27 results on '"How RA"'
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2. A field study of Pseudocheirus occidentalis (Marsupialia : Petauridae) I. Distribution and Habitat
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Jones, BA, primary, How, RA, additional, and Kitchener, DJ, additional
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- 1994
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3. The Biology of the Gecko Oedura reticulata Bustard, in a Smal Habitat Isolate in the Western Australian Wheatbelt
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How, RA and Kitchner, DJ
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The arboreal gecko Oedura reticulata was studied in an isolated 1-ha eucalypt woodland in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Females reach maturity in their 4th year and lay two eggs between October and January. Males reach maturity in their 3rd year, their testes are largest between July and October. Young hatch in mid to late summer but immature individuals are infrequently captured during their first 18 months. Individuals live more than 6 years. Population size ranged between 91 and 119 individuals. Individuals were placed into eight definable groups. There was a slight excess of males in each cohort. Activity, which is greatest in summer and least in winter, is closely correlated with ambient temperature. Body temperatures become noticeably higher than ambient temperatures between 23C and 16C; below 16C activity is greatly reduced. The higher numbers of O.reticulata occur on mature smooth-barked eucalypt trees that have both large areas of foliage and dead wood. Only immature individuals frequently occupy rough-barked eucalypts. Their life-history strategy is considered in respect of small, isolated and disturbed remnants of native vegetation.
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- 1983
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4. Small Mammal Populations in Pine and Native Forests in North-Eastern New South Wales.
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Barnett, JL, How, RA, and Humphreys, WF
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Populations of small mammals were examined in a 6 yr Pinus taeda plantation (extended to include similar age P. radiata) and adjacent native rain forest in north-east New South Wales, Australia. Of the 6 species trapped, Rattus fuscipes was the only one with viable populations in both vegetation types. R. lutreolus, R. rattus and Mus musculus were restricted to the plantation; Melomys cervinipes and Antechinus stuartii (except for a few individuals) were confined to the native forest.
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- 1977
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5. Corals of the Solitary Islands, New South Wales
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Veron, JEN, How, RA, Done, TJ, Zell, LD, Dodkin, MJ, and O'Farrell, AF
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Thirty-four species of 18 genera of hermatypic corals and three species of ahermatypic corals occur at the Solitary Islands which lie between 2 and 11 km from the east Australian coastline between 3001' and 3014' S. latitude. The appearance and occurrence of each species is described and their inter-island distribution discussed. Transect data from South-west Solitary Island show that dominant species (Goniastrea australensis, cf. Plesiastrea versipora, Favites abdita, Favites halicora, Cyphastrea serailia, Turbinaria danae, Goniopora lobata, Pocillopora danicornis and Acropora hyacinthus) form a 100% cover of the ocean floor in some localities, whereas in others they form a variety of associations with the ascidians, sponges and algae characteristic of equivalent mainland localities. These findings are compared with previously reported distributions of temperate Australian hermatypic corals and are discussed in the light of recent data on the ocean temperature around the Solitary Islands.
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- 1974
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6. The Biology of the Northern Brown Bandicoot, Isoodon-Macrourus (Marsupialia, Peramelidae) at Mitchell Plateau, Western-Australia
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Kemper, C, Kitchener, DJ, Humphreys, WF, How, RA, Schmitt, LH, and Bradley, A
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Breeding, population dynamics and seasonal changes in physical and physiological parameters were examined in Isoodon macrourus at the Mitchell Plateau between September 1981 and November 1982. Females gave birth to litters of 2.5 1.0 (16) young between September and April. They produced up to three litters in a breeding season with an average interval between successive litters of 89.5 (51-108) days. Adult testosterone levels and scrota1 size began to increase in July and peaked in September 1982. The overall ratio of adult males to adult females was 1:0.54; it was 1:0.80 for pouch young. Females were more frequently trapped on sequential trips than were males. Density on the grids increased towards the end of the dry season (July and September 1982)-mostly as a result of increased numbers of females. Adult males and females moving onto the grids during the dry season tended to select different habitats. Adult males moved significantly more in the wet season (September 1981, January and April) than they did in the dry season (July and September 1982); they also moved significantly more than adult females in the wet season. Seasonal variations were recorded for most physical and physiological parameters. During the wet period from September 1981 to January 1982, body weight, haemoglobin, haematocrit and total plasma albumin declined, while total white blood cells and proportion of lymphocytes to granular leucocytes rose. This indicated that this period was one of change in condition for this species. Compared to adult females, adult males were larger and heavier, had higher values of haematocrit and lymphocytes, and lower values of granular leucocytes, free steroids, CBGBd and albumin bound corticosteroid. There was considerable between-year variability in condition of individuals and both sexes differed significantly in September 1981 and 1982 in their weight, haematocrit, total white blood cells, granular leucocytes, MCBC and testosterone. Individuals at disparate localities at the Mitchell Plateau showed similar seasonal physiological and physical responses, except for one grid where they were heavier.
