recently diverged species, our results pertain to relationships dating circa 65 Mya. We provide evidence that this strong signal may be due to an ancient rearrangement that blocked recombination and remained polymorphic for several million years prior to fixation. We show that the presence of this region has misled previous phylogenomic efforts with lower taxon sampling, showing the interplay between taxon and locus sampling. We predict that similar ancient rearrangements may confound phylogenetic analyses in other clades, pointing to a need for new analytical models that incorporate the possibility of such events.

Published
2024

33. Towards complete and error-free genome assemblies of all vertebrate species

Author

Rhie, Arang, McCarthy, Shane A., Fedrigo, Olivier, Damas, Joana, Formenti, Giulio, Koren, Sergey, Uliano-Silva, Marcela, Chow, William, Fungtammasan, Arkarachai, Kim, Juwan, Lee, Chul, Ko, Byung June, Chaisson, Mark, Gedman, Gregory L., Cantin, Lindsey J., Thibaud-Nissen, Francoise, Haggerty, Leanne, Bista, Iliana, Smith, Michelle, Haase, Bettina, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Winkler, Sylke, Paez, Sadye, Howard, Jason, Vernes, Sonja C., Lama, Tanya M., Grutzner, Frank, Warren, Wesley C., Balakrishnan, Christopher N., Burt, Dave, George, Julia M., Biegler, Matthew T., Iorns, David, Digby, Andrew, Eason, Daryl, Robertson, Bruce, Edwards, Taylor, Wilkinson, Mark, Turner, George, Meyer, Axel, Kautt, Andreas F., Franchini, Paolo, Detrich, III, H. William, Svardal, Hannes, Wagner, Maximilian, Naylor, Gavin J. P., Pippel, Martin, Malinsky, Milan, Mooney, Mark, Simbirsky, Maria, Hannigan, Brett T., Pesout, Trevor, Houck, Marlys, Misuraca, Ann, Kingan, Sarah B., Hall, Richard, Kronenberg, Zev, Sović, Ivan, Dunn, Christopher, Ning, Zemin, Hastie, Alex, Lee, Joyce, Selvaraj, Siddarth, Green, Richard E., Putnam, Nicholas H., Gut, Ivo, Ghurye, Jay, Garrison, Erik, Sims, Ying, Collins, Joanna, Pelan, Sarah, Torrance, James, Tracey, Alan, Wood, Jonathan, Dagnew, Robel E., Guan, Dengfeng, London, Sarah E., Clayton, David F., Mello, Claudio V., Friedrich, Samantha R., Lovell, Peter V., Osipova, Ekaterina, Al-Ajli, Farooq O., Secomandi, Simona, Kim, Heebal, Theofanopoulou, Constantina, Hiller, Michael, Zhou, Yang, Harris, Robert S., Makova, Kateryna D., Medvedev, Paul, Hoffman, Jinna, Masterson, Patrick, Clark, Karen, Martin, Fergal, Howe, Kevin, Flicek, Paul, Walenz, Brian P., Kwak, Woori, Clawson, Hiram, Diekhans, Mark, Nassar, Luis, Paten, Benedict, Kraus, Robert H. S., Crawford, Andrew J., Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Zhang, Guojie, Venkatesh, Byrappa, Murphy, Robert W., Koepfli, Klaus-Peter, Shapiro, Beth, Johnson, Warren E., Di Palma, Federica, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Teeling, Emma C., Warnow, Tandy, Graves, Jennifer Marshall, Ryder, Oliver A., Haussler, David, O’Brien, Stephen J., Korlach, Jonas, Lewin, Harris A., Howe, Kerstin, Myers, Eugene W., Durbin, Richard, Phillippy, Adam M., and Jarvis, Erich D.

Published
2021
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34. A High-Quality Blue Whale Genome, Segmental Duplications, and Historical Demography

Author

Bukhman, Yury V, primary, Morin, Phillip A, additional, Meyer, Susanne, additional, Chu, Li-Fang, additional, Jacobsen, Jeff K, additional, Antosiewicz-Bourget, Jessica, additional, Mamott, Daniel, additional, Gonzales, Maylie, additional, Argus, Cara, additional, Bolin, Jennifer, additional, Berres, Mark E, additional, Fedrigo, Olivier, additional, Steill, John, additional, Swanson, Scott A, additional, Jiang, Peng, additional, Rhie, Arang, additional, Formenti, Giulio, additional, Phillippy, Adam M, additional, Harris, Robert S, additional, Wood, Jonathan M D, additional, Howe, Kerstin, additional, Kirilenko, Bogdan M, additional, Munegowda, Chetan, additional, Hiller, Michael, additional, Jain, Aashish, additional, Kihara, Daisuke, additional, Johnston, J Spencer, additional, Ionkov, Alexander, additional, Raja, Kalpana, additional, Toh, Huishi, additional, Lang, Aimee, additional, Wolf, Magnus, additional, Jarvis, Erich D, additional, Thomson, James A, additional, Chaisson, Mark J P, additional, and Stewart, Ron, additional

Published
2024
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35. Contributors

Author

Ansari, Rida, primary, Appelbaum, Lior, additional, Bartel, W. Philip, additional, Bonan, Carla Denise, additional, Brennan, Caroline H., additional, Burton, Edward A., additional, Carvan III, Michael J., additional, Clark, Karl J., additional, Da Silva, Rosane Souza, additional, Demin, Konstantin A., additional, De Santis, Flavia, additional, Di Donato, Vincenzo, additional, Dreosti, Elena, additional, Ekker, Marc, additional, Facciol, Amanda, additional, Flik, Gert, additional, Gerlai, Robert T., additional, Gorissen, Marnix, additional, Grieco, Fabrizio, additional, Guo, Su, additional, Heeren, Amanda A., additional, Higgs, Dennis M., additional, Hoffman, Ellen J., additional, Howe, Kerstin, additional, Hua, Khang, additional, Jenett, Arnim, additional, Kalueff, Allan V., additional, Kalyviotis, Konstantinos, additional, Kenney, Justin W., additional, Lakstygal, Anton M., additional, Lee, Han B., additional, Marquez-Legorreta, Emmanuel, additional, Miller, Noam, additional, Modhurima, Rodsy, additional, Neuhauss, Stephan C.F., additional, Noldus, Lucas P.J.J., additional, Norton, William HJ., additional, Pantazis, Periklis, additional, Parichy, David M., additional, Piber, Marielle, additional, Postlethwait, John H., additional, Pritchett, David, additional, Qin, Hanyu, additional, Rihel, Jason, additional, Schlegel, Domino K., additional, Scott, Ethan K., additional, Stankiewicz, Alexander, additional, Stednitz, S.J., additional, Tegelenbosch, Ruud A.J., additional, Terriente, Javier, additional, Tran, Steven, additional, Tsang, Benjamin, additional, Tsuda, Sachiko, additional, van den Bos, Ruud, additional, Van Laar, Victor S., additional, Vianna, Monica Ryff Moreira Roca, additional, Washbourne, P., additional, Winberg, Svante, additional, Xu, Jiale, additional, Zada, David, additional, and Zhdanova, Irina V., additional

