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1. In COVID-19 Health Messaging, Loss Framing Increases Anxiety with Little-to-No Concomitant Benefits: Experimental Evidence from 84 Countries

Author

Dorison, Charles A., Lerner, Jennifer S., Heller, Blake H., Rothman, Alexander J., Kawachi, Ichiro I., Wang, Ke, Rees, Vaughan W., Gill, Brian P., Gibbs, Nancy, Ebersole, Charles R., Vally, Zahir, Tajchman, Zuzanna, Zsido, Andras N., Zrimsek, Mija, Chen, Zhang, Ziano, Ignazio, Gialitaki, Zoi, Ceary, Chris D., Lin, Yijun, Kunisato, Yoshihiko, Yamada, Yuki, Xiao, Qinyu, Jiang, Xiaoming, Du, Xinkai, Yao, Elvin, Wilson, John Paul, Cyrus-Lai, Wilson, Jimenez-Leal, William, Law, Wilbert, Collins, W. Matthew, Richard, Karley L., Vranka, Marek, Ankushev, Vladislav, Schei, Vidar, Križanić, Valerija, Kadreva, Veselina Hristova, Adoric, Vera Cubela, Tran, Ulrich S., Yeung, Siu Kit, Hassan, Widad, Houston, Ralph, Lima, Tiago J. S., Ostermann, Thomas, Frizzo, Thomas, Sverdrup, Therese E., House, Thea, Gill, Tripat, Fedotov, Maksim, Paltrow, Tamar, Jernsäther, Teodor, Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, Hostler, Thomas J., Ishii, Tatsunori, Szaszi, Barnabas, Adamus, Sylwia, Suter, Lilian, Habib, Sumaiya, Studzinska, Anna, Stojanovska, Dragana, Janssen, Steve M. J., Stieger, Stefan, Schulenberg, Stefan E., Tatachari, Srinivasan, Azouaghe, Soufian, Sorokowski, Piotr, Sorokowska, Agnieszka, Song, Xin, Lewis, Savannah C., Sinkolova, Sladjana, Grigoryev, Dmitry, Drexler, Shira Meir, Daches, Shimrit, Geniole, Shawn N., Vračar, Selena, Massoni, Sébastien, Zorjan, Saša, Sarıoğuz, Eylül, Izquierdo, Sara Morales, Alves, Sara G., Pöntinen, Sara, Solas, Sara Álvarez, Ordoñez-Riaño, Santiago, Očovaj, Sanja Batić, Onie, Sandersan, Lins, Samuel, Çoksan, Sami, Sacakli, Asli, Ruiz-Fernández, Susana, Geiger, Sandra J., FatahModares, Saeideh, Walczak, Radoslaw B., Betlehem, Ruben, Vilar, Roosevelt, Cárcamo, Rodrigo, Ross, Robert M., McCarthy, Randy, Ballantyne, Tonia, Westgate, Erin C., Afhami, Reza, Ren, Dongning, Monteiro, Renan P., Reips, Ulf-Dietrich, Reggev, Niv, Calin-Jageman, Robert J., Pourafshari, Razieh, Oliveira, Raquel, Nedelcheva-Datsova, Mina, Rahal, Rima-Maria, Ribeiro, Rafael R., Radtke, Theda, Searston, Rachel, Habte, Redeate, Zdybek, Przemysław, Chen, Sau-Chin, Maturan, Princess Lovella G., Perillo, Jennifer T., Isager, Peder Mortvedt, Kačmár, Pavol, Macapagal, Paulo Manuel, Szwed, Paulina, Hanel, Paul H. P., Forbes, Paul A. G., Arriaga, Patrícia, Paris, Bastien, Papachristopoulos, Konstantinos, Correa, Pablo Sebastián, Kácha, Ondřej, Bernardo, Márcia, Campos, Olatz, Bravo, Olalla Niño, Galindo-Caballero, Oscar J., Ogbonnaya, Chisom Esther, Bialobrzeska, Olga, Kiselnikova, Natalia, Simonovic, Nicolle, Cohen, Noga, Nock, Nora L., Johannes, Niklas, Albayrak-Aydemir, Nihan, Say, Nicolas, Torunsky, Nathan, Van Doren, Natalia, Sunami, Naoyuki, Rachev, Nikolay R., Majeed, Nadyanna M., Schmidt, Nadya-Daniela, Nadif, Khaoula, Corral-Frías, Nadia S., Ouherrou, Nihal, Pantazi, Myrto, Lucas, Marc Y., Vasilev, Martin R., Ortiz, María Victoria, Butt, Muhammad Mussaffa, Kabir, Muhib, Muda, Rafał, Tejada Rivera, Maria del Carmen MC, Sirota, Miroslav, Seehuus, Martin, Parzuchowski, Michal, Toro, Mónica, Hricova, Monika, Maldonado, Mónica Alarcón, Marszalek, Magdalena, Karekla, Maria, Mioni, Giovanna, Bosma, Minke Jasmijn, Westerlund, Minja, Vdovic, Milica, Bialek, Michal, Silan, Miguel A., Anne, Michele, Misiak, Michal, Grinberg, Maurice, Capizzi, Mariagrazia, Espinoza Barría, Mauricio F., Kurfali, Merve A., Mensink, Michael C., Harutyunyan, Mikayel, Khosla, Meetu, Korbmacher, Max, Adamkovič, Matúš, Ribeiro, Matheus Fernando Felix, Terskova, Maria, Hruška, Matej, Martončik, Marcel, Voracek, Martin, Čadek, Martin, Frías-Armenta, Martha, Kowal, Marta, Topor, Marta, Roczniewska, Marta, Oosterlinck, Marlies, Kohlová, Markéta Braun, Paruzel-Czachura, Mariola, Romanova, Marina, Papadatou-Pastou, Marietta, Lund, Maria Louise, Antoniadi, Maria, Jones, Marc V., Ortiz, Manuel S., Manavalan, Mathi, Muminov, Abdumalik, Kossowska, Małgorzata, Friedemann, Maja, Wielgus, Magdalena, Varella, Marco A. C., Colloff, Melissa F., Bradford, Maria, Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Eudave, Luis, Vieira, Luc, Pineda, Lina Maria Sanabria, Pérez, Laura Calderón, Lazarevic, Ljiljana B., Jaremka, Lisa M., Kushnir, Elizaveta, Anton-Boicuk, Lisa, de Holanda Coelho, Gabriel Lins, Ahlgren, Lina, Levitan, Carmel A., Micheli, Leticia, Volz, Leonhard, Stojanovska, Marija, Boucher, Leanne, Samojlenko, Lara, Delgado, Lady Grey Javela, Kaliska, Lada, Warmelink, Lara, Rojas-Berscia, Luis Miguel, Yu, Karen, Wachowicz, Jakub, Desai, Kermeka, Barzykowski, Krystian, Kozma, Luca, Evans, Kortnee, Kirgizova, Komila, Agesin, Bamikole Emmanuel, Koehn, Monica A, Wolfe, Kelly, Korobova, Tatiana, Klevjer, Kristoffer, van Schie, Kevin, Vezirian, Kevin, Damnjanović, Kaja, Thommesen, Katrine Krabbe, Schmidt, Kathleen, Filip, Katarzyna, Grzech, Karolina, Hoyer, Karlijn, Moon, Karis, Rana, Kafeel, Janjić, Kristina, Suchow, Jordan W., Kielińska, Julita, Cruz Vásquez, Julio E, Beitner, Julia, Vargas-Nieto, Juan Camilo, Roxas, Jose Carlos T., Taber, Jennifer, Urriago-Rayo, Joan, Pavlacic, Jeffrey M., Bavolar, Jozef, Soto, José A., Olofsson, Jonas K., Vilsmeier, Johannes K., Messerschmidt, Johanna, Czamanski-Cohen, Johanna, Boudesseul, Jordane, Lee, Jeong Min, Kamburidis, Julia, Zickfeld, Janis, Miranda, Jacob F., Verharen, Jeroen P. H., Hristova, Evgeniya, Beshears, Julie E., Đorđević, Jasna Milošević, Bosch, Jasmijn, Valentova, Jaroslava Varella, Antfolk, Jan, Berkessel, Jana B., Schrötter, Jana, Urban, Jan, Röer, Jan Philipp, Norton, James O, Silva, Jaime R., Pickering, Jade S., Vintr, Jáchym, Uttley, Jim, Kunst, Jonas R., Ndukaihe, Izuchukwu L. G., Iyer, Aishwarya, Vilares, Iris, Ivanov, Aleksandr, Ropovik, Ivan, Sula, Isabela, Sarieva, Irena, Metin-Orta, Irem, Prusova, Irina, Pinto, Isabel, Bozdoc, Andreea Ioana, Almeida, Inês A. T., Pit, Ilse L., Dalgar, Ilker, Zakharov, Ilya, Arinze, Azuka Ikechukwu, Ihaya, Keiko, Stephen, Ian D., Gjoneska, Biljana, Brohmer, Hilmar, Flowe, Heather, Godbersen, Hendrik, Kocalar, Halil Emre, Hedgebeth, Mattie V., Chuan-Peng, Hu, Sharifian, MohammadHasan, Manley, Harry, Akkas, Handan, Hajdu, Nandor, Azab, Habiba, Kaminski, Gwenael, Nilsonne, Gustav, Anjum, Gulnaz, Travaglino, Giovanni A., Feldman, Gilad, Pfuhl, Gerit, Czarnek, Gabriela, Marcu, Gabriela Mariana, Hofer, Gabriela, Banik, Gabriel, Adetula, Gabriel Agboola, Bijlstra, Gijsbert, Verbruggen, Frederick, Kung, Franki Y. H., Foroni, Francesco, Singer, Gage, Muchembled, Fany, Azevedo, Flavio, Mosannenzadeh, Farnaz, Marinov, Evelina, Štrukelj, Eva, Etebari, Zahra, Baskin, Ernest, Garcia, Elkin Oswaldo Luis, Musser, Erica, van Steenkiste, I.M.M., Ahn, El Rim, Pronizius, Ekaterina, Jackson, Emily A, Manunta, Efisio, Agadullina, Elena, Šakan, Dušana, Dursun, Pinar, Dujols, Olivier, Dubrov, Dmitrii, Willis, Megan, Tümer, Murat, Beaudry, Jennifer L., Popović, Dora, Dunleavy, Daniel, Djamai, Ikhlas, Krupić, Dino, Vega, Diego, Du, Hongfei, Mola, Débora, Davis, William E., Holford, Dawn Liu, Lewis, David M. G., Vaidis, David C., Ozery, Daphna Hausman, Ricaurte, Danilo Zambrano, Storage, Daniel, Sousa, Daniela, Alvarez, Daniela Serrato, Rosa, Anna Dalla, Krupić, Dajana, Marko, Dafne, Moreau, David, Reeck, Crystal, Correia, Rita C., Whitt, Cassie M., Lamm, Claus, Solorzano, Claudio Singh, von Bastian, Claudia C., Sutherland, Clare AM, Overkott, Clara, Aberson, Christopher L., Wang, Chunhui, Karashiali, Christiana, Noone, Chris, Chiu, Faith, Picciocchi, Chiara, Karaarslan, Cemre, Cellini, Nicola, Esteban-Serna, Celia, Reyna, Cecilia, Batres, Carlota, Li, Ranran, Grano, Caterina, Carpentier, Joelle, Tamnes, Christian K., Fu, Cynthia H.Y., Ishkhanyan, Byurakn, Bylinina, Lisa, Jaeger, Bastian, Bundt, Carsten, Allred, Tara Bulut, Bokkour, Ahmed, Bogatyreva, Natalia, Chopik, William J., Antazo, Benedict, Behzadnia, Behzad, Becker, Maja, Cocco, Beatrice, Chou, Wei-Lun, Hubena, Barbora, Žuro, Barbara, Aczel, Balazs, Baklanova, Ekaterina, Bai, Hui, Balci, Busra Bahar, Babinčák, Peter, Dixson, Barnaby James Wyld, Mokady, Aviv, Kappes, Heather Barry, Atari, Mohammad, Szala, Anna, Szabelska, Anna, Aruta, John Jamir Benzon, Domurat, Artur, Arinze, Nwadiogo Chisom, Modena, Arianna, Adiguzel, Arca, Monajem, Arash, ARABI, Kanza AIT EL, Özdoğru, Asil Ali, Olaya Torres, Adriana Julieth, Theodoropoulou, Andriana, Jurković, Anita Penić, Kassianos, Angelos P., Findor, Andrej, Hartanto, Andree, Thibault Landry, Anais, Ferreira, Ana, Santos, Anabela Caetano, De la Rosa-Gomez, Anabel, Gourdon-Kanhukamwe, Amélie, Todsen, Anna Louise, Karababa, Alper, Janak, Allison, Bran, Alexandre, Tullett, Alexa M., Kuzminska, Anna O., Krafnick, Anthony J, Urooj, Anum, Khaoudi, Ahmed, Ahmed, Afroja, Groyecka-Bernard, Agata, Askelund, Adrian Dahl, Adetula, Adeyemi, Belaus, Anabel, Charyate, Abdelilah Ca, Wichman, Aaron L., Stoyanova, Alina, Greenburgh, Anna, Thomas, Andrew G., Arvanitis, Alexios, Forscher, Patrick S., Mallik, Peter R, Primbs, Maximilian A., Miller, Jeremy K., Moshontz, Hannah, Urry, Heather L., IJzerman, Hans, Basnight-Brown, Dana M., Chartier, Christopher R., Buchanan, Erin M., and Coles, Nicholas A.