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- 1989
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7. Reproduction, Growth and Survival of Young in the Mountain Possum, Trichosurus Caninus (Marsupialia)
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How, RA
- Abstract
The biology of T. caninus was examined in the field and in captivity over a 4-year period. The season of parturitions is restricted, with more than 87% of births between February and May. The sex ratio of the pouch young did not differ from parity and there was no significant difference between frequency of suckling of right or left teat, alternate teats being used during successive lactations. Measurements of 10 known-age individuals showed that head length (y) had a linear relationship to age (t) up to 210 days (regression, t = 2.917y - 19.355). Ear length and pes length were not linearly related to age. The young emerge from the pouch 175-200 days after birth, remain physically dependent on their mothers for the next 2-3 months and are weaned at > 240 days. Individuals in the field could be assigned to 1-year-old, 2-year-old or adult categories by a combination of head length, body weight and condition of external reproductive organs. Females may mature at 2 years old, although only 50% produce young at this age. The testis approximates adult size in the latter half of their third year. Survival of the dependent young is low, only 51.8% and 37.9% reaching 175 days and 1 year old respectively.
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- 1976
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8. Small Mammals of the Mitchell Plateau Region, Kimberley, Western-Australia
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Bradley, AJ, Kemper, CM, Kitchener, DJ, Humphreys, WF, and How, RA
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This paper presents the background for a series on the biology of small mammals in the Mitchell Plateau region, an area characterised by a wet-dry tropical climate. From June 1981 to December 1982, 19 species of small terrestrial mammals were captured at Mitchell Plateau. Of 17 species captured on eight mark-release grids, 13 clustered into four significant groups which reflected the major habitats of the region: (1) Sminthopsis virginiae, Leggadina sp. and Pseudomys nanus in riparian and plateau escarpment sites; (2) Phascogale tapoatafa, Trichosurus arnhemensis and Pseudomys laborifex in plateau open forest; (3) Conilurus penicillatus and Mesembriomys macrurus in open woodland and coastal mosaics; (4) the commoner species Dasyurus hallucatus, Isoodon macrourus, Melomys sp. cf. burtoni, Zyzomys argurus and S. woodwardi in an array of habitats. Rattus tunneyi, Pseudantechinus sp., Wyulda squamicaudata and Planigale maculata did not cluster significantly with other species. Two species, Pseudomys delicatulus and Mesembriomys gouldii, were represented by single specimens captured outside the capture-mark-release grids, in sandstone and plateau woodland respectively. Open forests, particularly on the lateritic plateau surfaces, had the richest and most diverse mammal assemblage over the entire study period. The vine thickets and sandstone contained relatively stable populations of fewer species, and several habitats had seasonally variable populations and species.
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- 1987
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9. An Electroporetic and Chromosomal Study of the Dasyurid Marsupial Genus Ningaui Archer
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Baverstock, PR, Adams, M, Archer, M, Mckenzie, NL, and How, RA
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Isozyme electrophoresis of 28 loci was used to characterize 30 specimens of Ningaui from four States of Australia. The specimens fall into three genetic groups, with large differences between groups (21-32% fixed differences) and genetic homogeneity within groups. One group, from the Pilbara of Western Australia, is referable to N. timealeyi; a second group, extending from the Kalgoorlie area of Western Australia to the far west of South Australia and north to the Tanami Desert of the Northern Temtory, is referable to N. ridei; and a third group extends from the Kalgoorlie area of Western Australia (where it is sympatric with N. ridei) across southern South Australia and into north-westem Victoria. Because the third group maintains its genetic uniqueness despite being sympatric with N. ridei, it clearly represents a different species, N. yvonnae Kitchener, Stoddart & Henry. This species is distinguishable from N. ridei on skull characters, but indistinguishable on external characters. In contrast to most dasyurids, ningauis display considerable karyotypic diversity involving a pericentric inversion, a reciprocal translocation and addition of constitutive heterochromatin to the X-chromosome.
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- 1983
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10. Effects of Habitat, Host Sex and Age on the Parasites of Trichosurus Caninus (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) in North-Eastern New South Wales.
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Presidente, PJA, Barnett, JL, How, RA, and Humphreys, WF
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The condition of 57 Trichosurus caninus (Ogilby), and their ectoparasites, endoparasites and associated pathology were examined; ages and habitat status of these animals were known. Condition scores for females were greater (P<0.005) than those for males. Seven ectoparasite species (two ticks, five mites), two protozoan and seven helminth (one cestode, six nematodes) species were identified in T. caninus from both preferred and peripheral habitats. Prevalence of Amplicaecum robertsi (Sprent & Mines) larvae and the oxyurid nematode Adelonema trichosuri (Johnston & Mawson) were greater (P<0.05) in T. caninus from peripheral habitat than in preferred-habitat animals. Greater burdens (P<0.05) of the tick Ixodes holocyclus Neumann, two mites Trichosurolaelaps dixoa Domrow and 7. crassipes Womersley, and the trichostrongylid nematode Paraustrostrongylus trichosuri Mawson were found in peripheral-habitat T. caninus. Subadult males harboured greater Paraustrostrongylus burdens (P<0.05) than did subadult females or adult animals. Three Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr) sympatric with peripheral-habitat T. caninus were also examined. One tick I. trichosuri Roberts, one mite T. crassipes and four helminth species: Bertiella trichosuri Khalil, A. robertsi, Paraustrostrongylus trichosuri and Parastrongyloides trichosuri Mackerras, were identified. The cestode B. trichosuri was recovered from the three T. vulpecula and four peripheral-habitat T. caninus, but only from one T. caninus from preferred habitat. Larval A. robertsi caused focal eosinophilic cholangiohepatitis with dilatation of affected bile ducts in livers of both Trichosurus spp. Eosinophilic vasculitis of hepatic portal veins was associated with ?Sprattia venacavincola (Spratt & Varughese) and focal granulomatous splenitis with sequestered microfilariae in T. caninus. Also, ?Marsupostrongylus minesi Spratt in dilated alveoli caused mild pulmonary inflammation. There were no pathological changes associated with intestinal tract parasites. Free corticosteroid levels in preferred-habitat female T. caninus were greater (P<0.05) than in those from peripheral habitat. This correlated with hyperplastic changes in adrenal glands of these females, but not with parasite burdens.