Published
2021
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36. The European Reference Genome Atlas: piloting a decentralised approach to equitable biodiversity genomics

Author

Mc Cartney, Ann M, primary, Formenti, Giulio, additional, Mouton, Alice, additional, Ciofi, Claudio, additional, Waterhouse, Robert M, additional, Mazzoni, Camila J, additional, De Panis, Diego, additional, Schlude Marins, Luisa S, additional, Leitao, Henrique G, additional, Diedericks, Genevieve, additional, Kirangwa, Joseph, additional, Morselli, Marco, additional, Salces, Judit, additional, Escudero, Nuria, additional, Iannucci, Alessio, additional, Natali, Chiara, additional, Svardal, Hannes, additional, Fernandez, Rosa, additional, De Pooter, Tim, additional, Joris, Geert, additional, Strazisar, Mojca, additional, Wood, Jo, additional, Herron, Katie E, additional, Seehausen, Ole, additional, Watts, Phillip C, additional, Shaw, Felix, additional, Davey, Robert P, additional, Minotto, Alice, additional, Fernandez Gonzalez, Jose Maria, additional, Bohne, Astrid, additional, Alegria, Carla, additional, Alioto, Tyler, additional, Alves, Paulo C, additional, Amorim, Isabel R, additional, Aury, Jean-Marc, additional, Backstrom, Niclas, additional, Baldrian, Petr, additional, Ballarin, Loriano, additional, Baltrunaite, Laima, additional, Barta, Endre, additional, BedHom, Bertrand, additional, Belser, Caroline, additional, Bergsten, Johannes, additional, Bertrand, Laurie, additional, Bilandija, Helena, additional, Binzer-Panchal, Mahesh, additional, Bista, Iliana, additional, Blaxter, Mark, additional, Borges, Paulo AV, additional, Borges Dias, Guilherme, additional, Bosse, Mirte, additional, Brown, Tom, additional, Bruggmann, Remy, additional, Buena-Atienza, Elena, additional, Burgin, Josephine, additional, Buzan, Elena, additional, Casadei, Nicolas, additional, Chiara, Matteo, additional, Chozas, Sergio, additional, Ciampor, Fedor F, additional, Crottini, Angelica, additional, Cruaud, Corinne, additional, Cruz, Fernando, additional, Dalen, Love, additional, De Biase, Alessio, additional, del Campo, Javier, additional, Delic, Teo, additional, Dennis, Alice B, additional, Derks, Martijn FL, additional, Diroma, Maria Angela, additional, Djan, Mihajla, additional, Duprat, Simone, additional, Eleftheriadi, Klara, additional, Feulner, Philine GD, additional, Flot, Jean-Francois, additional, Forni, Giobbe, additional, Fosso, Bruno, additional, Fournier, Pascal, additional, Fournier-Chambrillon, Christine, additional, Gabaldon, Toni, additional, Garg, Shilpa, additional, Gissi, Carmela, additional, Giupponi, Luca, additional, Gomez-Garrido, Jessica, additional, Gonzalez, Josefa, additional, Grilo, Miguel L, additional, Gruening, Bjoern, additional, Guerin, Thomas, additional, Guiglielmoni, Nadege, additional, Gut, Marta, additional, Haesler, Marcel P, additional, Hahn, Christoph, additional, Halpern, Balint, additional, Harrison, Peter, additional, Heintz, Julia, additional, Hindrikson, Maris, additional, Hoglund, Jacob, additional, Howe, Kerstin, additional, Hughes, Graham, additional, Istace, Benjamin, additional, Cock, Mark J., additional, Jancekovic, Franc, additional, Jonsson, Zophonias O, additional, Joye-Dind, Sagane, additional, Koskimaki, Janne J., additional, Krystufek, Boris, additional, Kubacka, Justyna, additional, Kuhl, Heiner, additional, Kusza, Szilvia, additional, Labadie, Karine, additional, Lahteenaro, Meri, additional, Lantz, Henrik, additional, Lavrinienko, Anton, additional, Leclere, Lucas, additional, Lopes, Ricardo Jorge, additional, Madsen, Ole, additional, Magdelenat, Ghislaine, additional, Magoga, Giulia, additional, Manousaki, Tereza, additional, Mappes, Tapio, additional, Marques, Joao Pedro, additional, Martinez Redondo, Gemma I, additional, Maumus, Florian, additional, Megens, Hendrik-Jan, additional, Melo-Ferreira, Jose, additional, Mendes, Sofia L, additional, Montagna, Matteo, additional, Moreno, Joao, additional, Mosbech, Mai-Britt, additional, Moura, Monica, additional, Musilova, Zuzana, additional, Myers, Eugene, additional, Nash, Will J., additional, Nater, Alexander, additional, Nicholson, Pamela, additional, Niell, Manuel, additional, Nijland, Reindert, additional, Noel, Benjamin, additional, Noren, Karin, additional, Oliveira, Pedro H, additional, Olsen, Remi-Andre, additional, Ometto, Lino, additional, Ossowski, Stephan, additional, Palinauskas, Vaidas, additional, Palsson, Snaebjorn, additional, Panibe, Jerome P, additional, Pauperio, Joana, additional, Pavlek, Martina, additional, Payen, Emilie, additional, Pawlowska, Julia, additional, Pellicer, Jaume, additional, Pesole, Graziano, additional, Pimenta, Joao, additional, Pippel, Martin, additional, Pirttila, Anna Maria, additional, Poulakakis, Nikos, additional, Rajan, Jeena, additional, Rego, Ruben MC, additional, Resendes, Roberto, additional, Resl, Philipp, additional, Riesgo, Ana, additional, Rodin-Morch, Patrik, additional, Soares, Andre ER, additional, Rodriguez Fernandes, Carlos, additional, Romeiras, Maria M., additional, Roxo, Guilherme, additional, Ruber, Lukas, additional, Ruiz-Lopez, Maria Jose, additional, Saarma, Urmas, additional, Silva, Luis P, additional, Sim-Sim, Manuela, additional, Soler, Lucile, additional, Sousa, Vitor C, additional, Sousa Santos, Carla, additional, Spada, Alberto, additional, Stefanovic, Milomir, additional, Steger, Viktor, additional, Stiller, Josefin, additional, Stock, Matthias, additional, Struck, Torsten Hugo H, additional, Sudasinghe, Hiranya, additional, Tapanainen, Riikka, additional, Tellgren-Roth, Christian, additional, Trindade, Helena, additional, Tukalenko, Yevhen, additional, Urso, Ilenia, additional, Vacherie, Benoit, additional, Van Belleghem, Steven M, additional, van Oers, Kees, additional, Vargas-Chavez, Carlos, additional, Velickovic, Nevena, additional, Vella, Noel, additional, Vella, Adriana, additional, Vernesi, Cristiano, additional, Vicente, Sara, additional, Villa, Sara, additional, Vinnere Pettersson, Olga, additional, Volckaert, Filip AM, additional, Voros, Judit, additional, Wincker, Patrick, additional, and Winkler, Sylke, additional