Published
2022
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4. In COVID-19 Health Messaging, Loss Framing Increases Anxiety with Little-to-No Concomitant Benefits: Experimental Evidence from 84 Countries

Author

Dorison, Charles A, Lerner, Jennifer S, Heller, Blake H, Rothman, Alexander J, Kawachi, Ichiro I, Wang, Ke, Rees, Vaughan W, Gill, Brian P, Gibbs, Nancy, Ebersole, Charles R, Vally, Zahir, Tajchman, Zuzanna, Zsido, Andras N, Zrimsek, Mija, Chen, Zhang, Ziano, Ignazio, Gialitaki, Zoi, Ceary, Chris D, Lin, Yijun, Kunisato, Yoshihiko, Yamada, Yuki, Xiao, Qinyu, Jiang, Xiaoming, Du, Xinkai, Yao, Elvin, Wilson, John Paul, Cyrus-Lai, Wilson, Jimenez-Leal, William, Law, Wilbert, Collins, W Matthew, Richard, Karley L, Vranka, Marek, Ankushev, Vladislav, Schei, Vidar, Križanić, Valerija, Kadreva, Veselina Hristova, Adoric, Vera Cubela, Tran, Ulrich S, Yeung, Siu Kit, Hassan, Widad, Houston, Ralph, Lima, Tiago JS, Ostermann, Thomas, Frizzo, Thomas, Sverdrup, Therese E, House, Thea, Gill, Tripat, Fedotov, Maksim, Paltrow, Tamar, Jernsäther, Teodor, Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, Hostler, Thomas J, Ishii, Tatsunori, Szaszi, Barnabas, Adamus, Sylwia, Suter, Lilian, Habib, Sumaiya, Studzinska, Anna, Stojanovska, Dragana, Janssen, Steve MJ, Stieger, Stefan, Schulenberg, Stefan E, Tatachari, Srinivasan, Azouaghe, Soufian, Sorokowski, Piotr, Sorokowska, Agnieszka, Song, Xin, Lewis, Savannah C, Sinkolova, Sladjana, Grigoryev, Dmitry, Drexler, Shira Meir, Daches, Shimrit, Geniole, Shawn N, Vračar, Selena, Massoni, Sébastien, Zorjan, Saša, Sarıoğuz, Eylül, Izquierdo, Sara Morales, Alves, Sara G, Pöntinen, Sara, Solas, Sara Álvarez, Ordoñez-Riaño, Santiago, Očovaj, Sanja Batić, Onie, Sandersan, Lins, Samuel, Çoksan, Sami, Sacakli, Asli, Ruiz-Fernández, Susana, Geiger, Sandra J, FatahModares, Saeideh, Walczak, Radoslaw B, Betlehem, Ruben, Vilar, Roosevelt, Cárcamo, Rodrigo, Ross, Robert M, McCarthy, Randy, Ballantyne, Tonia, Westgate, Erin C, Afhami, Reza, Ren, Dongning, Monteiro, Renan P, Reips, Ulf-Dietrich, Reggev, Niv, Calin-Jageman, Robert J, Pourafshari, Razieh, Oliveira, Raquel, Nedelcheva-Datsova, Mina, Rahal, Rima-Maria, Ribeiro, Rafael R, Radtke, Theda, Searston, Rachel, Habte, Redeate, Zdybek, Przemysław, Chen, Sau-Chin, Maturan, Princess Lovella G, Perillo, Jennifer T, Isager, Peder Mortvedt, Kačmár, Pavol, Macapagal, Paulo Manuel, Szwed, Paulina, Hanel, Paul HP, Forbes, Paul AG, Arriaga, Patrícia, Paris, Bastien, Papachristopoulos, Konstantinos, Correa, Pablo Sebastián, Kácha, Ondřej, Bernardo, Márcia, Campos, Olatz, Bravo, Olalla Niño, Galindo-Caballero, Oscar J, Ogbonnaya, Chisom Esther, Bialobrzeska, Olga, Kiselnikova, Natalia, Simonovic, Nicolle, Cohen, Noga, Nock, Nora L, Johannes, Niklas, Albayrak-Aydemir, Nihan, Say, Nicolas, Torunsky, Nathan, Van Doren, Natalia, Sunami, Naoyuki, Rachev, Nikolay R, Majeed, Nadyanna M, Schmidt, Nadya-Daniela, Nadif, Khaoula, Corral-Frías, Nadia S, Ouherrou, Nihal, Pantazi, Myrto, Lucas, Marc Y, Vasilev, Martin R, Ortiz, María Victoria, Butt, Muhammad Mussaffa, Kabir, Muhib, Muda, Rafał, Tejada Rivera, Maria Del Carmen Mc, Sirota, Miroslav, Seehuus, Martin, Parzuchowski, Michal, Toro, Mónica, Hricova, Monika, Maldonado, Mónica Alarcón, Marszalek, Magdalena, Karekla, Maria, Mioni, Giovanna, Bosma, Minke Jasmijn, Westerlund, Minja, Vdovic, Milica, Bialek, Michal, Silan, Miguel A, Anne, Michele, Misiak, Michal, Grinberg, Maurice, Capizzi, Mariagrazia, Espinoza Barría, Mauricio F, Kurfali, Merve A, Mensink, Michael C, Harutyunyan, Mikayel, Khosla, Meetu, Korbmacher, Max, Adamkovič, Matúš, Ribeiro, Matheus Fernando Felix, Terskova, Maria, Hruška, Matej, Martončik, Marcel, Voracek, Martin, Čadek, Martin, Frías-Armenta, Martha, Kowal, Marta, Topor, Marta, Roczniewska, Marta, Oosterlinck, Marlies, Kohlová, Markéta Braun, Paruzel-Czachura, Mariola, Romanova, Marina, Papadatou-Pastou, Marietta, Lund, Maria Louise, Antoniadi, Maria, Jones, Marc, Ortiz, Manuel S, Manavalan, Mathi, Muminov, Abdumalik, Kossowska, Małgorzata, Friedemann, Maja, Wielgus, Magdalena, Varella, Marco AC, Colloff, Melissa F, Bradford, Maria, Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Eudave, Luis, Vieira, Luc, Pineda, Lina Maria Sanabria, Pérez, Laura Calderón, Lazarevic, Ljiljana B, Jaremka, Lisa M, Kushnir, Elizaveta, Anton-Boicuk, Lisa, de Holanda Coelho, Gabriel Lins, Ahlgren, Lina, Levitan, Carmel A, Micheli, Leticia, Volz, Leonhard, Stojanovska, Marija, Boucher, Leanne, Samojlenko, Lara, Delgado, Lady Grey Javela, Kaliska, Lada, Warmelink, Lara, Rojas-Berscia, Luis Miguel, Yu, Karen, Wachowicz, Jakub, Desai, Kermeka, Barzykowski, Krystian, Kozma, Luca, Evans, Kortnee, Kirgizova, Komila, Agesin, Bamikole Emmanuel, Koehn, Monica A, Wolfe, Kelly, Korobova, Tatiana, Klevjer, Kristoffer, van Schie, Kevin, Vezirian, Kevin, Damnjanović, Kaja, Thommesen, Katrine Krabbe, Schmidt, Kathleen, Filip, Katarzyna, Grzech, Karolina, Hoyer, Karlijn, Moon, Karis, Rana, Kafeel, Janjić, Kristina, Suchow, Jordan W, Kielińska, Julita, Cruz Vásquez, Julio E, Beitner, Julia, Vargas-Nieto, Juan Camilo, Roxas, Jose Carlos T, Taber, Jennifer, Urriago-Rayo, Joan, Pavlacic, Jeffrey M, Bavolar, Jozef, Soto, José A, Olofsson, Jonas K, Vilsmeier, Johannes K, Messerschmidt, Johanna, Czamanski-Cohen, Johanna, Boudesseul, Jordane, Lee, Jeong Min, Kamburidis, Julia, Zickfeld, Janis, Miranda, Jacob F, Verharen, Jeroen PH, Hristova, Evgeniya, Beshears, Julie E, Đorđević, Jasna Milošević, Bosch, Jasmijn, Valentova, Jaroslava Varella, Antfolk, Jan, Berkessel, Jana B, Schrötter, Jana, Urban, Jan, Röer, Jan Philipp, Norton, James O, Silva, Jaime R, Pickering, Jade S, Vintr, Jáchym, Uttley, Jim, Kunst, Jonas R, Ndukaihe, Izuchukwu LG, Iyer, Aishwarya, Vilares, Iris, Ivanov, Aleksandr, Ropovik, Ivan, Sula, Isabela, Sarieva, Irena, Metin-Orta, Irem, Prusova, Irina, Pinto, Isabel, Bozdoc, Andreea Ioana, Almeida, Inês AT, Pit, Ilse L, Dalgar, Ilker, Zakharov, Ilya, Arinze, Azuka Ikechukwu, Ihaya, Keiko, Stephen, Ian