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- 1982
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11. Population Parameters of Two Congeneric Possums, Trichosurus spp., in Norh Eastern New South Wales
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How, RA
- Abstract
In adjacent areas in north-eastern New South Wales, T. vulpecula occurs in the open forest and woodland and T. caninus occurs in the closed and tall open forest; both species are found in the pine plantation. T. vulpecula has a single breeding season in autumn when all females 1 y old and older reproduce. The young become independent around 175 days old and disperse at up to 2 y old. Mortality is low (15%) among dependent young but considerably higher among independent dispersing individuals. T. caninus also has a single autumn breeding season. The young become independent around 240 days old but disperse after 18-26 months, females moving before males. Mortality is high (56%) among dependent young but less so among subadults. An adult sex ratio of parity is the result of a higher survival among subadult males than females offsetting the reverse in adults. Some 2-y-old and all 3-y-old females reproduce but a few older females fail to breed in certain years. There is evidence that the high mortality of dependent young and failure of older females to breed is associated with offspring of previous years remaining in the population. Adult males and females appear to form a pair-bond. Population parameters of T. vulpecula described from other areas show considerable variation; this flexibility in population strategy explains the species' success in occupying a diversity of habitats and rapidly colonizing new areas.
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- 1981
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12. Blood parameters in natural populations of Trichosurus species (Marsupialia : Phalangeridae) II. Influence of habitat and population strategies of T. caninus and T. vulpecula
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Barnett, JL, How, RA, and Humphreys, WF
- Abstract
Body weight and six blood parameters were determined in T. caninus and T. vulpecula from their preferred and peripheral habitats. Habitat had a large effect on T. caninus. Of the seven parameters measured, six (body weight, red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit and plasma protein and lipid concentrations) were higher in the population from the peripheral habitat than in that from the preferred habitat. Only body weight was different in T. vulpecula, being higher in the peripheral than in the preferred habitat population. There were differences between T. caninus and T. vulpecula in four of the measured parameters (body weight, haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count) irrespective of habitat, whereas plasma lipid concentration was the same in T. caninus from peripheral habitat and T. vulpecula, but differed in T. caninus between habitats. Four parameters showed significant seasonal variation in preferred-habitat T. caninus, three in peripheral-habitat T. caninus and one in T. vulpecula. However, the pattern of seasonal change in peripheral-habitat T. caninus was more similar to that in T. vulpecula than to that in preferred-habitat T. caninus, suggesting a physiological shift in peripheral-habitat T. caninus towards that of the more r-selected T. vulpecula. No differences were found between resident and dispersing T. caninus. T. caninus which had lost a pouch young and failed to maintain another in the same year had lower haematocrit and plasma lipid concentration than females in other reproductive states. It is suggested that the measurement of physiological responsiveness of populations may aid the understanding of adaptive strategies.
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- 1979
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13. Blood Parameters in Natural Populations of Trichosurus Species (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae). I. Age, Sex and Seasonal Variation in T. Caninus and T. Vulpecula. Ii. Influence of Habitat and Population Strategies of T. Caninus and T. Vulpecula.
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Barnett, JL, How, RA, and Humphreys, WF
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Age, sex and seasonal related changes in body weight and blood parameters were determined for T caninus and T. vulpecula, whose distribution overlapped in part of the study area. In T. caninus age-related changes occurred in body weight, mean plasma glucose and protein concentrations and haematocrit. Seasonal changes occurred in plasma glucose and protein concentrations, haemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count. There were sexual dimorphisms in haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count in both species; the mean values were greater in males. T. vulpecula also exhibited a sexual dimorphism in body weight (males > females). The only seasonal change in T. vulpecula was in haemoglobin concentration. Comparison of the species as adults showed that T. caninus had higher mean levels of body weight, haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration, while plasma lipid concentration and red blood cell counts were greater in T vulpecula. These species differences may be a reflection of the diets of the two species. In addition the measured parameters showed greater seasonal variation in T. caninus, a K-selected species, than in T. vulpecula, which is more r-selected.