Published
2023
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38. Pan-conserved segment tags identify ultra-conserved sequences across assemblies in the human pangenome

Author

Lee, HoJoon, primary, Greer, Stephanie U., additional, Pavlichin, Dmitri S., additional, Zhou, Bo, additional, Urban, Alexander E., additional, Weissman, Tsachy, additional, Ji, Hanlee P., additional, Liao, Wen-Wei, additional, Asri, Mobin, additional, Ebler, Jana, additional, Doerr, Daniel, additional, Haukness, Marina, additional, Hickey, Glenn, additional, Lu, Shuangjia, additional, Lucas, Julian K., additional, Monlong, Jean, additional, Abel, Haley J., additional, Buonaiuto, Silvia, additional, Chang, Xian H., additional, Cheng, Haoyu, additional, Chu, Justin, additional, Colonna, Vincenza, additional, Eizenga, Jordan M., additional, Feng, Xiaowen, additional, Fischer, Christian, additional, Fulton, Robert S., additional, Garg, Shilpa, additional, Groza, Cristian, additional, Guarracino, Andrea, additional, Harvey, William T., additional, Heumos, Simon, additional, Howe, Kerstin, additional, Jain, Miten, additional, Lu, Tsung-Yu, additional, Markello, Charles, additional, Martin, Fergal J., additional, Mitchell, Matthew W., additional, Munson, Katherine M., additional, Mwaniki, Moses Njagi, additional, Novak, Adam M., additional, Olsen, Hugh E., additional, Pesout, Trevor, additional, Porubsky, David, additional, Prins, Pjotr, additional, Sibbesen, Jonas A., additional, Tomlinson, Chad, additional, Villani, Flavia, additional, Vollger, Mitchell R., additional, Antonacci-Fulton, Lucinda L., additional, Baid, Gunjan, additional, Baker, Carl A., additional, Belyaeva, Anastasiya, additional, Billis, Konstantinos, additional, Carroll, Andrew, additional, Chang, Pi-Chuan, additional, Cody, Sarah, additional, Cook, Daniel E., additional, Cornejo, Omar E., additional, Diekhans, Mark, additional, Ebert, Peter, additional, Fairley, Susan, additional, Fedrigo, Olivier, additional, Felsenfeld, Adam L., additional, Formenti, Giulio, additional, Frankish, Adam, additional, Gao, Yan, additional, Giron, Carlos Garcia, additional, Green, Richard E., additional, Haggerty, Leanne, additional, Hoekzema, Kendra, additional, Hourlier, Thibaut, additional, Kolesnikov, Alexey, additional, Korbel, Jan O., additional, Kordosky, Jennifer, additional, Lee, HoJoon, additional, Lewis, Alexandra P., additional, Magalhães, Hugo, additional, Marco-Sola, Santiago, additional, Marijon, Pierre, additional, McDaniel, Jennifer, additional, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, additional, Nattestad, Maria, additional, Olson, Nathan D., additional, Puiu, Daniela, additional, Regier, Allison A., additional, Rhie, Arang, additional, Sacco, Samuel, additional, Sanders, Ashley D., additional, Schneider, Valerie A., additional, Schultz, Baergen I., additional, Shafin, Kishwar, additional, Sirén, Jouni, additional, Smith, Michael W., additional, Sofia, Heidi J., additional, Abou Tayoun, Ahmad N., additional, Thibaud-Nissen, Françoise, additional, Tricomi, Francesca Floriana, additional, Wagner, Justin, additional, Wood, Jonathan M.D., additional, Zimin, Aleksey V., additional, Popejoy, Alice B., additional, Bourque, Guillaume, additional, Chaisson, Mark J.P., additional, Flicek, Paul, additional, Phillippy, Adam M., additional, Zook, Justin M., additional, Eichler, Evan E., additional, Haussler, David, additional, Jarvis, Erich D., additional, Miga, Karen H., additional, Wang, Ting, additional, Garrison, Erik, additional, Marschall, Tobias, additional, Hall, Ira, additional, Li, Heng, additional, and Paten, Benedict, additional

Published
2023
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39. Genomics of cold adaptations in the Antarctic notothenioid fish radiation

Author

Bista, Iliana, primary, Wood, Jonathan M. D., additional, Desvignes, Thomas, additional, McCarthy, Shane A., additional, Matschiner, Michael, additional, Ning, Zemin, additional, Tracey, Alan, additional, Torrance, James, additional, Sims, Ying, additional, Chow, William, additional, Smith, Michelle, additional, Oliver, Karen, additional, Haggerty, Leanne, additional, Salzburger, Walter, additional, Postlethwait, John H., additional, Howe, Kerstin, additional, Clark, Melody S., additional, William Detrich, H., additional, Christina Cheng, C.-H., additional, Miska, Eric A., additional, and Durbin, Richard, additional

Published
2023
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40. The evolution of two transmissible cancers in Tasmanian devils

Author

Stammnitz, Maximilian R., primary, Gori, Kevin, additional, Kwon, Young Mi, additional, Harry, Edward, additional, Martin, Fergal J., additional, Billis, Konstantinos, additional, Cheng, Yuanyuan, additional, Baez-Ortega, Adrian, additional, Chow, William, additional, Comte, Sebastien, additional, Eggertsson, Hannes, additional, Fox, Samantha, additional, Hamede, Rodrigo, additional, Jones, Menna, additional, Lazenby, Billie, additional, Peck, Sarah, additional, Pye, Ruth, additional, Quail, Michael A., additional, Swift, Kate, additional, Wang, Jinhong, additional, Wood, Jonathan, additional, Howe, Kerstin, additional, Stratton, Michael R., additional, Ning, Zemin, additional, and Murchison, Elizabeth P., additional

