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Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

E. A. Wrigley identified the responsiveness of nuptiality and marital fertility to changes in male wages. Others have theorized the importance of women's decision‐making in the timing of marriage, but without much empirical evidence. Combining new long‐run series of annual wages for men, for married and single women, and for children with existing demographic data, the influence of women and children's remuneration on household formation is investigated. Women played a key role in the functioning of early modern preventive checks. High wages encouraged single women to delay marriage, reducing marital fertility. This counterbalanced the encouragement of nuptiality stimulated by high male earnings, which helped balance population and economic growth. Juvenile earnings had little influence on family formation, challenging links suggested in accounts of protoindustrialization or proletarianization. Demographic evidence suggests that economic circumstances contributed to the timing of medieval marriage, but poverty more often than prosperity prompted celibacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second half of the 20th century saw multiple directions of consumer research emerge in sociology, including a cultural turn, a material turn, a practical turn, a turn towards sustainability, and a digital turn. These turns indicate trends in sociological thought, which arise with increasing speed and overlap each other. On the one hand, these directions build upon ideas about consumption brought forth by the classics of economic theory and sociology, and on the other hand they constantly attempt to critically comprehend basic concepts and fill them with new meaning. The purpose of the article is to expand on the concept of consumption by reviewing the historical evolution of views on this concept in sociology of the 20–21 centuries. It first considers the integral definitions of consumption presented by contemporary sociologists (V. Radaev, E.R. McDonnell, A. Warde). From there it outlines the basic views on consumption held by classics of sociology (K. Marx, G. Simmel, T. Veblen, M. Weber, the Frankfurt School, P. Bourdieu). Finally, sociological approaches towards consumption that appeared during the second half of the 20th century are examined. A review of key approaches towards consumption demonstrates how the concept of consumption has consistently acquired new meanings and contexts, also acquiring an internal independent logic and transforming into a multidimensional concept in sociology. The paper covers a broad timeline and is based on key sociological works, without claiming to be able to comprehensively describe them. Also this paper does not consider the Russian tradition of research.

