Search

Code churn refers to the measure of the amount of code added, modified, or deleted in a project and is often used to assess codebase stability and maintainability. Program comprehension or how understandable the changes are, is equally important for maintainability. Documentation is crucial for knowledge transfer, especially when new maintainers take over abandoned code. We emphasize the need for corresponding documentation updates, as this reflects project health and trustworthiness as a third-party library. Therefore, we argue that every code change should prompt a documentation update (defined as documentation churn). Linking code churn changes with documentation updates is important for project sustainability, as it facilitates knowledge transfer and reduces the effort required for program comprehension. This study investigates the synchrony between code churn and documentation updates in three GitHub open-source projects. We will use qualitative analysis and repository mining to examine the alignment and correlation of code churn and documentation updates over time. We want to identify which code changes are likely synchronized with documentation and to what extent documentation can be auto-generated. Preliminary results indicate varying degrees of synchrony across projects, highlighting the importance of integrated concurrent documentation practices and providing insights into how recent technologies like AI, in the form of Large Language Models (i.e., LLMs), could be leveraged to keep code and documentation churn in sync. The novelty of this study lies in demonstrating how synchronizing code changes with documentation updates can improve the development lifecycle by enhancing diversity and efficiency.

Evolution of occupation number is studied for a bosonic oscillator (with one and two degrees of freedom) linearly fully coupled to fermionic and bosonic heat baths. The lack of equilibrium in this oscillator is discussed in the light of the creation of an energy source. The connection of such a system with known nonlinear self-oscillating systems is shown., Comment: 8 figures

The lack of dense random-access memory is one of the main obstacles to the development of digital superconducting computers. It has been suggested that AVRAM cells, based on the storage of a single Abrikosov vortex, the smallest quantized object in superconductors, can enable drastic miniaturization to the nanometer scale. In this work, we present numerical modeling of such cells using time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations. The cell represents a fluxonic quantum dot containing a small superconducting island, an asymmetric notch for vortex entrance, a guiding track, and a vortex trap. We determine the optimal geometrical parameters for operation at zero magnetic field and the conditions for controllable vortex manipulation by short current pulses. We report ultra-fast vortex motion with velocities more than an order of magnitude faster than those expected for macroscopic superconductors. This phenomenon is attributed to strong interactions with the edges of a mesoscopic island, combined with the nonlinear reduction of flux-flow viscosity due to nonequilibrium effects in the track. Our results show that such cells can be scaled down to sizes comparable to the London penetration depth, 100 nm, and can enable ultrafast switching on the picosecond scale with ultra-low energy per operation, 0.1 aJ., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures

The authors of the article set out to investigate the motion of Globular Star Clusters (GCs) of the Milky Way relative to the plane and center of the Galaxy. For this study, we used data from 164 Galactic Globular Clusters derived from Gaia, HST, and literature studies. The study calculated the average GC motion velocities relative to the Galactic plane in the northern and southern regions depending on the galactic latitude b and distance from the Galactic plane. The work consisted of using the GC parameters to find the proper motion of clusters along the Galactic latitude b and the velocities V of cluster motion in the perpendicular direction relative to the Galactic plane for the northern and southern regions, respectively, and determine the average values of these velocities. The velocities V of GC motion were also found depending on the distance to the Galaxy plane and their average values were determined. The work also determined the average velocity VR of motion of the GC relative to the center of the galaxy. The study yielded, Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables

Work is a process-based quantity, and its measurement typically requires interaction with a measuring device multiple times. While classical systems allow for non-invasive and accurate measurements, quantum systems present unique challenges due to the influence of the measuring device on the final value of work. As recent studies have shown, among these challenges is the impossibility of formulating a universal definition of work that respects energy conservation for coherent quantum systems and is compatible with the Jarzynski equality - a fluctuation relation linking the equilibrium free energy difference to the non-equilibrium work. Here we overcome this challenge by introducing a genuinely quantum, positive correction to the Jarzynski equality stemming from imposing energy conservation. When sufficiently large, this correction forces quantum work to violate the second law more often. Moreover, we construct modified two-point measurement (TPM) schemes for work that ensure energy conservation for coherent quantum states and align with our quantum-corrected fluctuation relation. We further underscore the practicality and effectiveness of these schemes by providing detailed circuit implementations for them., Comment: 7 pages + 8 pages of supplementary material; 3 figures + 2 in the supplementary material