Published
2023
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41. Divergent sensory and immune gene evolution in sea turtles with contrasting demographic and life histories

Author

Bentley, Blair P., Carrasco-Valenzuela, Tomas, Ramos, Elisa K. S., Pawar, Harvinder, Arantes, Larissa Souza, Alexander, Alana, Banerjee, Shreya M., Masterson, Patrick, Kuhlwilm, Martin, Pippel, Martin, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Haase, Bettina, Uliano-Silva, Marcela, Formenti, Giulio, Howe, Kerstin, Chow, William, Tracey, Alan, Sims, Ying, Pelan, Sarah, Wood, Jonathan, Yetsko, Kelsey, Perrault, Justin R., Stewart, Kelly, Benson, Scott R., Levy, Yaniv, V. Todd, Erica, Shaffer, H. Bradley, Scott, Peter, Henen, Brian T., Murphy, Robert W., Mohr, David W., Scott, Alan F., Duffy, David J., Gemmell, Neil J., Suh, Alexander, Winkler, Sylke, Thibaud-Nissen, Francoise, Nery, Mariana F., Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Antunes, Agostinho, Tikochinski, Yaron, Dutton, Peter H., Fedrigo, Olivier, Myers, Eugene W., Jarvis, Erich D., Mazzoni, Camila J., Komoroske, Lisa M., Bentley, Blair P., Carrasco-Valenzuela, Tomas, Ramos, Elisa K. S., Pawar, Harvinder, Arantes, Larissa Souza, Alexander, Alana, Banerjee, Shreya M., Masterson, Patrick, Kuhlwilm, Martin, Pippel, Martin, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Haase, Bettina, Uliano-Silva, Marcela, Formenti, Giulio, Howe, Kerstin, Chow, William, Tracey, Alan, Sims, Ying, Pelan, Sarah, Wood, Jonathan, Yetsko, Kelsey, Perrault, Justin R., Stewart, Kelly, Benson, Scott R., Levy, Yaniv, V. Todd, Erica, Shaffer, H. Bradley, Scott, Peter, Henen, Brian T., Murphy, Robert W., Mohr, David W., Scott, Alan F., Duffy, David J., Gemmell, Neil J., Suh, Alexander, Winkler, Sylke, Thibaud-Nissen, Francoise, Nery, Mariana F., Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Antunes, Agostinho, Tikochinski, Yaron, Dutton, Peter H., Fedrigo, Olivier, Myers, Eugene W., Jarvis, Erich D., Mazzoni, Camila J., and Komoroske, Lisa M.

Abstract

Sea turtles represent an ancient lineage of marine vertebrates that evolved from terrestrial ancestors over 100 Mya. The genomic basis of the unique physiological and ecological traits enabling these species to thrive in diverse marine habitats remains largely unknown. Additionally, many populations have drastically declined due to anthropogenic activities over the past two centuries, and their recovery is a high global conservation priority. We generated and analyzed high-quality reference genomes for the leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) and green (Chelonia mydas) turtles, representing the two extant sea turtle families. These genomes are highly syntenic and homologous, but localized regions of noncollinearity were associated with higher copy numbers of immune, zinc-finger, and olfactory receptor (OR) genes in green turtles, with ORs related to waterborne odorants greatly expanded in green turtles. Our findings suggest that divergent evolution of these key gene families may underlie immunological and sensory adaptations assisting navigation, occupancy of neritic versus pelagic environments, and diet specialization. Reduced collinearity was especially prevalent in microchromosomes, with greater gene content, heterozygosity, and genetic distances between species, supporting their critical role in vertebrate evolutionary adaptation. Finally, diversity and demographic histories starkly contrasted between species, indicating that leatherback turtles have had a low yet stable effective population size, exhibit extremely low diversity compared with other reptiles, and harbor a higher genetic load compared with green turtles, reinforcing concern over their persistence under future climate scenarios. These genomes provide invaluable resources for advancing our understanding of evolution and conservation best practices in an imperiled vertebrate lineage.

Published
2023
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42. A draft human pangenome reference