D, Gjoneska, Biljana, Brohmer, Hilmar, Flowe, Heather, Godbersen, Hendrik, Kocalar, Halil Emre, Hedgebeth, Mattie V, Chuan-Peng, Hu, Sharifian, MohammadHasan, Manley, Harry, Akkas, Handan, Hajdu, Nandor, Azab, Habiba, Kaminski, Gwenael, Nilsonne, Gustav, Anjum, Gulnaz, Travaglino, Giovanni A, Feldman, Gilad, Pfuhl, Gerit, Czarnek, Gabriela, Marcu, Gabriela Mariana, Hofer, Gabriela, Banik, Gabriel, Adetula, Gabriel Agboola, Bijlstra, Gijsbert, Verbruggen, Frederick, Kung, Franki YH, Foroni, Francesco, Singer, Gage, Muchembled, Fany, Azevedo, Flavio, Mosannenzadeh, Farnaz, Marinov, Evelina, Štrukelj, Eva, Etebari, Zahra, Baskin, Ernest, Garcia, Elkin Oswaldo Luis, Musser, Erica, van Steenkiste, IMM, Ahn, El Rim, Pronizius, Ekaterina, Jackson, Emily A, Manunta, Efisio, Agadullina, Elena, Šakan, Dušana, Dursun, Pinar, Dujols, Olivier, Dubrov, Dmitrii, Willis, Megan, Tümer, Murat, Beaudry, Jennifer L, Popović, Dora, Dunleavy, Daniel, Djamai, Ikhlas, Krupić, Dino, Vega, Diego, Du, Hongfei, Mola, Débora, Davis, William E, Holford, Dawn Liu, Lewis, David MG, Vaidis, David C, Ozery, Daphna Hausman, Ricaurte, Danilo Zambrano, Storage, Daniel, Sousa, Daniela, Alvarez, Daniela Serrato, Rosa, Anna Dalla, Krupić, Dajana, Marko, Dafne, Moreau, David, Reeck, Crystal, Correia, Rita C, Whitt, Cassie M, Lamm, Claus, Solorzano, Claudio Singh, von Bastian, Claudia C, Sutherland, Clare Am, Overkott, Clara, Aberson, Christopher L, Wang, Chunhui, Karashiali, Christiana, Noone, Chris, Chiu, Faith, Picciocchi, Chiara, Karaarslan, Cemre, Cellini, Nicola, Esteban-Serna, Celia, Reyna, Cecilia, Batres, Carlota, Li, Ranran, Grano, Caterina, Carpentier, Joelle, Tamnes, Christian K, Fu, Cynthia HY, Ishkhanyan, Byurakn, Bylinina, Lisa, Jaeger, Bastian, Bundt, Carsten, Allred, Tara Bulut, Bokkour, Ahmed, Bogatyreva, Natalia, Chopik, William J, Antazo, Benedict, Behzadnia, Behzad, Becker, Maja, Cocco, Beatrice, Chou, Wei-Lun, Hubena, Barbora, Žuro, Barbara, Aczel, Balazs, Baklanova, Ekaterina, Bai, Hui, Balci, Busra Bahar, Babinčák, Peter, Dixson, Barnaby James Wyld, Mokady, Aviv, Kappes, Heather Barry, Atari, Mohammad, Szala, Anna, Szabelska, Anna, Aruta, John Jamir Benzon, Domurat, Artur, Arinze, Nwadiogo Chisom, Modena, Arianna, Adiguzel, Arca, Monajem, Arash, Arabi, Kanza Ait El, Özdoğru, Asil Ali, Olaya Torres, Adriana Julieth, Theodoropoulou, Andriana, Jurković, Anita Penić, Kassianos, Angelos P, Findor, Andrej, Hartanto, Andree, Thibault Landry, Anais, Ferreira, Ana, Santos, Anabela Caetano, De la Rosa-Gomez, Anabel, Gourdon-Kanhukamwe, Amélie, Todsen, Anna Louise, Karababa, Alper, Janak, Allison, Bran, Alexandre, Tullett, Alexa M, Kuzminska, Anna O, Krafnick, Anthony J, Urooj, Anum, Khaoudi, Ahmed, Ahmed, Afroja, Groyecka-Bernard, Agata, Askelund, Adrian Dahl, Adetula, Adeyemi, Belaus, Anabel, Charyate, Abdelilah Ca, Wichman, Aaron L, Stoyanova, Alina, Greenburgh, Anna, Thomas, Andrew G, Arvanitis, Alexios, Forscher, Patrick S, Mallik, Peter R, Primbs, Maximilian A, Miller, Jeremy K, Moshontz, Hannah, Urry, Heather L, IJzerman, Hans, Basnight-Brown, Dana M, Chartier, Christopher R, Buchanan, Erin M, Coles, Nicholas A, Dorison, Charles A, Lerner, Jennifer S, Heller, Blake H, Rothman, Alexander J, Kawachi, Ichiro I, Wang, Ke, Rees, Vaughan W, Gill, Brian P, Gibbs, Nancy, Ebersole, Charles R, Vally, Zahir, Tajchman, Zuzanna, Zsido, Andras N, Zrimsek, Mija, Chen, Zhang, Ziano, Ignazio, Gialitaki, Zoi, Ceary, Chris D, Lin, Yijun, Kunisato, Yoshihiko, Yamada, Yuki, Xiao, Qinyu, Jiang, Xiaoming, Du, Xinkai, Yao, Elvin, Wilson, John Paul, Cyrus-Lai, Wilson, Jimenez-Leal, William, Law, Wilbert, Collins, W Matthew, Richard, Karley L, Vranka, Marek, Ankushev, Vladislav, Schei, Vidar, Križanić, Valerija, Kadreva, Veselina Hristova, Adoric, Vera Cubela, Tran, Ulrich S, Yeung, Siu Kit, Hassan, Widad, Houston, Ralph, Lima, Tiago JS, Ostermann, Thomas, Frizzo, Thomas, Sverdrup, Therese E, House, Thea, Gill, Tripat, Fedotov, Maksim, Paltrow, Tamar, Jernsäther, Teodor, Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, Hostler, Thomas J, Ishii, Tatsunori, Szaszi, Barnabas, Adamus, Sylwia, Suter, Lilian, Habib, Sumaiya, Studzinska, Anna, Stojanovska, Dragana, Janssen, Steve MJ, Stieger, Stefan, Schulenberg, Stefan E, Tatachari, Srinivasan, Azouaghe, Soufian, Sorokowski, Piotr, Sorokowska, Agnieszka, Song, Xin, Lewis, Savannah C, Sinkolova, Sladjana, Grigoryev, Dmitry, Drexler, Shira Meir, Daches, Shimrit, Geniole, Shawn N, Vračar, Selena, Massoni, Sébastien, Zorjan, Saša, Sarıoğuz, Eylül, Izquierdo, Sara Morales, Alves, Sara G, Pöntinen, Sara, Solas, Sara Álvarez, Ordoñez-Riaño, Santiago, Očovaj, Sanja Batić, Onie, Sandersan, Lins, Samuel, Çoksan, Sami, Sacakli, Asli, Ruiz-Fernández, Susana, Geiger, Sandra J, FatahModares, Saeideh, Walczak, Radoslaw B, Betlehem, Ruben, Vilar, Roosevelt, Cárcamo, Rodrigo, Ross, Robert M, McCarthy, Randy, Ballantyne, Tonia, Westgate, Erin C, Afhami, Reza, Ren, Dongning, Monteiro, Renan P, Reips, Ulf-Dietrich, Reggev, Niv, Calin-Jageman, Robert J, Pourafshari, Razieh, Oliveira, Raquel, Nedelcheva-Datsova, Mina, Rahal, Rima-Maria, Ribeiro, Rafael R, Radtke, Theda, Searston, Rachel, Habte, Redeate, Zdybek, Przemysław, Chen, Sau-Chin, Maturan, Princess Lovella G, Perillo, Jennifer T, Isager, Peder Mortvedt, Kačmár, Pavol, Macapagal, Paulo Manuel, Szwed, Paulina, Hanel, Paul HP, Forbes, Paul AG, Arriaga, Patrícia, Paris, Bastien, Papachristopoulos, Konstantinos, Correa, Pablo Sebastián, Kácha, Ondřej, Bernardo, Márcia, Campos, Olatz, Bravo, Olalla Niño, Galindo-Caballero, Oscar J, Ogbonnaya, Chisom Esther, Bialobrzeska, Olga, Kiselnikova, Natalia, Simonovic, Nicolle, Cohen, Noga, Nock, Nora L, Johannes, Niklas, Albayrak-Aydemir, Nihan, Say, Nicolas, Torunsky, Nathan, Van Doren, Natalia, Sunami, Naoyuki, Rachev, Nikolay R, Majeed, Nadyanna M, Schmidt, Nadya-Daniela, Nadif, Khaoula, Corral-Frías, Nadia S, Ouherrou, Nihal, Pantazi, Myrto, Lucas, Marc Y, Vasilev, Martin R, Ortiz, María Victoria, Butt, Muhammad Mussaffa, Kabir, Muhib, Muda, Rafał, Tejada Rivera, Maria