"A battery powers a device" can be read as "work stored in the battery is being transported to the device." In quantum batteries, the total amount of stored work can be measured by ergotropy, which is the maximal work extractable by unitary operations. Transporting ergotropy is fundamentally different from transporting energy, and here we find that ergotropy can be gained even when the transmission channel is strictly energy conserving. We show that, generically, ergotropy transport is lossy whenever the two systems start uncorrelated. In contrast, for a large class of correlated initial states, transport can be gainful. Furthermore, a single correlated state can be used multiple times, allowing to transport without losses an order of magnitude more work than the battery capacity. Correlations are thus a useful resource for ergotropy transport, and we quantify how this resource is consumed during gainful transport., Comment: 5+15 pages, 3+4 figures

We study the effect of competing interactions on ensemble inequivalence. We consider a one-dimensional Ising model with ferromagnetic mean-field interactions and short-range couplings which can be either ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic. Despite the relative simplicity of the model, our calculations in the microcanonical ensemble reveal a rich phase diagram. The comparison with the corresponding phase diagram in the canonical ensemble shows the presence of phase transition points and lines which are different in the two ensembles. As an example, in a region of the phase diagram where the canonical ensemble shows a critical point and a critical end point, the microcanonical ensemble has an additional critical point and also a triple point. The regions of ensemble inequivalence typically occur at lower temperatures and at larger absolute values of the competing couplings. The presence of two free parameters in the model allows us to obtain a fourth-order critical point, which can be fully characterized by deriving its Landau normal form., Comment: 31 pages, 11 figures

The GitHub platform has fueled the creation of truly global software, enabling contributions from developers across various geographical regions of the world. As software becomes more entwined with global politics and social regulations, it becomes similarly subject to government sanctions. In 2019, GitHub restricted access to certain services for users in specific locations but rolled back these restrictions for some communities (e.g., the Iranian community) in 2021. We conducted a large-scale empirical study, collecting approximately 156 thousand user profiles and their 41 million activity points from 2008 to 2022, to understand the response of developers. Our results indicate that many of these targeted developers were able to navigate through the sanctions. Furthermore, once these sanctions were lifted, these developers opted to return to GitHub instead of withdrawing their contributions to the platform. The study indicates that platforms like GitHub play key roles in sustaining global contributions to Open Source Software.

The presence of quantum vortices determines the electromagnetic response of superconducting materials and devices. Controlling the vortex motion, their pinning on intrinsic and artificial defects is therefore essential for superconducting electronics. Here we take advantage of the attractive force between a magnetic cantilever of the Magnetic Force Microscope and a single quantum vortex to spatially map the pinning force inside 50-240 nm thick magnetron-sputtered Nb-films, commonly used in advanced superconducting electronics. The revealed pinning nano-network is related to the thickness-dependent granular structure of the films as well as to the characteristic microscopic scales of superconductivity. Our approach is general, and can be directly applied to other type II granular superconducting materials and nanodevices., Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, 108 references

Simpson's paradox is an obstacle to establishing a probabilistic association between two events $a_1$ and $a_2$, given the third (lurking) random variable $B$. We focus on scenarios when the random variables $A$ (which combines $a_1$, $a_2$, and their complements) and $B$ have a common cause $C$ that need not be observed. Alternatively, we can assume that $C$ screens out $A$ from $B$. For such cases, the correct association between $a_1$ and $a_2$ is to be defined via conditioning over $C$. This setup generalizes the original Simpson's paradox: now its two contradicting options refer to two particular and different causes $C$. We show that if $B$ and $C$ are binary and $A$ is quaternary (the minimal and the most widespread situation for the Simpson's paradox), the conditioning over any binary common cause $C$ establishes the same direction of association between $a_1$ and $a_2$ as the conditioning over $B$ in the original formulation of the paradox. Thus, for the minimal common cause, one should choose the option of Simpson's paradox that assumes conditioning over $B$ and not its marginalization. The same conclusion is reached when Simpson's paradox is formulated via 3 continuous Gaussian variables: within the minimal formulation of the paradox (3 scalar continuous variables $A_1$, $A_2$, and $B$), one should choose the option with the conditioning over $B$., Comment: Added new results, enhanced references

This work focuses on the novel problem setting of generating graphs conditioned on a description of the graph's functional requirements in a downstream task. We pose the problem as a text-to-text generation problem and focus on the approach of fine-tuning a pretrained large language model (LLM) to generate graphs. We propose an inductive bias which incorporates information about the structure of the graph into the LLM's generation process by incorporating message passing layers into an LLM's architecture. To evaluate our proposed method, we design a novel set of experiments using publicly available and widely studied molecule and knowledge graph data sets. Results suggest our proposed approach generates graphs which more closely meet the requested functional requirements, outperforming baselines developed on similar tasks by a statistically significant margin.