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- 1979
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14. Reproduction in the mountain possum, Trichosurus caninus (Ogilby), in captivity
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Smith, MJ and How, RA
- Abstract
Reproduction was studied in eight female T. caninus held in captivity in Armidale, N.S.W., for up to 5 yr. Oestrus was diagnosed from the vast increase in epithelial cells in the vaginal smear, post-oestrus being detected by the appearance of many leucocytes and of some elongate epithelial cells. The mean of 17 oestrous cycles was 26.4+- 1.0 days and the mean of 10 gestation periods was 16.2+-0.2 days. The teats evert and the female first ovulates at the end of her 2nd year, but no captive female gave birth till near the end of her 3rd year. In the anatomy of the uteri and vaginae, T. caninus resembles T. vulpecula but the ovaries of T. caninus are markedly distinguished by the presence of up to seven large corpora lutea. Although the weight of the luteal tissue may contribute as much as 83.9 % of the total ovarian weight, there is no evidence from the uteri that these large corpora lutea are functional in hormone secretion. The luteal cells are large but vacuolated and are separated by a well developed network of connective tissue. As the corpora lutea persist throughout the life of the animal, it is suggested that their number be used to indicate the maximum age of the animal.
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- 1973
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15. A Joint Trauma System Clinical Practice Guideline: Traumatic Brain Injury Management and Basic Neurosurgery in the Deployed Environment.
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Dengler B, McCafferty R, Neal C, Bell R, Sonka BJ, Jensen S, Tadlock MD, Van Gent JM, How RA, and Gurney J
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Management of the patient with moderate to severe brain injury in any environment can be time consuming and resource intensive. These challenges are magnified while forward deployed in austere or hostile environments. This Joint Trauma System Clinical Practice Guideline provides recommendations for the treatment and medical management of casualties with moderate to severe head injuries in an environment where personnel, resources, and follow-on care are limited. These guidelines have been developed by acknowledging commonly recognized recommendations for neurosurgical and neuro-critical care patients and augmenting those evaluations and interventions based on the experience of neurosurgeons, trauma surgeons, and intensivists who have delivered care during recent coalition conflicts., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States 2024. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.)
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- 2024
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16. Letter to the Editor concerning Akhavan AA et al., Invasive non-Candida fungal infections in acute burns-a 13-year review of a single institution and review of the literature.
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Cancio LC, Pruskowski KA, Kiley JL, Glenn KR, and How RA
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- 2024
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17. The last days: The medical response of United States and allied military teams during the Afghanistan Exodus.
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Bozzay JD, Murphy TP, Baird MD, Dingle ME, Rokayak OA, Renninger C, Boomsma SE, Milam BP, Horrell TJ, Rittenhouse BA, McGlone PJ, Kashtan HW, Buzzelli M, How RA, Lynch BA, Heyda L, Humphries AE, Jessie EM, Patel JA, Hardin R, Nelson KJ, D'Alleyrand JG, Bradley MJ, Potter BK, and Gurney JM
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- Humans, United States, Retrospective Studies, Afghanistan, Afghan Campaign 2001-, Military Personnel, Military Medicine methods, Mass Casualty Incidents, Wounds and Injuries
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Objectives: The objective of this study is to describe the United States and allied military medical response during the withdrawal from Afghanistan., Background: The military withdrawal from Afghanistan concluded with severe hostilities resulting in numerous civilian and military casualties. The clinical care provided by coalition forces capitalized on decades of lessons learned and enabled unprecedented accomplishments., Methods: In this retrospective, observational analysis, casualty numbers, and operative information was collected and reported from military medical assets in Kabul, Afghanistan. The continuum of medical care and the trauma system, from the point of injury back to the United States was captured and described., Results: Prior to a large suicide bombing resulting in a mass casualty event, the international medical teams managed distinct 45 trauma incidents involving nearly 200 combat and non-combat civilian and military patients over the preceding 3 months. Military medical personnel treated 63 casualties from the Kabul airport suicide attack and performed 15 trauma operations. US air transport teams evacuated 37 patients within 15 hours of the attack., Conclusion: Lessons learned from the last 20 years of combat casualty care were successfully implemented during the culmination of the Afghanistan conflict. Ultimately, the effort, teamwork, and system adaptability exemplify not only the attitudes and character of service members who provide modern combat casualty care but also the paramount importance of the battlefield learning health care system. A continued posture to maintain military surgical preparedness in unique environments remain crucial as the US military prepares for the future.Retrospective observational analysis., Level of Evidence: Therapeutic/Care Management; Level V., (Copyright © 2023 Written work prepared by employees of the Federal Government as part of their official duties is, under the U.S. Copyright Act, a “work of the United States Government” for which copyright protection under Title 17 of the United States Code is not available. As such, copyright does not extend to the contributions of employees of the Federal Government.)
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- 2023
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18. EFFECTS OF SARS COVID-19 POSITIVITY STATUS ON VENOUS THROMBOSIS AND PULMONARY EMBOLISM RATES IN TRAUMA PATIENTS.