Del Carmen Mc, Sirota, Miroslav, Seehuus, Martin, Parzuchowski, Michal, Toro, Mónica, Hricova, Monika, Maldonado, Mónica Alarcón, Marszalek, Magdalena, Karekla, Maria, Mioni, Giovanna, Bosma, Minke Jasmijn, Westerlund, Minja, Vdovic, Milica, Bialek, Michal, Silan, Miguel A, Anne, Michele, Misiak, Michal, Grinberg, Maurice, Capizzi, Mariagrazia, Espinoza Barría, Mauricio F, Kurfali, Merve A, Mensink, Michael C, Harutyunyan, Mikayel, Khosla, Meetu, Korbmacher, Max, Adamkovič, Matúš, Ribeiro, Matheus Fernando Felix, Terskova, Maria, Hruška, Matej, Martončik, Marcel, Voracek, Martin, Čadek, Martin, Frías-Armenta, Martha, Kowal, Marta, Topor, Marta, Roczniewska, Marta, Oosterlinck, Marlies, Kohlová, Markéta Braun, Paruzel-Czachura, Mariola, Romanova, Marina, Papadatou-Pastou, Marietta, Lund, Maria Louise, Antoniadi, Maria, Jones, Marc, Ortiz, Manuel S, Manavalan, Mathi, Muminov, Abdumalik, Kossowska, Małgorzata, Friedemann, Maja, Wielgus, Magdalena, Varella, Marco AC, Colloff, Melissa F, Bradford, Maria, Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Eudave, Luis, Vieira, Luc, Pineda, Lina Maria Sanabria, Pérez, Laura Calderón, Lazarevic, Ljiljana B, Jaremka, Lisa M, Kushnir, Elizaveta, Anton-Boicuk, Lisa, de Holanda Coelho, Gabriel Lins, Ahlgren, Lina, Levitan, Carmel A, Micheli, Leticia, Volz, Leonhard, Stojanovska, Marija, Boucher, Leanne, Samojlenko, Lara, Delgado, Lady Grey Javela, Kaliska, Lada, Warmelink, Lara, Rojas-Berscia, Luis Miguel, Yu, Karen, Wachowicz, Jakub, Desai, Kermeka, Barzykowski, Krystian, Kozma, Luca, Evans, Kortnee, Kirgizova, Komila, Agesin, Bamikole Emmanuel, Koehn, Monica A, Wolfe, Kelly, Korobova, Tatiana, Klevjer, Kristoffer, van Schie, Kevin, Vezirian, Kevin, Damnjanović, Kaja, Thommesen, Katrine Krabbe, Schmidt, Kathleen, Filip, Katarzyna, Grzech, Karolina, Hoyer, Karlijn, Moon, Karis, Rana, Kafeel, Janjić, Kristina, Suchow, Jordan W, Kielińska, Julita, Cruz Vásquez, Julio E, Beitner, Julia, Vargas-Nieto, Juan Camilo, Roxas, Jose Carlos T, Taber, Jennifer, Urriago-Rayo, Joan, Pavlacic, Jeffrey M, Bavolar, Jozef, Soto, José A, Olofsson, Jonas K, Vilsmeier, Johannes K, Messerschmidt, Johanna, Czamanski-Cohen, Johanna, Boudesseul, Jordane, Lee, Jeong Min, Kamburidis, Julia, Zickfeld, Janis, Miranda, Jacob F, Verharen, Jeroen PH, Hristova, Evgeniya, Beshears, Julie E, Đorđević, Jasna Milošević, Bosch, Jasmijn, Valentova, Jaroslava Varella, Antfolk, Jan, Berkessel, Jana B, Schrötter, Jana, Urban, Jan, Röer, Jan Philipp, Norton, James O, Silva, Jaime R, Pickering, Jade S, Vintr, Jáchym, Uttley, Jim, Kunst, Jonas R, Ndukaihe, Izuchukwu LG, Iyer, Aishwarya, Vilares, Iris, Ivanov, Aleksandr, Ropovik, Ivan, Sula, Isabela, Sarieva, Irena, Metin-Orta, Irem, Prusova, Irina, Pinto, Isabel, Bozdoc, Andreea Ioana, Almeida, Inês AT, Pit, Ilse L, Dalgar, Ilker, Zakharov, Ilya, Arinze, Azuka Ikechukwu, Ihaya, Keiko, Stephen, Ian D, Gjoneska, Biljana, Brohmer, Hilmar, Flowe, Heather, Godbersen, Hendrik, Kocalar, Halil Emre, Hedgebeth, Mattie V, Chuan-Peng, Hu, Sharifian, MohammadHasan, Manley, Harry, Akkas, Handan, Hajdu, Nandor, Azab, Habiba, Kaminski, Gwenael, Nilsonne, Gustav, Anjum, Gulnaz, Travaglino, Giovanni A, Feldman, Gilad, Pfuhl, Gerit, Czarnek, Gabriela, Marcu, Gabriela Mariana, Hofer, Gabriela, Banik, Gabriel, Adetula, Gabriel Agboola, Bijlstra, Gijsbert, Verbruggen, Frederick, Kung, Franki YH, Foroni, Francesco, Singer, Gage, Muchembled, Fany, Azevedo, Flavio, Mosannenzadeh, Farnaz, Marinov, Evelina, Štrukelj, Eva, Etebari, Zahra, Baskin, Ernest, Garcia, Elkin Oswaldo Luis, Musser, Erica, van Steenkiste, IMM, Ahn, El Rim, Pronizius, Ekaterina, Jackson, Emily A, Manunta, Efisio, Agadullina, Elena, Šakan, Dušana, Dursun, Pinar, Dujols, Olivier, Dubrov, Dmitrii, Willis, Megan, Tümer, Murat, Beaudry, Jennifer L, Popović, Dora, Dunleavy, Daniel, Djamai, Ikhlas, Krupić, Dino, Vega, Diego, Du, Hongfei, Mola, Débora, Davis, William E, Holford, Dawn Liu, Lewis, David MG, Vaidis, David C, Ozery, Daphna Hausman, Ricaurte, Danilo Zambrano, Storage, Daniel, Sousa, Daniela, Alvarez, Daniela Serrato, Rosa, Anna Dalla, Krupić, Dajana, Marko, Dafne, Moreau, David, Reeck, Crystal, Correia, Rita C, Whitt, Cassie M, Lamm, Claus, Solorzano, Claudio Singh, von Bastian, Claudia C, Sutherland, Clare Am, Overkott, Clara, Aberson, Christopher L, Wang, Chunhui, Karashiali, Christiana, Noone, Chris, Chiu, Faith, Picciocchi, Chiara, Karaarslan, Cemre, Cellini, Nicola, Esteban-Serna, Celia, Reyna, Cecilia, Batres, Carlota, Li, Ranran, Grano, Caterina, Carpentier, Joelle, Tamnes, Christian K, Fu, Cynthia HY, Ishkhanyan, Byurakn, Bylinina, Lisa, Jaeger, Bastian, Bundt, Carsten, Allred, Tara Bulut, Bokkour, Ahmed, Bogatyreva, Natalia, Chopik, William J, Antazo, Benedict, Behzadnia, Behzad, Becker, Maja, Cocco, Beatrice, Chou, Wei-Lun, Hubena, Barbora, Žuro, Barbara, Aczel, Balazs, Baklanova, Ekaterina, Bai, Hui, Balci, Busra Bahar, Babinčák, Peter, Dixson, Barnaby James Wyld, Mokady, Aviv, Kappes, Heather Barry, Atari, Mohammad, Szala, Anna, Szabelska, Anna, Aruta, John Jamir Benzon, Domurat, Artur, Arinze, Nwadiogo Chisom, Modena, Arianna, Adiguzel, Arca, Monajem, Arash, Arabi, Kanza Ait El, Özdoğru, Asil Ali, Olaya Torres, Adriana Julieth, Theodoropoulou, Andriana, Jurković, Anita Penić, Kassianos, Angelos P, Findor, Andrej, Hartanto, Andree, Thibault Landry, Anais, Ferreira, Ana, Santos, Anabela Caetano, De la Rosa-Gomez, Anabel, Gourdon-Kanhukamwe, Amélie, Todsen, Anna Louise, Karababa, Alper, Janak, Allison, Bran, Alexandre, Tullett, Alexa M, Kuzminska, Anna O, Krafnick, Anthony J, Urooj, Anum, Khaoudi, Ahmed, Ahmed, Afroja, Groyecka-Bernard, Agata, Askelund, Adrian Dahl, Adetula, Adeyemi, Belaus, Anabel, Charyate, Abdelilah Ca, Wichman, Aaron L, Stoyanova, Alina, Greenburgh, Anna, Thomas, Andrew G, Arvanitis, Alexios, Forscher, Patrick S, Mallik, Peter R, Primbs, Maximilian A, Miller, Jeremy K, Moshontz, Hannah, Urry, Heather L, IJzerman, Hans, Basnight-Brown, Dana M, Chartier, Christopher R, Buchanan, Erin M, and Coles, Nicholas A