Author

Liao, Wen Wei, Asri, Mobin, Ebler, Jana, Doerr, Daniel, Haukness, Marina, Hickey, Glenn, Lu, Shuangjia, Lucas, Julian K., Monlong, Jean, Abel, Haley J., Buonaiuto, Silvia, Chang, Xian H., Cheng, Haoyu, Chu, Justin, Colonna, Vincenza, Eizenga, Jordan M., Feng, Xiaowen, Fischer, Christian, Fulton, Robert S., Garg, Shilpa, Groza, Cristian, Guarracino, Andrea, Harvey, William T., Heumos, Simon, Howe, Kerstin, Jain, Miten, Lu, Tsung Yu, Markello, Charles, Martin, Fergal J., Mitchell, Matthew W., Munson, Katherine M., Mwaniki, Moses Njagi, Novak, Adam M., Olsen, Hugh E., Pesout, Trevor, Porubsky, David, Prins, Pjotr, Sibbesen, Jonas A., Sirén, Jouni, Tomlinson, Chad, Villani, Flavia, Vollger, Mitchell R., Antonacci-Fulton, Lucinda L., Baid, Gunjan, Baker, Carl A., Belyaeva, Anastasiya, Billis, Konstantinos, Carroll, Andrew, Chang, Pi Chuan, Cody, Sarah, Cook, Daniel E., Cook-Deegan, Robert M., Cornejo, Omar E., Diekhans, Mark, Ebert, Peter, Fairley, Susan, Fedrigo, Olivier, Felsenfeld, Adam L., Formenti, Giulio, Frankish, Adam, Gao, Yan, Garrison, Nanibaa’ A., Giron, Carlos Garcia, Green, Richard E., Haggerty, Leanne, Hoekzema, Kendra, Hourlier, Thibaut, Ji, Hanlee P., Kenny, Eimear E., Koenig, Barbara A., Kolesnikov, Alexey, Korbel, Jan O., Kordosky, Jennifer, Koren, Sergey, Lee, Ho Joon, Lewis, Alexandra P., Magalhães, Hugo, Marco-Sola, Santiago, Marijon, Pierre, McCartney, Ann, McDaniel, Jennifer, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Nattestad, Maria, Nurk, Sergey, Olson, Nathan D., Popejoy, Alice B., Puiu, Daniela, Rautiainen, Mikko, Regier, Allison A., Rhie, Arang, Sacco, Samuel, Sanders, Ashley D., Schneider, Valerie A., Schultz, Baergen I., Shafin, Kishwar, Smith, Michael W., Sofia, Heidi J., Abou Tayoun, Ahmad N., Thibaud-Nissen, Françoise, Tricomi, Francesca Floriana, Wagner, Justin, Walenz, Brian, Wood, Jonathan M.D., Zimin, Aleksey V., Bourque, Guillaume, Chaisson, Mark J.P., Flicek, Paul, Phillippy, Adam M., Zook, Justin M., Eichler, Evan E., Haussler, David, Wang, Ting, Jarvis, Erich D., Miga, Karen H., Garrison, Erik, Marschall, Tobias, Hall, Ira M., Li, Heng, Paten, Benedict, Liao, Wen Wei, Asri, Mobin, Ebler, Jana, Doerr, Daniel, Haukness, Marina, Hickey, Glenn, Lu, Shuangjia, Lucas, Julian K., Monlong, Jean, Abel, Haley J., Buonaiuto, Silvia, Chang, Xian H., Cheng, Haoyu, Chu, Justin, Colonna, Vincenza, Eizenga, Jordan M., Feng, Xiaowen, Fischer, Christian, Fulton, Robert S., Garg, Shilpa, Groza, Cristian, Guarracino, Andrea, Harvey, William T., Heumos, Simon, Howe, Kerstin, Jain, Miten, Lu, Tsung Yu, Markello, Charles, Martin, Fergal J., Mitchell, Matthew W., Munson, Katherine M., Mwaniki, Moses Njagi, Novak, Adam M., Olsen, Hugh E., Pesout, Trevor, Porubsky, David, Prins, Pjotr, Sibbesen, Jonas A., Sirén, Jouni, Tomlinson, Chad, Villani, Flavia, Vollger, Mitchell R., Antonacci-Fulton, Lucinda L., Baid, Gunjan, Baker, Carl A., Belyaeva, Anastasiya, Billis, Konstantinos, Carroll, Andrew, Chang, Pi Chuan, Cody, Sarah, Cook, Daniel E., Cook-Deegan, Robert M., Cornejo, Omar E., Diekhans, Mark, Ebert, Peter, Fairley, Susan, Fedrigo, Olivier, Felsenfeld, Adam L., Formenti, Giulio, Frankish, Adam, Gao, Yan, Garrison, Nanibaa’ A., Giron, Carlos Garcia, Green, Richard E., Haggerty, Leanne, Hoekzema, Kendra, Hourlier, Thibaut, Ji, Hanlee P., Kenny, Eimear E., Koenig, Barbara A., Kolesnikov, Alexey, Korbel, Jan O., Kordosky, Jennifer, Koren, Sergey, Lee, Ho Joon, Lewis, Alexandra P., Magalhães, Hugo, Marco-Sola, Santiago, Marijon, Pierre, McCartney, Ann, McDaniel, Jennifer, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Nattestad, Maria, Nurk, Sergey, Olson, Nathan D., Popejoy, Alice B., Puiu, Daniela, Rautiainen, Mikko, Regier, Allison A., Rhie, Arang, Sacco, Samuel, Sanders, Ashley D., Schneider, Valerie A., Schultz, Baergen I., Shafin, Kishwar, Smith, Michael W., Sofia, Heidi J., Abou Tayoun, Ahmad N., Thibaud-Nissen, Françoise, Tricomi, Francesca Floriana, Wagner, Justin, Walenz, Brian, Wood, Jonathan M.D., Zimin, Aleksey V., Bourque, Guillaume, Chaisson, Mark J.P., Flicek, Paul, Phillippy, Adam M., Zook, Justin M., Eichler, Evan E., Haussler, David, Wang, Ting, Jarvis, Erich D., Miga, Karen H., Garrison, Erik, Marschall, Tobias, Hall, Ira M., Li, Heng, and Paten, Benedict

Abstract

Here the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium presents a first draft of the human pangenome reference. The pangenome contains 47 phased, diploid assemblies from a cohort of genetically diverse individuals 1. These assemblies cover more than 99% of the expected sequence in each genome and are more than 99% accurate at the structural and base pair levels. Based on alignments of the assemblies, we generate a draft pangenome that captures known variants and haplotypes and reveals new alleles at structurally complex loci. We also add 119 million base pairs of euchromatic polymorphic sequences and 1,115 gene duplications relative to the existing reference GRCh38. Roughly 90 million of the additional base pairs are derived from structural variation. Using our draft pangenome to analyse short-read data reduced small variant discovery errors by 34% and increased the number of structural variants detected per haplotype by 104% compared with GRCh38-based workflows, which enabled the typing of the vast majority of structural variant alleles per sample.