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Kenney CL, Nelson AR, Fahey RA, Roubik DJ, How RA, Radowsky JS, Sams VG, Schauer SG, and Rizzo JA
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- Adult, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Anticoagulants therapeutic use, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Venous Thromboembolism drug therapy, COVID-19 complications, Venous Thrombosis etiology, Pulmonary Embolism etiology
- Abstract
Abstract: Introduction : COVID-19-induced coagulopathy (CIC) can increase the risk of thromboembolism without underlying clotting disorders, even when compared with other respiratory viruses. Trauma has a known association with hypercoagulability. Trauma patients with concurrent COVID-19 infection potentially have an even greater risk of thrombotic events. The purpose of this study was to evaluate venous thromboembolism (VTE) rates in trauma patients with COVID-19. Methods : This study reviewed all adult patients (≥18 years of age) admitted to the Trauma Service from April through November 2020 for a minimum of 48 hours. Patients were grouped based off COVID-19 status and compared for inpatient VTE chemoprophylaxis regimen, thrombotic complications defined as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular accident, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, hospital length of stay, and mortality. Results : A total of 2,907 patients were reviewed and grouped into COVID-19-positive (n = 110) and COVID-19-negative (n = 2,797) groups. There was no difference in terms of receiving deep vein thrombosis chemoprophylaxis or type, but a longer time to initiation in the positive group ( P = 0.0012). VTE occurred in 5 (4.55%) positive and 60 (2.15%) negative patients without a significant difference between the groups, as well as no difference in type of VTE observed. Mortality was higher ( P = 0.009) in the positive group (10.91%). Positive patients had longer median ICU LOS ( P = 0.0012) and total LOS ( P < 0.001). Conclusion : There were no increased rates of VTE complications between COVID-19-positive and -negative trauma patients, despite a longer time to initiation of chemoprophylaxis in the COVID-19-positive group. COVID-19-positive patients had increased ICU LOS, total LOS, and mortality, which are likely due to multifactorial causes but primarily related to their underlying COVID-19 infection., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 by the Shock Society.)
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- 2023
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19. Decadal abundance patterns in an isolated urban reptile assemblage: Monitoring under a changing climate.
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How RA, Cowan MA, and How JR
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Determine seasonal, annual, and decadal patterns of abundance in reptile species and assemblages occupying central Bold Park (~338 ha), an isolated urban bushland remnant in Perth, Southwestern Australia. Fenced pitfall trapping in four sampling sites, representing different habitats and fire history, over the primary reptile activity period for 35 consecutive years with over 17,000 individuals captured during 3300 days of sampling; the trapping regime was modified for the last 28 years. Sampling occurred in one of 35 global biodiversity hotspots that has a Mediterranean climate experiencing a 15% decline from the century average rainfall over the last 50 years. Twenty-nine species were recorded, with 16 captured in 32 or more years and accounting for nearly 97% of all captures; the six most common for 81%. Three taxa became locally extinct. Activity predominates in warmer and dryer months (October to April), peaking in November-December. Species richness remained relatively constant between years with around 73% of known taxa captured annually. Assemblages did not change when analyzing the presence/absence data but moved through five statistically significant assemblages analyzing relative abundance data. Over the last 28 years, relative abundance was significantly and positively correlated with annual rainfall residuals, uniquely for the 4 years preceding annual sampling, resulting in significant changes in total assemblages and significantly similar patterns in four sample sites; the presence/absence data indicated only minor assemblage changes across sites. The number of species recorded annually remained relatively constant, but relative abundance illustrated significant temporal changes in assemblages over decades. The modeled relationship between relative abundance and annual rainfall residuals for 4 years preceding annual sampling is supported by known ecological responses and reptile demographics within this Mediterranean climate. Maintenance of urban biodiversity should consider impacts of a significantly drying climate exacerbating the extinction debt already inherent in isolated bushland populations experiencing limited immigration., Competing Interests: None., (© 2022 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
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- 2022
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20. Safety and efficacy of low-titer O whole blood resuscitation in a civilian level I trauma center.
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Kemp Bohan PM, McCarthy PM, Wall ME, Adams AM, Chick RC, Forcum JE, Radowsky JS, How RA, and Sams VG
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- Adult, Female, Humans, Length of Stay, Male, Middle Aged, Registries, Resuscitation adverse effects, Retrospective Studies, Shock, Hemorrhagic mortality, Treatment Outcome, Wounds and Injuries mortality, Young Adult, Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood adverse effects, Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood methods, Resuscitation methods, Shock, Hemorrhagic therapy, Trauma Centers, Wounds and Injuries therapy
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Background: Military experience has shown low-titer O whole blood (LTOWB) to be safe and beneficial in the resuscitation of hemorrhaging trauma patients. However, few civilian centers use LTOWB for trauma resuscitation. We evaluated the early experience and safety of a LTOWB program at a level 1 civilian trauma center., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our trauma registry from January 2018 to June 2020 for patients admitted in shock (defined as ≥1 of the following: heart rate, >120 beats per minute; systolic blood pressure, <90 mm Hg; or shock index, >0.9) who received blood products within 24 hours. Patients were grouped by resuscitation provided: LTOWB (group 1), component therapy (CT; group 2), and LTOWB-CT (group 3). Safety, outcomes, and variables associated with LTOWB transfusion and mortality were analyzed., Results: 216 patients were included: 34 in Group 1, 95 in Group 2, and 87 in Group 3. Patientsreceiving LTOWB were more commonly male (p<0.001) and had a penetrating injury (p=0.005). Groups 1 and 3 had higher median ISS scores compared to Group 2 (19 and 20 vs 17; p=0.01). Group 3 received more median units of blood product in the first 4h (p<0.001) and in the first 24h (p<0.001). There was no difference between groups in 24h mortality or transfusion-related complications (all p>0.05). Arrival ED SBP was associated with LTOWB transfusion (odds ratio [OR] 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95-1.00, p=0.03). ED lactate was independently associated with 24h mortality. (OR 1.27, CI 1.02-1.58, p=0.03). LTOWB transfusion was not associated with mortality (p=0.49). Abstract., Conclusion: Severely injured patients received LTOWB-CT and more overall product units but had similar 24 h mortality when compared with the LTOWB or CT groups. No increase in transfusion-related complications was seen after LTOWB transfusion. Low-titer O whole blood should be strongly considered in the resuscitation of trauma patients at civilian centers., Level of Evidence: Retrospective, therapeutic, level IV., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2021
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21. Electronic trauma resuscitation documentation and decision support using T6 Health Systems Mobile Application: A combat trauma center pilot program.