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in terms of potential losses (e.g., "If you do not practice these steps, you can endanger yourself and others") or potential gains (e.g., "If you practice these steps, you can protect yourself and others")? Collecting data in 48 languages from 15,929 participants in 84 countries, we experimentally tested the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings. Loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants cross-nationally with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks. These results were consistent across 84 countries, three variations of the message framing wording, and 560 data processing and analytic choices. Thus, results provide an empirical answer to a global communication question and highlight the emotional toll of loss-framed messages. Critically, this work demonstrates the importance of considering unintended affective consequences when evaluating nudge-style interventions.

Published
2022

5. A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Author

Legate, Nicole, Nguyen, Thuy Vy, Weinstein, Netta, Moller, Arlen, Legault, Lisa, Vally, Zahir, Tajchman, Zuzanna, Zsido, Andras N., Zrimsek, Miha, Chen, Zhang, Ziano, Ignazio, Gialitaki, Zoi, Basnight-Brown, Dana M., Ceary, Chris D., Jang, Yuna, IJzerman, Hans, Lin, Yijun, Kunisato, Yoshihiko, Yamada, Yuki, Xiao, Qinyu, Jiang, Xiaoming, Du, Xinkai, Yao, Elvin, Ryan, William S., Wilson, John Paul, Cyrus-Lai, Wilson, Jimenez-Leal, William, Law, Wilbert, Unanue, Wenceslao, Collins, W. Matthew, Richard, Karley L., Vranka, Marek, Ankushev, Vladislav, Schei, Vidar, Lerche, Veronika, Kovic, Vanja, Krizanic, Valerija, Kadreva, Veselina Hristova, Adoric, Vera Cubela, Tran, Ulrich S., Yeung, Siu Kit, Hassan, Widad, Houston, Ralph, Urry, Heather L., Machin, Michael A., Lima, Tiago J.S., Chen, Sau Chin, Roczniewska, Marta, Van Schie, Kevin, Ferreira, Ana, Legate, Nicole, Nguyen, Thuy Vy, Weinstein, Netta, Moller, Arlen, Legault, Lisa, Vally, Zahir, Tajchman, Zuzanna, Zsido, Andras N., Zrimsek, Miha, Chen, Zhang, Ziano, Ignazio, Gialitaki, Zoi, Basnight-Brown, Dana M., Ceary, Chris D., Jang, Yuna, IJzerman, Hans, Lin, Yijun, Kunisato, Yoshihiko, Yamada, Yuki, Xiao, Qinyu, Jiang, Xiaoming, Du, Xinkai, Yao, Elvin, Ryan, William S., Wilson, John Paul, Cyrus-Lai, Wilson, Jimenez-Leal, William, Law, Wilbert, Unanue, Wenceslao, Collins, W. Matthew, Richard, Karley L., Vranka, Marek, Ankushev, Vladislav, Schei, Vidar, Lerche, Veronika, Kovic, Vanja, Krizanic, Valerija, Kadreva, Veselina Hristova, Adoric, Vera Cubela, Tran, Ulrich S., Yeung, Siu Kit, Hassan, Widad, Houston, Ralph, Urry, Heather L., Machin, Michael A., Lima, Tiago J.S., Chen, Sau Chin, Roczniewska, Marta, Van Schie, Kevin, and Ferreira, Ana

Abstract

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This crosscountry, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one's core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people's existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges.

Published
2022

30. Publish or be damned.

Author

Houston, Ralph and Shashok, Karen

Subjects
*LETTERS to the editor, *MEDICAL ethics
Abstract

Presents a letter to the editor related to medical ethics, published in the April 10, 2004 issue of the periodical "New Scientist."

Published
2004

31. In COVID-19 health messaging, loss framing increases anxiety with little-to-no concomitant benefits: experimental evidence from 84 countries