Published
2023

43. Fourth Report on Chicken Genes and Chromosomes 2022

Author

Smith, Jacqueline, Alfieri, James M., Anthony, Nick, Arensburger, Peter, Athrey, Giridhar N., Balacco, Jennifer, Balic, Adam, Bardou, Philippe, Barela, Paul, Bigot, Yves, Blackmon, Heath, Borodin, Pavel M., Carroll, Rachel, Casono, Meya C., Charles, Mathieu, Cheng, Hans, Chiodi, Maddie, Cigan, Lacey, Coghill, Lyndon M., Crooijmans, Richard, Das, Neelabja, Davey, Sean, Davidian, Asya, Degalez, Fabien, Dekkers, Jack M., Derks, Martijn, Diack, Abigail B., Djikeng, Appolinaire, Drechsler, Yvonne, Dyomin, Alexander, Fedrigo, Olivier, Fiddaman, Steven R., Formenti, Giulio, Frantz, Laurent A.F., Fulton, Janet E., Gaginskaya, Elena, Galkina, Svetlana, Gallardo, Rodrigo A., Geibel, Johannes, Gheyas, Almas A., Godinez, Cyrill John P., Goodell, Ashton, Graves, Jennifer A.M., Griffin, Darren K., Haase, Bettina, Han, Jian Lin, Hanotte, Olivier, Henderson, Lindsay J., Hou, Zhuo Cheng, Howe, Kerstin, Huynh, Lan, Ilatsia, Evans, Jarvis, Erich D., Johnson, Sarah M., Kaufman, Jim, Kelly, Terra, Kemp, Steve, Kern, Colin, Keroack, Jacob H., Klopp, Christophe, Lagarrigue, Sandrine, Lamont, Susan J., Lange, Margaret, Lanke, Anika, Larkin, Denis M., Larson, Greger, Layos, John King N., Lebrasseur, Ophélie, Malinovskaya, Lyubov P., Martin, Rebecca J., Cerezo, Maria Luisa Martin, Mason, Andrew S., McCarthy, Fiona M., McGrew, Michael J., Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Muhonja, Christine Kamidi, Muir, William, Muret, Kévin, Murphy, Terence D., Ng'ang'a, Ismael, Nishibori, Masahide, O'Connor, Rebecca E., Ogugo, Moses, Okimoto, Ron, Ouko, Ochieng, Patel, Hardip R., Perini, Francesco, Pigozzi, María Ines, Potter, Krista C., Price, Peter D., Reimer, Christian, Rice, Edward S., Rocos, Nicolas, Rogers, Thea F., Saelao, Perot, Schauer, Jens, Schnabel, Robert D., Schneider, Valerie A., Simianer, Henner, Smith, Adrian, Stevens, Mark P., Stiers, Kyle, Tiambo, Christian Keambou, Tixier-Boichard, Michele, Torgasheva, Anna A., Tracey, Alan, Tregaskes, Clive A., Vervelde, Lonneke, Wang, Ying, Warren, Wesley C., Waters, Paul D., Webb, David, Weigend, Steffen, Wolc, Anna, Wright, Alison E., Wright, Dominic, Wu, Zhou, Yamagata, Masahito, Yang, Chentao, Yin, Zhong Tao, Young, Michelle C., Zhang, Guojie, Zhao, Bingru, Zhou, Huaijun, Smith, Jacqueline, Alfieri, James M., Anthony, Nick, Arensburger, Peter, Athrey, Giridhar N., Balacco, Jennifer, Balic, Adam, Bardou, Philippe, Barela, Paul, Bigot, Yves, Blackmon, Heath, Borodin, Pavel M., Carroll, Rachel, Casono, Meya C., Charles, Mathieu, Cheng, Hans, Chiodi, Maddie, Cigan, Lacey, Coghill, Lyndon M., Crooijmans, Richard, Das, Neelabja, Davey, Sean, Davidian, Asya, Degalez, Fabien, Dekkers, Jack M., Derks, Martijn, Diack, Abigail B., Djikeng, Appolinaire, Drechsler, Yvonne, Dyomin, Alexander, Fedrigo, Olivier, Fiddaman, Steven R., Formenti, Giulio, Frantz, Laurent A.F., Fulton, Janet E., Gaginskaya, Elena, Galkina, Svetlana, Gallardo, Rodrigo A., Geibel, Johannes, Gheyas, Almas A., Godinez, Cyrill John P., Goodell, Ashton, Graves, Jennifer A.M., Griffin, Darren K., Haase, Bettina, Han, Jian Lin, Hanotte, Olivier, Henderson, Lindsay J., Hou, Zhuo Cheng, Howe, Kerstin, Huynh, Lan, Ilatsia, Evans, Jarvis, Erich D., Johnson, Sarah M., Kaufman, Jim, Kelly, Terra, Kemp, Steve, Kern, Colin, Keroack, Jacob H., Klopp, Christophe, Lagarrigue, Sandrine, Lamont, Susan J., Lange, Margaret, Lanke, Anika, Larkin, Denis M., Larson, Greger, Layos, John King N., Lebrasseur, Ophélie, Malinovskaya, Lyubov P., Martin, Rebecca J., Cerezo, Maria Luisa Martin, Mason, Andrew S., McCarthy, Fiona M., McGrew, Michael J., Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Muhonja, Christine Kamidi, Muir, William, Muret, Kévin, Murphy, Terence D., Ng'ang'a, Ismael, Nishibori, Masahide, O'Connor, Rebecca E., Ogugo, Moses, Okimoto, Ron, Ouko, Ochieng, Patel, Hardip R., Perini, Francesco, Pigozzi, María Ines, Potter, Krista C., Price, Peter D., Reimer, Christian, Rice, Edward S., Rocos, Nicolas, Rogers, Thea F., Saelao, Perot, Schauer, Jens, Schnabel, Robert D., Schneider, Valerie A., Simianer, Henner, Smith, Adrian, Stevens, Mark P., Stiers, Kyle, Tiambo, Christian Keambou, Tixier-Boichard, Michele, Torgasheva, Anna A., Tracey, Alan, Tregaskes, Clive A., Vervelde, Lonneke, Wang, Ying, Warren, Wesley C., Waters, Paul D., Webb, David, Weigend, Steffen, Wolc, Anna, Wright, Alison E., Wright, Dominic, Wu, Zhou, Yamagata, Masahito, Yang, Chentao, Yin, Zhong Tao, Young, Michelle C., Zhang, Guojie, Zhao, Bingru, and Zhou, Huaijun

Abstract

Chicken Genomic Diversity consortium: large-scale genomics to unravel the origins and adaptations of chickens

Published
2023

44. Genomics of cold adaptations in the Antarctic notothenioid fish radiation

Author

Bista, Iliana, Wood, Jonathan M.D., Desvignes, Thomas, McCarthy, Shane A., Matschiner, Michael, Ning, Zemin, Tracey, Alan, Torrance, James, Sims, Ying, Chow, William, Smith, Michelle, Oliver, Karen, Haggerty, Leanne, Salzburger, Walter, Postlethwait, John H., Howe, Kerstin, Clark, Melody S., Detrich III, William H., Cheng, C.-H. Christina, Miska, Eric A., Durbin, Richard, Bista, Iliana, Wood, Jonathan M.D., Desvignes, Thomas, McCarthy, Shane A., Matschiner, Michael, Ning, Zemin, Tracey, Alan, Torrance, James, Sims, Ying, Chow, William, Smith, Michelle, Oliver, Karen, Haggerty, Leanne, Salzburger, Walter, Postlethwait, John H., Howe, Kerstin, Clark, Melody S., Detrich III, William H., Cheng, C.-H. Christina, Miska, Eric A., and Durbin, Richard

Abstract

Numerous novel adaptations characterise the radiation of notothenioids, the dominant fish group in the freezing seas of the Southern Ocean. To improve understanding of the evolution of this iconic fish group, here we generate and analyse new genome assemblies for 24 species covering all major subgroups of the radiation, including five long-read assemblies. We present a new estimate for the onset of the radiation at 10.7 million years ago, based on a time-calibrated phylogeny derived from genome-wide sequence data. We identify a two-fold variation in genome size, driven by expansion of multiple transposable element families, and use the long-read data to reconstruct two evolutionarily important, highly repetitive gene family loci. First, we present the most complete reconstruction to date of the antifreeze glycoprotein gene family, whose emergence enabled survival in sub-zero temperatures, showing the expansion of the antifreeze gene locus from the ancestral to the derived state. Second, we trace the loss of haemoglobin genes in icefishes, the only vertebrates lacking functional haemoglobins, through complete reconstruction of the two haemoglobin gene clusters across notothenioid families. Both the haemoglobin and antifreeze genomic loci are characterised by multiple transposon expansions that may have driven the evolutionary history of these genes.