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Angotti LM, How RA, Barnack KR, Aden JK, Vitale DA, Folwell JS, Neel JM, Srivilasa CN, and Sams VG
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- Decision Support Techniques, Humans, Military Medicine methods, Pilot Projects, Resuscitation methods, Trauma Centers, Documentation methods, Electronic Health Records statistics & numerical data, Mobile Applications, Resuscitation statistics & numerical data, Wounds and Injuries therapy
- Abstract
Background: The care of trauma patients in combat operations is handwritten on a five-page flow sheet. The process requires the manual scanning and uploading of paper documents to bridge the gap between electronic and paper record management. There is an urgent operational need for an information technology solution that will enable medics to better capture patient treatment information, which will improve long-term health care without impacting short-term care responsibilities., Methods: We conducted a process improvement project to evaluate the ability of T6 Health Systems Mobile Application to improve combat casualty care data collection at a deployed trauma hospital. We performed a head-to-head comparison of the completeness and accuracy of data capture of electronic versus handwritten records to determine noninferiority., Results: During the 90-day pilot, there were 131 trauma evaluations of which 53 casualty resuscitations (40.5%) were also documented in the electronic application. We compared completeness and accuracy of admit, prehospital, primary survey, secondary survey, interventions, and trends data. We found an overall 13% increase in data capture at 96% accuracy compared with the written record, suggesting that the electronic record was superior. Completion of electronic documentation compared with paper by section was statistically significantly higher for admitting data, 119.7% (p < 0.0001); prehospital, 116.2% (p = 0.0039); primary, 109.6% (p < 0.001); and secondary, 125.5% (p < 0.001). We also had the medical evacuation teams document prehospital and en route care and then synchronize the record in the trauma bay, allowing the trauma teams there to continue documenting on the same casualty record, likely contributing to superiority because teams did not have to redocument based on an oral report., Conclusion: Our pilot program in the deployed environment demonstrated a mobile technology that actually enhanced the completeness and accuracy of paper trauma documentation that has the capability of providing patient-specific decision support and real-time data analysis., Level of Evidence: Care Management, level IV.
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- 2020
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22. Multi-Species Phylogeography of Arid-Zone Sminthopsinae (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) Reveals Evidence of Refugia and Population Expansion in Response to Quaternary Change.
- Author
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Umbrello LS, Didham RK, How RA, and Huey JA
- Subjects
- Animals, Australia, Bayes Theorem, DNA, Mitochondrial genetics, Haplotypes, Marsupialia physiology, Phylogeography, Climate Change, DNA, Mitochondrial analysis, Ecosystem, Genetic Variation, Genetics, Population, Marsupialia genetics, Refugium
- Abstract
Historical population contraction and expansion events associated with Pleistocene climate change are important drivers of intraspecific population structure in Australian arid-zone species. We compared phylogeographic patterns among arid-adapted Dasyuridae ( Sminthopsis and Planigale ) with close phylogenetic relationships and similar ecological roles to investigate the drivers of phylogeographic structuring and the importance of historical refugia. We generated haplotype networks for two mitochondrial (control region and cytochrome b) and one nuclear (omega-globin) gene from samples distributed across each species range. We used Φ
ST to test for a genetic population structure associated with the four Pilbara subregions, and we used expansion statistics and Bayesian coalescent skyline analysis to test for signals of historical population expansion and the timing of such events. Significant population structure associated with the Pilbara and subregions was detected in the mitochondrial data for most species, but not with the nuclear data. Evidence of population expansion was detected for all species, and it likely began during the mid-late Pleistocene. The timing of population expansion suggests that these species responded favorably to the increased availability of arid habitats during the mid-late Pleistocene, which is when previously patchy habitats became more widespread. We interpret our results to indicate that the Pilbara region could have acted as a refugium for small dasyurids.- Published
- 2020
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23. Prehospital adenosine, lidocaine, and magnesium has inferior survival compared with tactical combat casualty care resuscitation in a porcine model of prolonged hemorrhagic shock.