Author

Dorison, Charles A., Lerner, Jennifer S., Heller, Blake H., Rothman, Alexander J., Kawachi, Ichiro I., Wang, Ke, Rees, Vaughan W., Gill, Brian P., Gibbs, Nancy, Ebersole, Charles R., Vally, Zahir, Tajchman, Zuzanna, Zsido, Andras N., Zrimsek, Mija, Chen, Zhang, Ziano, Ignazio, Gialitaki, Zoi, Ceary, Chris D., Lin, Yijun, Kunisato, Yoshihiko, Yamada, Yuki, Xiao, Qinyu, Jiang, Xiaoming, Du, Xinkai, Yao, Elvin, Wilson, John Paul, Cyrus-lai, Wilson, Jimenez-leal, William, Law, Wilbert, Collins, W. Matthew, Richard, Karley L., Vranka, Marek, Ankushev, Vladislav, Schei, Vidar, Križanić, Valerija, Kadreva, Veselina Hristova, Adoric, Vera Cubela, Tran, Ulrich S., Yeung, Siu Kit, Hassan, Widad, Houston, Ralph, Lima, Tiago J. S., Ostermann, Thomas, Frizzo, Thomas, Sverdrup, Therese E., House, Thea, Gill, Tripat, Fedotov, Maksim, Paltrow, Tamar, Jernsäther, Teodor, Koptjevskaja-tamm, Maria, Hostler, Thomas J., Ishii, Tatsunori, Szaszi, Barnabas, Adamus, Sylwia, Suter, Lilian, Habib, Sumaiya, Studzinska, Anna, Stojanovska, Dragana, Janssen, Steve M. J., Stieger, Stefan, Schulenberg, Stefan E., Tatachari, Srinivasan, Azouaghe, Soufian, Sorokowski, Piotr, Sorokowska, Agnieszka, Song, Xin, Lewis, Savannah C., Sinkolova, Sladjana, Grigoryev, Dmitry, Drexler, Shira Meir, Daches, Shimrit, Geniole, Shawn N., Vračar, Selena, Massoni, Sébastien, Zorjan, Saša, Sarıoğuz, Eylül, Izquierdo, Sara Morales, Alves, Sara G., Pöntinen, Sara, Solas, Sara Álvarez, Ordoñez-riaño, Santiago, Očovaj, Sanja Batić, Onie, Sandersan, Lins, Samuel, Çoksan, Sami, Sacakli, Asli, Ruiz-fernández, Susana, Geiger, Sandra J., Fatahmodares, Saeideh, Walczak, Radoslaw B., Betlehem, Ruben, Vilar, Roosevelt, Cárcamo, Rodrigo, Ross, Robert M., Mccarthy, Randy, Ballantyne, Tonia, Westgate, Erin C., Afhami, Reza, Ren, Dongning, Monteiro, Renan P., Reips, Ulf-dietrich, Reggev, Niv, Calin-jageman, Robert J., Pourafshari, Razieh, Oliveira, Raquel, Nedelcheva-datsova, Mina, Rahal, Rima-maria, Ribeiro, Rafael R., Radtke, Theda, Searston, Rachel, Habte, Redeate, Zdybek, Przemysław, Chen, Sau-chin, Maturan, Princess Lovella G., Perillo, Jennifer T., Isager, Peder Mortvedt, Kačmár, Pavol, Macapagal, Paulo Manuel, Szwed, Paulina, Hanel, Paul H. P., Forbes, Paul A. G., Arriaga, Patrícia, Paris, Bastien, Papachristopoulos, Konstantinos, Correa, Pablo Sebastián, Kácha, Ondřej, Bernardo, Márcia, Campos, Olatz, Bravo, Olalla Niño, Galindo-caballero, Oscar J., Ogbonnaya, Chisom Esther, Bialobrzeska, Olga, Kiselnikova, Natalia, Simonovic, Nicolle, Cohen, Noga, Nock, Nora L., Johannes, Niklas, Albayrak-aydemir, Nihan, Say, Nicolas, Torunsky, Nathan, Van Doren, Natalia, Sunami, Naoyuki, Rachev, Nikolay R., Majeed, Nadyanna M., Schmidt, Nadya-daniela, Nadif, Khaoula, Corral-frías, Nadia S., Ouherrou, Nihal, Pantazi, Myrto, Lucas, Marc Y., Vasilev, Martin R., Ortiz, María Victoria, Butt, Muhammad Mussaffa, Kabir, Muhib, Muda, Rafał, Tejada Rivera, Maria Del Carmen Mc, Sirota, Miroslav, Seehuus, Martin, Parzuchowski, Michal, Toro, Mónica, Hricova, Monika, Maldonado, Mónica Alarcón, Marszalek, Magdalena, Karekla, Maria, Mioni, Giovanna, Bosma, Minke Jasmijn, Westerlund, Minja, Vdovic, Milica, Bialek, Michal, Silan, Miguel A., Anne, Michele, Misiak, Michal, Grinberg, Maurice, Capizzi, Mariagrazia, Espinoza Barría, Mauricio F., Kurfali, Merve A., Mensink, Michael C., Harutyunyan, Mikayel, Khosla, Meetu, Korbmacher, Max, Adamkovič, Matúš, Ribeiro, Matheus Fernando Felix, Terskova, Maria, Hruška, Matej, Martončik, Marcel, Voracek, Martin, Čadek, Martin, Frías-armenta, Martha, Kowal, Marta, Topor, Marta, Roczniewska, Marta, Oosterlinck, Marlies, Kohlová, Markéta Braun, Paruzel-czachura, Mariola, Romanova, Marina, Papadatou-pastou, Marietta, Lund, Maria Louise, Antoniadi, Maria, Jones, Marc V., Ortiz, Manuel S., Manavalan, Mathi, Muminov, Abdumalik, Kossowska, Małgorzata, Friedemann, Maja, Wielgus, Magdalena, Varella, Marco A. C., Colloff, Melissa F., Bradford, Maria, Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Eudave, Luis, Vieira, Luc, Pineda, Lina Maria Sanabria, Pérez, Laura Calderón, Lazarevic, Ljiljana B., Jaremka, Lisa M., Kushnir, Elizaveta, Anton-boicuk, Lisa, De Holanda Coelho, Gabriel Lins, Ahlgren, Lina, Levitan, Carmel A., Micheli, Leticia, Volz, Leonhard, Stojanovska, Marija, Boucher, Leanne, Samojlenko, Lara, Delgado, Lady Grey Javela, Kaliska, Lada, Warmelink, Lara, Rojas-berscia, Luis Miguel, Yu, Karen, Wachowicz, Jakub, Desai, Kermeka, Barzykowski, Krystian, Kozma, Luca, Evans, Kortnee, Kirgizova, Komila, Agesin, Bamikole Emmanuel, Koehn, Monica A, Wolfe, Kelly, Korobova, Tatiana, Klevjer, Kristoffer, Van Schie, Kevin, Vezirian, Kevin, Damnjanović, Kaja, Thommesen, Katrine Krabbe, Schmidt, Kathleen, Filip, Katarzyna, Grzech, Karolina, Hoyer, Karlijn, Moon, Karis, Rana, Kafeel, Janjić, Kristina, Suchow, Jordan W., Kielińska, Julita, Cruz Vásquez, Julio E, Beitner, Julia, Vargas-nieto, Juan Camilo, Roxas, Jose Carlos T., Taber, Jennifer, Urriago-rayo, Joan, Pavlacic, Jeffrey M., Bavolar, Jozef, Soto, José A., Olofsson, Jonas K., Vilsmeier, Johannes K., Messerschmidt, Johanna, Czamanski-cohen, Johanna, Boudesseul, Jordane, Lee, Jeong Min, Kamburidis, Julia, Zickfeld, Janis, Miranda, Jacob F., Verharen, Jeroen P. H., Hristova, Evgeniya, Beshears, Julie E., Đorđević, Jasna Milošević, Bosch, Jasmijn, Valentova, Jaroslava Varella, Antfolk, Jan, Berkessel, Jana B., Schrötter, Jana, Urban, Jan, Röer, Jan Philipp, Norton, James O, Silva, Jaime R., Pickering, Jade S., Vintr, Jáchym, Uttley, Jim, Kunst, Jonas R., Ndukaihe, Izuchukwu L. G., Iyer, Aishwarya, Vilares, Iris, Ivanov, Aleksandr, Ropovik, Ivan, Sula, Isabela, Sarieva, Irena, Metin-orta, Irem, Prusova, Irina, Pinto, Isabel, Bozdoc, Andreea Ioana, Almeida, Inês A. T., Pit, Ilse L., Dalgar, Ilker, Zakharov, Ilya, Arinze, Azuka Ikechukwu, Ihaya, Keiko, Stephen, Ian D., Gjoneska, Biljana, Brohmer, Hilmar, Flowe, Heather, Godbersen, Hendrik, Kocalar, Halil Emre, Hedgebeth, Mattie V., Chuan-peng, Hu, Sharifian, Mohammadhasan, Manley, Harry, Akkas, Handan, Hajdu, Nandor, Azab, Habiba, Kaminski, Gwenael, Nilsonne, Gustav, Anjum, Gulnaz, Travaglino, Giovanni A., Feldman, Gilad, Pfuhl, Gerit, Czarnek, Gabriela, Marcu, Gabriela Mariana, Hofer, Gabriela, Banik, Gabriel, Adetula, Gabriel Agboola, Bijlstra, Gijsbert, Verbruggen, Frederick, Kung, Franki Y. H., Foroni, Francesco, Singer, Gage, Muchembled, Fany, Azevedo, Flavio, Mosannenzadeh, Farnaz, Marinov, Evelina, Štrukelj, Eva, Etebari, Zahra, Baskin, Ernest, Garcia, Elkin Oswaldo Luis, Musser, Erica, Van Steenkiste, I.m.m., Ahn, El Rim, Pronizius, Ekaterina, Jackson, Emily A, Manunta, Efisio, Agadullina, Elena, Šakan, Dušana, Dursun, Pinar, Dujols, Olivier, Dubrov, Dmitrii, Willis, Megan, Tümer, Murat, Beaudry, Jennifer L., Popović, Dora, Dunleavy, Daniel, Djamai, Ikhlas, Krupić, Dino, Vega, Diego, Du, Hongfei, Mola, Débora, Davis, William E., Holford, Dawn Liu, Lewis, David M. G., Vaidis, David C., Ozery, Daphna Hausman, Ricaurte, Danilo Zambrano, Storage, Daniel, Sousa, Daniela, Alvarez, Daniela Serrato, Rosa, Anna Dalla, Krupić, Dajana, Marko, Dafne, Moreau, David, Reeck, Crystal, Correia, Rita C., Whitt, Cassie M., Lamm, Claus, Solorzano, Claudio Singh, Von Bastian, Claudia C., Sutherland, Clare Am, Overkott, Clara, Aberson, Christopher L., Wang, Chunhui, Karashiali, Christiana, Noone, Chris, Chiu, Faith, Picciocchi, Chiara, Karaarslan, Cemre, Cellini, Nicola, Esteban-serna, Celia, Reyna, Cecilia, Batres, Carlota, Li, Ranran, Grano, Caterina, Carpentier, Joelle, Tamnes, Christian K., Fu, Cynthia H.y., Ishkhanyan, Byurakn, Bylinina, Lisa, Jaeger, Bastian, Bundt, Carsten, Allred, Tara Bulut, Bokkour, Ahmed, Bogatyreva, Natalia, Chopik, William J., Antazo, Benedict, Behzadnia, Behzad, Becker, Maja, Cocco, Beatrice, Chou, Wei-lun, Hubena, Barbora, Žuro, Barbara, Aczel, Balazs, Baklanova, Ekaterina, Bai, Hui, Balci, Busra Bahar, Babinčák, Peter, Dixson, Barnaby James Wyld, Mokady, Aviv, Kappes, Heather Barry, Atari, Mohammad, Szala, Anna, Szabelska, Anna, Aruta, John Jamir Benzon, Domurat, Artur, Arinze, Nwadiogo Chisom, Modena, Arianna, Adiguzel, Arca, Monajem, Arash, Arabi, Kanza Ait El, Özdoğru, Asil Ali, Olaya Torres, Adriana Julieth, Theodoropoulou, Andriana, Jurković, Anita Penić, Kassianos, Angelos P., Findor, Andrej, Hartanto, Andree, Thibault Landry, Anais, Ferreira, Ana, Santos, Anabela Caetano, De La Rosa-gomez, Anabel, Gourdon-kanhukamwe, Amélie, Todsen, Anna Louise, Karababa, Alper, Janak, Allison, Bran, Alexandre, Tullett, Alexa M., Kuzminska, Anna O., Krafnick, Anthony J, Urooj, Anum, Khaoudi, Ahmed, Ahmed, Afroja, Groyecka-bernard, Agata, Askelund, Adrian Dahl, Adetula, Adeyemi, Belaus, Anabel, Charyate, Abdelilah Ca, Wichman, Aaron L., Stoyanova, Alina, Greenburgh, Anna, Thomas, Andrew G., Arvanitis, Alexios, Forscher, Patrick S., Mallik, Peter R, Primbs, Maximilian A., Miller, Jeremy K., Moshontz, Hannah, Urry, Heather L., Ijzerman, Hans, Basnight-brown, Dana M., Chartier, Christopher R., Buchanan, Erin M., Coles, Nicholas