Published
2023

45. Divergent sensory and immune gene evolution in sea turtles with contrasting demographic and life histories

Author

University of Massachusetts, National Marine Fisheries Service (US), National Science Foundation (US), National Research Council of Canada, Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Max Planck Society, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), National Library of Medicine (US), Generalitat de Catalunya, Fundación la Caixa, Vienna Science and Technology Fund, Welsh Government, European Commission, Sea Turtle Conservancy (US), Kuhlwilm, Martin [0000-0002-0115-1797], Marqués-Bonet, Tomàs [0000-0002-5597-3075], Bentley, Blair P., Carrasco-Valenzuela, Tomás, Ramos, Elisa K. S., Pawar, Harvinder, Souza Arantes, Larissa, Alexander, Alana, Banerjee, Shreya M., Masterson, Patrick, Kuhlwilm, Martin, Pippel, Martin, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Haase, Bettina, Uliano-Silva, Marcela, Formenti, Giulio, Howe, Kerstin, Chow, William, Tracey, Alan, Sims, Ying, Pelan, Sarah, Wood, Jonathan, Yetsko, Kelsey, Perrault, Justin R., Stewart, Kelly, Benson, Scott R., Levy, Yaniv, Todd, Erica V., Shaffer, H. Bradley, Scott, Peter, Henen, Brian T., Murphy, Robert W., Mohr, David W., Scott, Alan F., Duffy, David J., Gemmell, Neil J., Suh, Alexander, Winkler, Sylke, Thibaud-Nissen, Françoise, Nery, Mariana F., Marqués-Bonet, Tomàs, Antunes, Agostinho, Tikochinski, Yaron, Dutton, Peter H., Fedrigo, Olivier, Myers, Eugene W., Jarvis, Erich D., Mazzoni, Camila J., Komoroske, Lisa M., University of Massachusetts, National Marine Fisheries Service (US), National Science Foundation (US), National Research Council of Canada, Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Max Planck Society, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), National Library of Medicine (US), Generalitat de Catalunya, Fundación la Caixa, Vienna Science and Technology Fund, Welsh Government, European Commission, Sea Turtle Conservancy (US), Kuhlwilm, Martin [0000-0002-0115-1797], Marqués-Bonet, Tomàs [0000-0002-5597-3075], Bentley, Blair P., Carrasco-Valenzuela, Tomás, Ramos, Elisa K. S., Pawar, Harvinder, Souza Arantes, Larissa, Alexander, Alana, Banerjee, Shreya M., Masterson, Patrick, Kuhlwilm, Martin, Pippel, Martin, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, Haase, Bettina, Uliano-Silva, Marcela, Formenti, Giulio, Howe, Kerstin, Chow, William, Tracey, Alan, Sims, Ying, Pelan, Sarah, Wood, Jonathan, Yetsko, Kelsey, Perrault, Justin R., Stewart, Kelly, Benson, Scott R., Levy, Yaniv, Todd, Erica V., Shaffer, H. Bradley, Scott, Peter, Henen, Brian T., Murphy, Robert W., Mohr, David W., Scott, Alan F., Duffy, David J., Gemmell, Neil J., Suh, Alexander, Winkler, Sylke, Thibaud-Nissen, Françoise, Nery, Mariana F., Marqués-Bonet, Tomàs, Antunes, Agostinho, Tikochinski, Yaron, Dutton, Peter H., Fedrigo, Olivier, Myers, Eugene W., Jarvis, Erich D., Mazzoni, Camila J., and Komoroske, Lisa M.

Abstract

[Significance] Sea turtle populations have undergone recent global declines. We analyzed de novo assembled genomes for both extant sea turtle families through the Vertebrate Genomes Project to inform their conservation and evolutionary biology. These highly conserved genomes were differentiated by localized gene-rich regions of divergence, particularly within microchromosomes, suggesting that these genomic elements play key functional roles in the evolution of sea turtles and possibly other vertebrates. We further demonstrate that dissimilar evolutionary histories impact standing genomic diversity and genetic load, and are critical to consider when using these metrics to assess adaptive potential and extinction risk. Our results also demonstrate how reference genome quality impacts inferences of comparative and conservation genomics analyses that need to be considered in their application., [Abstract] Sea turtles represent an ancient lineage of marine vertebrates that evolved from terrestrial ancestors over 100 Mya. The genomic basis of the unique physiological and ecological traits enabling these species to thrive in diverse marine habitats remains largely unknown. Additionally, many populations have drastically declined due to anthropogenic activities over the past two centuries, and their recovery is a high global conservation priority. We generated and analyzed high-quality reference genomes for the leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) and green (Chelonia mydas) turtles, representing the two extant sea turtle families. These genomes are highly syntenic and homologous, but localized regions of noncollinearity were associated with higher copy numbers of immune, zinc-finger, and olfactory receptor (OR) genes in green turtles, with ORs related to waterborne odorants greatly expanded in green turtles. Our findings suggest that divergent evolution of these key gene families may underlie immunological and sensory adaptations assisting navigation, occupancy of neritic versus pelagic environments, and diet specialization. Reduced collinearity was especially prevalent in microchromosomes, with greater gene content, heterozygosity, and genetic distances between species, supporting their critical role in vertebrate evolutionary adaptation. Finally, diversity and demographic histories starkly contrasted between species, indicating that leatherback turtles have had a low yet stable effective population size, exhibit extremely low diversity compared with other reptiles, and harbor a higher genetic load compared with green turtles, reinforcing concern over their persistence under future climate scenarios. These genomes provide invaluable resources for advancing our understanding of evolution and conservation best practices in an imperiled vertebrate lineage.