- Author
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How RA, Glaser JJ, Schaub LJ, Fryer DM, Ozuna KM, Morgan CG, Sams VG, and Cardin S
- Subjects
- Adenosine administration & dosage, Animals, Cardioplegic Solutions administration & dosage, Disease Models, Animal, Lidocaine administration & dosage, Magnesium administration & dosage, Male, Resuscitation mortality, Shock, Hemorrhagic mortality, Swine, Wounds and Injuries mortality, Adenosine therapeutic use, Cardioplegic Solutions therapeutic use, Emergency Medical Services methods, Lidocaine therapeutic use, Magnesium therapeutic use, Military Medicine methods, Resuscitation methods, Shock, Hemorrhagic therapy, Wounds and Injuries therapy
- Abstract
Background: Adenosine, lidocaine, and magnesium (ALM) is a cardioplegic agent shown to improve survival by improving cardiac function, tissue perfusion, and coagulopathy in animal models of shock. We hypothesized prehospital ALM treatment in hemorrhagic shock would improve survival compared to current Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) resuscitation beyond the golden hour., Methods: Swine were randomized to: (1) TCCC, (2) 2 mL·kg vehicle control (VC), (3) 2 mL·kg ALM + drip, (4) 4 mL·kg ALM + drip, 5) 4 mL·kg ALM + delayed drip at 0.5 mL·kg·h, 6) 4 mL/kg VC, 7) 4 mL·kg ALM for 15 minutes + delayed drip at 3 mL·kg·h. Animals underwent pressure controlled hemorrhage to mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 30 mm Hg (S = 0). Treatment was administered at T = 0. After 120 minutes of simulated prehospital care (T = 120) blood product resuscitation commenced. Physiologic variables were recorded and laboratories were drawn at specified time points., Results: Tactical Combat Casualty Care demonstrated superior survival to all other agents. The VC and ALM groups had lower MAPs and systolic blood pressures compared with TCCC. Except for the VC groups, lactate levels remained similar with correction of base deficit after prehospital resuscitation in all groups. Kidney function and liver function remained comparable across all groups. Compared with baseline values, TCCC demonstrated significant hypocoagulability., Conclusion: Adenosine, lidocaine, and magnesium, as administered in this study, are inferior to current Hextend-based resuscitation for survival from prolonged hemorrhagic shock in this model. In survivors, ALM groups had lower systolic blood pressures and MAPs, but provided a protective effect on coagulopathy as compared to TCCC. Adenosine, lidocaine, and magnesium do not appear to be a suitable low volume replacement to current TCCC resuscitation. The reduced coagulopathy compared to TCCC warrants future studies of ALM, perhaps as a therapeutic adjunct.
- Published
- 2019
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24. Importance of dispersal routes that minimize open-ocean movement to the genetic structure of island populations.
- Author
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Harradine EL, Andrew ME, Thomas JW, How RA, Schmitt LH, and Spencer PB
- Subjects
- Animals, Islands, Lizards genetics, Microsatellite Repeats, Western Australia, Animal Distribution, Conservation of Natural Resources, Gene Flow, Genetic Variation, Lizards physiology
- Abstract
Islands present a unique scenario in conservation biology, offering refuge yet imposing limitations on insular populations. The Kimberley region of northwestern Australia has more than 2500 islands that have recently come into focus as substantial conservation resources. It is therefore of great interest for managers to understand the driving forces of genetic structure of species within these island archipelagos. We used the ubiquitous bar-shouldered skink (Ctenotus inornatus) as a model species to represent the influence of landscape factors on genetic structure across the Kimberley islands. On 41 islands and 4 mainland locations in a remote area of Australia, we genotyped individuals across 18 nuclear (microsatellite) markers. Measures of genetic differentiation and diversity were used in two complementary analyses. We used circuit theory and Mantel tests to examine the influence of the landscape matrix on population connectivity and linear regression and model selection based on Akaike's information criterion to investigate landscape controls on genetic diversity. Genetic differentiation between islands was best predicted with circuit-theory models that accounted for the large difference in resistance to dispersal between land and ocean. In contrast, straight-line distances were unrelated to either resistance distances or genetic differentiation. Instead, connectivity was determined by island-hopping routes that allow organisms to minimize the distance of difficult ocean passages. Island populations of C. inornatus retained varying degrees of genetic diversity (NA = 1.83 - 7.39), but it was greatest on islands closer to the mainland, in terms of resistance-distance units. In contrast, genetic diversity was unrelated to island size. Our results highlight the potential for islands to contribute to both theoretical and applied conservation, provide strong evidence of the driving forces of population structure within undisturbed landscapes, and identify the islands most valuable for conservation based on their contributions to gene flow and genetic diversity., (© 2015 Society for Conservation Biology.)
- Published
- 2015
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25. Human migration is important in the international spread of exotic Salmonella serovars in animal and human populations.
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Iveson JB, Bradshaw SD, How RA, and Smith DW
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Zoo, Female, Humans, Infection Control, Male, Prevalence, Risk Assessment, Salmonella Infections diagnosis, Salmonella Infections, Animal epidemiology, Western Australia epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks statistics & numerical data, Global Health, Human Migration statistics & numerical data, Salmonella classification, Salmonella Infections epidemiology
- Abstract
The exposure of indigenous humans and native fauna in Australia and the Wallacea zoogeographical region of Indonesia to exotic Salmonella serovars commenced during the colonial period and has accelerated with urbanization and international travel. In this study, the distribution and prevalence of exotic Salmonella serovars are mapped to assess the extent to which introduced infections are invading native wildlife in areas of high natural biodiversity under threat from expanding human activity. The major exotic Salmonella serovars, Bovismorbificans, Derby, Javiana, Newport, Panama, Saintpaul and Typhimurium, isolated from wildlife on populated coastal islands in southern temperate areas of Western Australia, were mostly absent from reptiles and native mammals in less populated tropical areas of the state. They were also not recorded on the uninhabited Mitchell Plateau or islands of the Bonaparte Archipelago, adjacent to south-eastern Indonesia. Exotic serovars were, however, isolated in wildlife on 14/17 islands sampled in the Wallacea region of Indonesia and several islands off the west coast of Perth. Increases in international tourism, involving islands such as Bali, have resulted in the isolation of a high proportion of exotic serovar infections suggesting that densely populated island resorts in the Asian region are acting as staging posts for the interchange of Salmonella infections between tropical and temperate regions.