A., Dorison, Charles A., Lerner, Jennifer S., Heller, Blake H., Rothman, Alexander J., Kawachi, Ichiro I., Wang, Ke, Rees, Vaughan W., Gill, Brian P., Gibbs, Nancy, Ebersole, Charles R., Vally, Zahir, Tajchman, Zuzanna, Zsido, Andras N., Zrimsek, Mija, Chen, Zhang, Ziano, Ignazio, Gialitaki, Zoi, Ceary, Chris D., Lin, Yijun, Kunisato, Yoshihiko, Yamada, Yuki, Xiao, Qinyu, Jiang, Xiaoming, Du, Xinkai, Yao, Elvin, Wilson, John Paul, Cyrus-lai, Wilson, Jimenez-leal, William, Law, Wilbert, Collins, W. Matthew, Richard, Karley L., Vranka, Marek, Ankushev, Vladislav, Schei, Vidar, Križanić, Valerija, Kadreva, Veselina Hristova, Adoric, Vera Cubela, Tran, Ulrich S., Yeung, Siu Kit, Hassan, Widad, Houston, Ralph, Lima, Tiago J. S., Ostermann, Thomas, Frizzo, Thomas, Sverdrup, Therese E., House, Thea, Gill, Tripat, Fedotov, Maksim, Paltrow, Tamar, Jernsäther, Teodor, Koptjevskaja-tamm, Maria, Hostler, Thomas J., Ishii, Tatsunori, Szaszi, Barnabas, Adamus, Sylwia, Suter, Lilian, Habib, Sumaiya, Studzinska, Anna, Stojanovska, Dragana, Janssen, Steve M. J., Stieger, Stefan, Schulenberg, Stefan E., Tatachari, Srinivasan, Azouaghe, Soufian, Sorokowski, Piotr, Sorokowska, Agnieszka, Song, Xin, Lewis, Savannah C., Sinkolova, Sladjana, Grigoryev, Dmitry, Drexler, Shira Meir, Daches, Shimrit, Geniole, Shawn N., Vračar, Selena, Massoni, Sébastien, Zorjan, Saša, Sarıoğuz, Eylül, Izquierdo, Sara Morales, Alves, Sara G., Pöntinen, Sara, Solas, Sara Álvarez, Ordoñez-riaño, Santiago, Očovaj, Sanja Batić, Onie, Sandersan, Lins, Samuel, Çoksan, Sami, Sacakli, Asli, Ruiz-fernández, Susana, Geiger, Sandra J., Fatahmodares, Saeideh, Walczak, Radoslaw B., Betlehem, Ruben, Vilar, Roosevelt, Cárcamo, Rodrigo, Ross, Robert M., Mccarthy, Randy, Ballantyne, Tonia, Westgate, Erin C., Afhami, Reza, Ren, Dongning, Monteiro, Renan P., Reips, Ulf-dietrich, Reggev, Niv, Calin-jageman, Robert J., Pourafshari, Razieh, Oliveira, Raquel, Nedelcheva-datsova, Mina, Rahal, Rima-maria, Ribeiro, Rafael R., Radtke, Theda, Searston, Rachel, Habte, Redeate, Zdybek, Przemysław, Chen, Sau-chin, Maturan, Princess Lovella G., Perillo, Jennifer T., Isager, Peder Mortvedt, Kačmár, Pavol, Macapagal, Paulo Manuel, Szwed, Paulina, Hanel, Paul H. P., Forbes, Paul A. G., Arriaga, Patrícia, Paris, Bastien, Papachristopoulos, Konstantinos, Correa, Pablo Sebastián, Kácha, Ondřej, Bernardo, Márcia, Campos, Olatz, Bravo, Olalla Niño, Galindo-caballero, Oscar J., Ogbonnaya, Chisom Esther, Bialobrzeska, Olga, Kiselnikova, Natalia, Simonovic, Nicolle, Cohen, Noga, Nock, Nora L., Johannes, Niklas, Albayrak-aydemir, Nihan, Say, Nicolas, Torunsky, Nathan, Van Doren, Natalia, Sunami, Naoyuki, Rachev, Nikolay R., Majeed, Nadyanna M., Schmidt, Nadya-daniela, Nadif, Khaoula, Corral-frías, Nadia S., Ouherrou, Nihal, Pantazi, Myrto, Lucas, Marc Y., Vasilev, Martin R., Ortiz, María Victoria, Butt, Muhammad Mussaffa, Kabir, Muhib, Muda, Rafał, Tejada Rivera, Maria Del Carmen Mc, Sirota, Miroslav, Seehuus, Martin, Parzuchowski, Michal, Toro, Mónica, Hricova, Monika, Maldonado, Mónica Alarcón, Marszalek, Magdalena, Karekla, Maria, Mioni, Giovanna, Bosma, Minke Jasmijn, Westerlund, Minja, Vdovic, Milica, Bialek, Michal, Silan, Miguel A., Anne, Michele, Misiak, Michal, Grinberg, Maurice, Capizzi, Mariagrazia, Espinoza Barría, Mauricio F., Kurfali, Merve A., Mensink, Michael C., Harutyunyan, Mikayel, Khosla, Meetu, Korbmacher, Max, Adamkovič, Matúš, Ribeiro, Matheus Fernando Felix, Terskova, Maria, Hruška, Matej, Martončik, Marcel, Voracek, Martin, Čadek, Martin, Frías-armenta, Martha, Kowal, Marta, Topor, Marta, Roczniewska, Marta, Oosterlinck, Marlies, Kohlová, Markéta Braun, Paruzel-czachura, Mariola, Romanova, Marina, Papadatou-pastou, Marietta, Lund, Maria Louise, Antoniadi, Maria, Jones, Marc V., Ortiz, Manuel S., Manavalan, Mathi, Muminov, Abdumalik, Kossowska, Małgorzata, Friedemann, Maja, Wielgus, Magdalena, Varella, Marco A. C., Colloff, Melissa F., Bradford, Maria, Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Eudave, Luis, Vieira, Luc, Pineda, Lina Maria Sanabria, Pérez, Laura Calderón, Lazarevic, Ljiljana B., Jaremka, Lisa M., Kushnir, Elizaveta, Anton-boicuk, Lisa, De Holanda Coelho, Gabriel Lins, Ahlgren, Lina, Levitan, Carmel A., Micheli, Leticia, Volz, Leonhard, Stojanovska, Marija, Boucher, Leanne, Samojlenko, Lara, Delgado, Lady Grey Javela, Kaliska, Lada, Warmelink, Lara, Rojas-berscia, Luis Miguel, Yu, Karen, Wachowicz, Jakub, Desai, Kermeka, Barzykowski, Krystian, Kozma, Luca, Evans, Kortnee, Kirgizova, Komila, Agesin, Bamikole Emmanuel, Koehn, Monica A, Wolfe, Kelly, Korobova, Tatiana, Klevjer, Kristoffer, Van Schie, Kevin, Vezirian, Kevin, Damnjanović, Kaja, Thommesen, Katrine Krabbe, Schmidt, Kathleen, Filip, Katarzyna, Grzech, Karolina, Hoyer, Karlijn, Moon, Karis, Rana, Kafeel, Janjić, Kristina, Suchow, Jordan W., Kielińska, Julita, Cruz Vásquez, Julio E, Beitner, Julia, Vargas-nieto, Juan Camilo, Roxas, Jose Carlos T., Taber, Jennifer, Urriago-rayo, Joan, Pavlacic, Jeffrey M., Bavolar, Jozef, Soto, José A., Olofsson, Jonas K., Vilsmeier, Johannes K., Messerschmidt, Johanna, Czamanski-cohen, Johanna, Boudesseul, Jordane, Lee, Jeong Min, Kamburidis, Julia, Zickfeld, Janis, Miranda, Jacob F., Verharen, Jeroen P. H., Hristova, Evgeniya, Beshears, Julie E., Đorđević, Jasna Milošević, Bosch, Jasmijn, Valentova, Jaroslava Varella, Antfolk, Jan, Berkessel, Jana B., Schrötter, Jana, Urban, Jan, Röer, Jan Philipp, Norton, James O, Silva, Jaime R., Pickering, Jade S., Vintr, Jáchym, Uttley, Jim, Kunst, Jonas R., Ndukaihe, Izuchukwu L. G., Iyer, Aishwarya, Vilares, Iris, Ivanov, Aleksandr, Ropovik, Ivan, Sula, Isabela, Sarieva, Irena, Metin-orta, Irem, Prusova, Irina, Pinto, Isabel, Bozdoc, Andreea Ioana, Almeida, Inês A. T., Pit, Ilse L., Dalgar, Ilker, Zakharov, Ilya, Arinze, Azuka Ikechukwu, Ihaya, Keiko, Stephen, Ian D., Gjoneska, Biljana, Brohmer, Hilmar, Flowe, Heather, Godbersen, Hendrik, Kocalar, Halil Emre, Hedgebeth, Mattie V., Chuan-peng, Hu, Sharifian, Mohammadhasan, Manley, Harry, Akkas, Handan, Hajdu, Nandor, Azab, Habiba, Kaminski, Gwenael, Nilsonne, Gustav, Anjum, Gulnaz, Travaglino, Giovanni A., Feldman, Gilad, Pfuhl, Gerit, Czarnek, Gabriela, Marcu, Gabriela Mariana, Hofer, Gabriela, Banik, Gabriel, Adetula, Gabriel Agboola, Bijlstra, Gijsbert, Verbruggen, Frederick, Kung, Franki Y. H., Foroni, Francesco, Singer, Gage, Muchembled, Fany, Azevedo, Flavio, Mosannenzadeh, Farnaz, Marinov, Evelina, Štrukelj, Eva, Etebari, Zahra, Baskin, Ernest, Garcia, Elkin Oswaldo Luis, Musser, Erica, Van Steenkiste, I.m.m., Ahn, El Rim, Pronizius, Ekaterina, Jackson, Emily A, Manunta, Efisio, Agadullina, Elena, Šakan, Dušana, Dursun, Pinar, Dujols, Olivier, Dubrov, Dmitrii, Willis, Megan, Tümer, Murat, Beaudry, Jennifer L., Popović, Dora, Dunleavy, Daniel, Djamai, Ikhlas, Krupić, Dino, Vega, Diego, Du, Hongfei, Mola, Débora, Davis, William E., Holford, Dawn Liu, Lewis, David M. G., Vaidis, David C., Ozery, Daphna Hausman, Ricaurte, Danilo Zambrano, Storage, Daniel, Sousa, Daniela, Alvarez, Daniela Serrato, Rosa, Anna Dalla, Krupić, Dajana, Marko, Dafne, Moreau, David, Reeck, Crystal, Correia, Rita C., Whitt, Cassie M., Lamm, Claus, Solorzano, Claudio Singh, Von Bastian, Claudia C., Sutherland, Clare Am, Overkott, Clara, Aberson, Christopher L., Wang, Chunhui, Karashiali, Christiana, Noone, Chris, Chiu, Faith, Picciocchi, Chiara, Karaarslan, Cemre, Cellini, Nicola, Esteban-serna, Celia, Reyna, Cecilia, Batres, Carlota, Li, Ranran, Grano, Caterina, Carpentier, Joelle, Tamnes, Christian K., Fu, Cynthia H.y., Ishkhanyan, Byurakn, Bylinina, Lisa, Jaeger, Bastian, Bundt, Carsten, Allred, Tara Bulut, Bokkour, Ahmed, Bogatyreva, Natalia, Chopik, William J., Antazo, Benedict, Behzadnia, Behzad, Becker, Maja, Cocco, Beatrice, Chou, Wei-lun, Hubena, Barbora, Žuro, Barbara, Aczel, Balazs, Baklanova, Ekaterina, Bai, Hui, Balci, Busra Bahar, Babinčák, Peter, Dixson, Barnaby James Wyld, Mokady, Aviv, Kappes, Heather Barry, Atari, Mohammad, Szala, Anna, Szabelska, Anna, Aruta, John Jamir Benzon, Domurat, Artur, Arinze, Nwadiogo Chisom, Modena, Arianna, Adiguzel, Arca, Monajem, Arash, Arabi, Kanza Ait El, Özdoğru, Asil Ali, Olaya Torres, Adriana Julieth, Theodoropoulou, Andriana, Jurković, Anita Penić, Kassianos, Angelos P., Findor, Andrej, Hartanto, Andree, Thibault Landry, Anais, Ferreira, Ana, Santos, Anabela Caetano, De La Rosa-gomez, Anabel, Gourdon-kanhukamwe, Amélie, Todsen, Anna Louise, Karababa, Alper, Janak, Allison, Bran, Alexandre, Tullett, Alexa M., Kuzminska, Anna O., Krafnick, Anthony J, Urooj, Anum, Khaoudi, Ahmed, Ahmed, Afroja, Groyecka-bernard, Agata, Askelund, Adrian Dahl, Adetula, Adeyemi, Belaus, Anabel, Charyate, Abdelilah Ca, Wichman, Aaron L., Stoyanova, Alina, Greenburgh, Anna, Thomas, Andrew G., Arvanitis, Alexios, Forscher, Patrick S., Mallik, Peter R, Primbs, Maximilian A., Miller, Jeremy K., Moshontz, Hannah, Urry, Heather L., Ijzerman, Hans, Basnight-brown, Dana M., Chartier, Christopher R., Buchanan, Erin M., and Coles, Nicholas A.