We measure cross sections of proton-induced reactions on tin up to energies of 18 MeV using the stacked-foil activation technique, and report first experimental values for 114Sn(p,{\alpha})111In, {^{120}}Sn(p,{\alpha})117gIn, and 114Sn(p,x)113Sn reactions. Measured cross sections have been compared to existing experimental values and numerical calculations based on Talys1.95. Our data are in good agreement with all previous experiments, and also with Talys1.95 results except for 120Sn(p,{\alpha})117m,gIn reactions where the numerical calculations are shifted to higher energies. We also measure isomeric cross section ratios for 117m,gIn and 120m,gSb pairs as functions of the incident proton energy., Comment: 21 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables

The common cause principle for two random variables $A$ and $B$ is examined in the case of causal insufficiency, when their common cause $C$ is known to exist, but only the joint probability of $A$ and $B$ is observed. As a result, $C$ cannot be uniquely identified (the latent confounder problem). We show that the generalized maximum likelihood method can be applied to this situation and allows identification of $C$ that is consistent with the common cause principle. It closely relates to the maximum entropy principle. Investigation of the two binary symmetric variables reveals a non-analytic behavior of conditional probabilities reminiscent of a second-order phase transition. This occurs during the transition from correlation to anti-correlation in the observed probability distribution. The relation between the generalized likelihood approach and alternative methods, such as predictive likelihood and the minimum common cause entropy, is discussed. The consideration of the common cause for three observed variables (and one hidden cause) uncovers causal structures that defy representation through directed acyclic graphs with the Markov condition., Comment: added some clarifications, removed typos

We develop a general perturbative theory of finite-coupling quantum thermometry up to second order in probe-sample interaction. By assumption, the probe and sample are in thermal equilibrium, so the probe is described by the mean-force Gibbs state. We prove that the ultimate thermometric precision can be achieved - to second order in the coupling - solely by means of local energy measurements on the probe. Hence, seeking to extract temperature information from coherences or devising adaptive schemes confers no practical advantage in this regime. Additionally, we provide a closed-form expression for the quantum Fisher information, which captures the probe's sensitivity to temperature variations. Finally, we benchmark and illustrate the ease of use of our formulas with two simple examples. Our formalism makes no assumptions about separation of dynamical timescales or the nature of either the probe or the sample. Therefore, by providing analytical insight into both the thermal sensitivity and the optimal measurement for achieving it, our results pave the way for quantum thermometry in setups where finite-coupling effects cannot be ignored., Comment: 15 + 7 pages, 2 figures, accepted in Quantum

When two initially thermal many-body systems start interacting strongly, their transient states quickly become non-Gibbsian, even if the systems eventually equilibrate. To see beyond this apparent lack of structure during the transient regime, we use a refined notion of thermality, which we call g-local. A system is g-locally thermal if the states of all its small subsystems are marginals of global thermal states. We numerically demonstrate for two harmonic lattices that whenever the total system equilibrates in the long run, each lattice remains g-locally thermal at all times, including the transient regime. This is true even when the lattices have long-range interactions within them. In all cases, we find that the equilibrium is described by the generalized Gibbs ensemble, with three-dimensional lattices requiring special treatment due to their extended set of conserved charges. We compare our findings with the well-known two-temperature model. While its standard form is not valid beyond weak coupling, we show that at strong coupling it can be partially salvaged by adopting the concept of a g-local temperature., Comment: 10+13 pages, 10+6 figures; close to published version

Typically, topological superconductivity is reachable via proximity effect by a direct deposition of superconductor (S) on top of a topological insulator (TI) surface. Here we observed and analyzed the double critical current in the Josephson junctions based on the topological insulator in the fabricated planar Superconducting Quantum Interference Device. By measuring critical currents as a function of temperature and magnetic field, we show that the second critical current stems from the intrinsic superconductivity of the S/TI interface, which is supported by the modified Resistively Shunted Junction model and Transmission Electron Microscopy studies. This complex structure of the interface should be taken into account when technological process involves Ar-plasma cleaning.

In this work, a computer optimization model has been developed that allows one to load the initial observation data of supernovae 1a into a table and, simply, by searching for the best fit between observations and theory, obtain the values of the parameters of cosmological models. Naturally, the initial data are redshifts z and apparent magnitudes m at the maximum brightness of supernovae. For better fit between theory and observation, Pearson's Chi2 (Chi-squared) goodness-of-fit test was used. The results are obtained for the LCDM model and, for comparison, the model with a zero cosmological constant. In order to improve the fit between observed data and theory, the optimization is carried out assuming that the absolute magnitude of supernovae is not constant, but evolves with time. It is assumed that the dependence of the absolute magnitude on the redshift is linear: M=M(z=0)+ez, where e is the evolution coefficient of the absolute magnitude of type 1a supernovae., Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures, 12 tables