- Published
- 2014
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26. A GENETIC PERSPECTIVE OF MAMMALIAN VARIATION AND EVOLUTION IN THE INDONESIAN ARCHIPELAGO: BIOGEOGRAPHIC CORRELATES IN THE FRUIT BAT GENUS CYNOPTERUS.
- Author
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Schmitt LH, Kitchener DJ, and How RA
- Abstract
This study investigated allozyme and morphometric variability within the genus Cynopterus, with particular emphasis on C. nusatenggara, which is endemic to Wallacea, the area encompassing the Oriental-Australian biogeographic interface. The genetic distances between Cynopterus species are small by mammalian standards and suggest that this genus has undergone a recent series of speciation events. The genetic distance between populations of C. nusatenggara is strongly correlated with both the contemporary sea-crossing distance between islands and the estimated sea crossing at the time of the last Pleistocene glacial maximum, 18,000 b.p. This observation, together with low levels of population substructure within islands as shown by F-statistics, indicates that the sea is a primary and formidable barrier to gene exchange. The genetic distance and the great-circle geographical distance between the populations of C. nusatenggara are not correlated, although a principal-coordinates analysis of genetic distance reveals relationships between the populations that are similar to their geographical arrangement. A strong negative correlation exists between the level of heterozygosity within island populations of C. nusatenggara and the minimum sea-crossing distance to the nearest large source population. This is interpreted as reflecting an isolation effect of the sea, leading to reduced heterozygosity in populations that have larger sea barriers between them and the large source islands. Independently of this, heterozygosity is negatively associated with longitude, which in turn is associated with systematic changes in the environment such as a gradual decline in rainfall from west to east. The association between heterozygosity and longitude is interpreted as reflecting an association between genetic and environmental variance and supports the niche-width theory of genetic variance. Morphometric variability did not show any of the main effects demonstrated in the genetic data. Furthermore, there was no evidence that, at the level of individuals, genetic and morphometric variability were associated., (© 1995 The Society for the Study of Evolution.)
- Published
- 1995
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27. The natural history of salmonellae in mammals of the tropical Kimberley region, Western Australia.
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How RA, Bradley AJ, Iveson JB, Kemper CM, Kitchener DJ, and Humphreys WF
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- Animals, Australia, Cross-Sectional Studies, Mammals, Salmonella isolation & purification, Salmonella Infections, Animal microbiology, Seasons, Serotyping, Animal Population Groups microbiology, Animals, Wild microbiology, Salmonella Infections, Animal epidemiology, Tropical Climate
- Abstract
Screening for salmonellae was conducted on five occasions within a year on mammals from many different habitats in the Mitchell Plateau area of the tropical Kimberley Division of Western Australia. Some data were obtained from reptiles. Forty-two Salmonella serotypes, two Edwardsiella and one Arizona strain were isolated. Marsupials harbour significantly more (1.6 times) Salmonella serotypes than eutherians. Eleven Salmonella serotypes and one Arizona strain were isolated from reptiles. All Salmonella strains were common to the mammalian species. Varanid lizards showed higher prevalence of salmonellae than other reptilian families. Top carnivores (reptile and marsupial) show relatively high numbers of Salmonella serotypes and prevalence levels. Four mammalian species showed marked seasonal variation in the prevalence of salmonellae and three species in the number of serotypes isolated. Pooled mammalian community data for individual survey sites showed similar seasonal variation which reflected the pattern seen in the predominant host species on the site. Significant seasonal variation in the prevalence of salmonella was concurrent in three of the host species showing maximum prevalence in the wet season (January-summer) followed by a declining prevalence to the end of the dry season (October). Prevalence in the fourth species was also high in January, but continued to increase after the wet season (April) before decreasing as the dry season progressed (July and October). Dendrograms of association showed that the salmonella 'community' does not associate according to any systematic category of the hosts and no evidence of such communities was found using other criteria, such as site or coastal vs inland locations. No evidence was found for host or site specificity of given serotypes. Multiple serotype infections by salmonella were common, with up to three present in mammals and reptiles, and they occurred at random. When hosts in coastal habitats were compared with those in inland sites higher, lower or no difference was found in the prevalence of salmonella, depending upon which host was considered. Sites with similar mammals and vegetation sometimes showed marked differences in salmonella prevalence at a given time. Generally a given Salmonella serotype was lost from the host within congruent to 3 months. Surveys for salmonellae should be designed to include a range of species, replicated vegetation types and, especially, be repeated in several seasons. Edwardsiella tarda was isolated twice from a carnivorous marsupial.
- Published
- 1983
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