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in terms of potential losses (e.g., “If you do not practice these steps, you can endanger yourself and others”) or potential gains (e.g., “If you practice these steps, you can protect yourself and others”)? Collecting data in 48 languages from 15,929 participants in 84 countries, we experimentally tested the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings. Loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants cross-nationally with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks. These results were consistent across 84 countries, three variations of the message framing wording, and 560 data processing and analytic choices. Thus, results provide an empirical answer to a global communication question and highlight the emotional toll of loss-framed messages. Critically, this work demonstrates the importance of considering unintended affective consequences when evaluating nudge-style interventions.

32. The last word.

Author

Starnberg, Hans, Dixon-Jackson, Kevin, Geesin, Joe, Houston, Ralph, Nagendra, Harini, Atkinson, Ian, Mazhar, Khaled, Owens, Darragh, and Yussof, Nik

Subjects
SWIMMING competitions, SALINITY, STAINLESS steel
Abstract

Presents answers to science-related questions posed by the people at `New Scientist' magazine. The effect of different water densities and salinity on swimming competitions; The properties of stainless steel.

Published
1998

36. University president heightened morale.

Author

Houston, Ralph

Subjects
LETTERS to the editor, COLLEGE presidents
Abstract

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "President's Dismissal: Telling the Whole Story," in the October 26, 1988 issue.

Published
1988

37. Written Exposure Therapy vs Prolonged Exposure Therapy in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Author

Sloan DM, Marx BP, Acierno R, Messina M, Muzzy W, Gallagher MW, Litwack S, and Sloan C

Subjects
Male, Humans, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Treatment Outcome, Writing, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic diagnosis, Implosive Therapy, Veterans psychology
Abstract

Importance: Evidence-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exist, but all require 8 to 15 sessions and thus are less likely to be completed than brief treatments. Written exposure therapy (WET) is a brief and efficacious treatment that has not been directly compared with prolonged exposure therapy (PE), a more time-intensive, exposure-based treatment., Objective: To determine whether WET is noninferior to PE in treating PTSD among veterans., Design, Setting, and Participants: A randomized noninferiority clinical trial was conducted between September 9, 2019, and April 30, 2022. Participants were 178 veterans with PTSD presenting to 1 of 3 Veterans Affairs medical centers. Inclusion criteria consisted of a primary diagnosis of PTSD and stable medication. Exclusion criteria included current psychotherapy for PTSD, high suicide risk, active psychosis, unstable bipolar disorder, and severe cognitive impairment. Independent evaluations were conducted at baseline and 10, 20, and 30 weeks after the first treatment session. Data were analyzed from January 1 to March 31, 2023., Interventions: Participants assigned to WET (n = 88) received five to seven 45- to 60-minute sessions. Participants assigned to PE (n = 90) received eight to fifteen 90-minute sessions. The WET sessions included 30 minutes of writing-based imaginal exposure conducted in session, whereas PE sessions included 40 minutes of in-session imaginal exposure and between-session in vivo exposures., Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was change in PTSD symptom severity measured with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) from baseline to the 20-week assessment; noninferiority was defined as a less than 10-point difference between the 2 treatment groups. Difference in treatment dropout was also examined., Results: Of the 178 participants, 134 (75.3%) were men, and the mean (SD) age was 44.97 (13.66) years. In terms of race, 37 participants (20.8%) were Black, 112 (62.9%) were White, 11 (6.2%) were more than 1 race, and 18 (10.1%) were of other race (including American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander [some participants did not specify their race when selecting the category "other"]); in terms of ethnicity, 19 participants (10.7%) were Hispanic. Changes in PTSD symptom severity from baseline to all subsequent assessments among individuals randomized to WET were noninferior relative to individuals randomized to PE. The largest difference between treatments was observed at 10 weeks and was in favor of WET (mean difference, 2.42 [95% CI, 0.35-1.46] points). Participants were significantly less likely to drop out of WET compared with PE (11 [12.5%] vs 32 [35.6%]; χ2 = 12.91; Cramer V = 0.27)., Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, WET was noninferior to PE in PTSD symptom change and was associated with significantly less attrition. Findings suggest that WET may transcend previously observed barriers to PTSD treatment for both patients and clinicians., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03962504.

Published
2023
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