Published
2023

47. Genomic, genetic and phylogenetic evidence for a new falcon species using chromosome-level genome assembly of the gyrfalcon and population genomics

Author

Al-Ajli, Farooq Omar, primary, Formenti, Giulio, additional, Fedrigo, Olivier, additional, Tracey, Alan, additional, Sims, Ying, additional, Howe, Kerstin, additional, Al-Karkhi, Ikdam M., additional, Althani, Asmaa Ali, additional, Jarvis, Erich D., additional, Rahman, Sadequr, additional, and Ayub, Qasim, additional

Published
2023
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48. Divergent sensory and immune gene evolution in sea turtles with contrasting demographic and life histories

Author

Bentley, Blair P., primary, Carrasco-Valenzuela, Tomás, additional, Ramos, Elisa K. S., additional, Pawar, Harvinder, additional, Souza Arantes, Larissa, additional, Alexander, Alana, additional, Banerjee, Shreya M., additional, Masterson, Patrick, additional, Kuhlwilm, Martin, additional, Pippel, Martin, additional, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, additional, Haase, Bettina, additional, Uliano-Silva, Marcela, additional, Formenti, Giulio, additional, Howe, Kerstin, additional, Chow, William, additional, Tracey, Alan, additional, Sims, Ying, additional, Pelan, Sarah, additional, Wood, Jonathan, additional, Yetsko, Kelsey, additional, Perrault, Justin R., additional, Stewart, Kelly, additional, Benson, Scott R., additional, Levy, Yaniv, additional, Todd, Erica V., additional, Shaffer, H. Bradley, additional, Scott, Peter, additional, Henen, Brian T., additional, Murphy, Robert W., additional, Mohr, David W., additional, Scott, Alan F., additional, Duffy, David J., additional, Gemmell, Neil J., additional, Suh, Alexander, additional, Winkler, Sylke, additional, Thibaud-Nissen, Françoise, additional, Nery, Mariana F., additional, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, additional, Antunes, Agostinho, additional, Tikochinski, Yaron, additional, Dutton, Peter H., additional, Fedrigo, Olivier, additional, Myers, Eugene W., additional, Jarvis, Erich D., additional, Mazzoni, Camila J., additional, and Komoroske, Lisa M., additional

Published
2023
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49. Sex-specific changes in autosomal methylation rate in ageing common terns

Author

Meyer, Britta S., primary, Moiron, Maria, additional, Caswara, Calvinna, additional, Chow, William, additional, Fedrigo, Olivier, additional, Formenti, Giulio, additional, Haase, Bettina, additional, Howe, Kerstin, additional, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, additional, Uliano-Silva, Marcela, additional, Wood, Jonathan, additional, Jarvis, Erich D., additional, Liedvogel, Miriam, additional, and Bouwhuis, Sandra, additional

Published
2023
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50. Fourth Report on Chicken Genes and Chromosomes 2022

Author

Smith, Jacqueline, primary, Alfieri, James M., additional, Anthony, Nick, additional, Arensburger, Peter, additional, Athrey, Giridhar N., additional, Balacco, Jennifer, additional, Balic, Adam, additional, Bardou, Philippe, additional, Barela, Paul, additional, Bigot, Yves, additional, Blackmon, Heath, additional, Borodin, Pavel M., additional, Carroll, Rachel, additional, Casono, Meya C., additional, Charles, Mathieu, additional, Cheng, Hans, additional, Chiodi, Maddie, additional, Cigan, Lacey, additional, Coghill, Lyndon M., additional, Crooijmans, Richard, additional, Das, Neelabja, additional, Davey, Sean, additional, Davidian, Asya, additional, Degalez, Fabien, additional, Dekkers, Jack M., additional, Derks, Martijn, additional, Diack, Abigail B., additional, Djikeng, Appolinaire, additional, Drechsler, Yvonne, additional, Dyomin, Alexander, additional, Fedrigo, Olivier, additional, Fiddaman, Steven R., additional, Formenti, Giulio, additional, Frantz, Laurent A.F., additional, Fulton, Janet E., additional, Gaginskaya, Elena, additional, Galkina, Svetlana, additional, Gallardo, Rodrigo A., additional, Geibel, Johannes, additional, Gheyas, Almas, additional, Godinez, Cyrill John P., additional, Goodell, Ashton, additional, Graves, Jennifer A. M., additional, Griffin, Daren K., additional, Haase, Bettina, additional, Han, Jian-Lin, additional, Hanotte, Olivier, additional, Henderson, Lindsay J., additional, Hou, Zhuo-Cheng, additional, Howe, Kerstin, additional, Huynh, Lan, additional, Ilatsia, Evans, additional, Jarvis, Erich, additional, Johnson, Sarah M., additional, Kaufman, Jim, additional, Kelly, Terra, additional, Kemp, Steve, additional, Kern, Colin, additional, Keroack, Jacob H., additional, Klopp, Christophe, additional, Lagarrigue, Sandrine, additional, Lamont, Susan J., additional, Lange, Margaret, additional, Lanke, Anika, additional, Larkin, Denis M., additional, Larson, Greger, additional, Layos, John King N., additional, Lebrasseur, Ophélie, additional, Malinovskaya, Lyubov P., additional, Martin, Rebecca J., additional, Martin Cerezo, Maria Luisa, additional, Mason, Andrew S., additional, McCarthy, Fiona M., additional, McGrew, Michael J., additional, Mountcastle, Jacquelyn, additional, Muhonja, Christine Kamidi, additional, Muir, William, additional, Muret, Kévin, additional, Murphy, Terence, additional, Ng’ang’a, Ismael, additional, Nishibori, Masahide, additional, O’Connor, Rebecca E., additional, Ogugo, Moses, additional, Okimoto, Ron, additional, Ouko, Ochieng, additional, Patel, Hardip R., additional, Perini, Francesco, additional, Pigozzi, María Ines, additional, Potter, Krista C., additional, Price, Peter D., additional, Reimer, Christian, additional, Rice, Edward S., additional, Rocos, Nicolas, additional, Rogers, Thea F., additional, Saelao, Perot, additional, Schauer, Jens, additional, Schnabel, Robert, additional, Schneider, Valerie, additional, Simianer, Henner, additional, Smith, Adrian, additional, Stevens, Mark P., additional, Stiers, Kyle, additional, Tiambo, Christian Keambou, additional, Tixier-Boichard, Michele, additional, Torgasheva, Anna A., additional, Tracey, Alan, additional, Tregaskes, Clive A., additional, Vervelde, Lonneke, additional, Wang, Ying, additional, Warren, Wesley C., additional, Waters, Paul D., additional, Webb, David, additional, Weigend, Steffen, additional, Wolc, Anna, additional, Wright, Alison E., additional, Wright, Dominic, additional, Wu, Zhou, additional, Yamagata, Masahito, additional, Yang, Chentao, additional, Yin, Zhong-Tao, additional, Young, Michelle C., additional, Zhang, Guojie, additional, Zhao, Bingru, additional, and Zhou, Huaijun, additional

Published
2023
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