Copyright of Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sosial (JMPIS) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Household economic studies of preindustrial societies have overlooked one very specific and common material aspect: thrift. This article introduces a theory of economic production for household analysis that focuses on the economic use of materials, space, and labor. This framework is especially integral to understanding emergence of hierarchies. In emerging hierarchies, craft production at the household level can play a key part in the accumulation of power because the scale and type of craft production are moderated by the availability and abundance of material, space, and labor. Control of craft production can mean control of material, space, and labor, and thrifty control can increase production; this is key to emerging economies, particularly those located in a frontier area. Because women are often most associated with household labor, examining cultural definitions of thrift and waste provides a more complete understanding of household gender relations and reframes the importance of women's labor. Using an example from a 14th‐century Mississippian frontier site in Virginia, I show that women engaged in craft production and that by using materials, space, and labor economically, they increased their power over time. An economy of production theoretical perspective highlights a significant factor, thrift, in household organization and agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista FACE is the property of Universidad de Pamplona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Salvage excavations along Naḥal 'Ashan, to the north of Be'er Sheva', unearthed several farmhouses that formed part of the rural hinterland of the city. The farmhouses, dating from the late Byzantine to the Abbasid period, shared a uniform building technique that exploited the local loess soil for producing mud bricks and reused building materials from earlier Christian edifices. The finds included mainly locally made pottery, glass and stone vessels. This article offers a discussion of the settlement patterns, economy and demography of the region during the Byzantine-Early Islamic transition period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extensive survey was performed covering all the regions of the country to find out the overall impacts of bio-digester on the economy of livestock farmers. Five districts were selected; ten farmers with having bio-digester of 3.2 m³ on average and ten farmers who have no bio-digester were selected from each district. Through direct interviewing and farm monitoring, all farm characteristics, i.e., diurnal biogas production, power generation, cooking time, income and expenditures, farmer's gross earnings, and manure management practices data were collected accordingly. Descriptive statistics and student t-test was made to express the comparison response of the farms by using XL and SPSS software. It was observed that the owners of anaerobic digesters earned significantly (p < 0.001) more than the traditional farmers by selling animals and biogas (1715 & 306; 1146 & 0.00 USD, respectively). Not only that, by selling milk and fresh manure, the owners of bio-digester harvested more (p < 0.05) annual income than non-bio-digester farmers (4162, 3408 & 60.91, 44.63 USD, respectively). Though the expenditure of farmers having digester was high, but in a single fiscal year, they earned more (p < 0.05) profit than the conventional farmers (USD 4329 & 2842, respectively). However, owners of bio-digester used 67.2 % of their produced manure for gas production. Regarding storing manure as biomass and using it for cooking purposes significant difference (p < 0.001) was observed that was also reflected in the total manure management system of a farm. The farmers having no bio-digester stored 71.95% of their total manure in solid form, whereas the farmers who had bio-digester only stored 20.4% of their manure, which made a significant (p < 0.001) difference. From the biogas chamber, in an average one farmer used a gas stove for 4-5 hours and a gas lamp for 6-8 hours, which saved at least the expenditure of 18 USD per month/household. The notable thing was that the bio-digester alone contributed 7% to those farmers' gross economy by producing gas. It can be recommended that the rural householders could generate power by installing biodigester and turn a small bio-digester as a beneficial avenue of their household economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, women in (peri-)urban areas are commonly engaged in small trade, which allows them to meet the basic needs of their families. Microsaving approaches are a low-risk option to obtain financing for economic activities. A project combining men’s sensitization on gender equity and women’s empowerment through village savings and loan associations were implemented in North and South Kivu to raise the household economic level. Objective This study assessed how involving men in gender equity affects women’s health and socio-economic outcomes, including food security. Methods A cohort study was conducted with 1812 women at the baseline; out of them 1055 were retrieved at the follow-up. Baseline data collection took place from May to December 2017 and the follow-up from July 2018 to January 2019. To identify socio-economic changes and changes of gender relations, linear and logistic regressions were run. Results Results showed that the household income improved with intervention (coefficient = 0.327; p = 0.002), while the capacity to pay high bills without contracting debts decreased (coefficient = 0.927; p = 0.001). We did not find enough statistically significant evidence of the influence of the intervention on skilled birth attendance (coefficient = 0.943; p = 0.135), or family planning use (coefficient = 0.216; p = 0.435) nor women’s participation in the decision-making (coefficient = 0.033; p = 0.227) nor on couple’s cohesion (coefficient = 0.024; p = 0.431). Food insecurity levels decreased over time regardless of being in the intervention or control area. Conclusion Empowering women while sensitizing men on gender aspects improves financial well-being (income). Time, security, and strong politics of government recognizing and framing the approach are still needed to maximize the benefit of such projects on social factors such as women’s participation in decision-making and social cohesion.

Business competition has given birth to a network marketing system or what is commonly referred to as Network Marketing. The utilization used in Network Marketing, or what we currently know as MLM (Multi-Level Marketing), uses a network system where interpersonal communication is required both between MLM members and communication between members, customers, and prospective consultants. The interpersonal communication of consultants determines MLM business. How do they apply persuasive communication to persuade consumers or other consultants to join their network? This research uses a case study method. The results illustrate three important things young mothers do when running an MLM business to build the household economy. First, a trustworthy communicator will build credibility. Second, I need to understand how to convey messages in the MLM trading system; third, I need to choose communication channels that follow the objectives.

Background: In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, women in (peri-)urban areas are commonly engaged in small trade, which allows them to meet the basic needs of their families. Microsaving approaches are a low-risk option to obtain financing for economic activities. A project combining men's sensitization on gender equity and women's empowerment through village savings and loan associations were implemented in North and South Kivu to raise the household economic level. Objective: This study assessed how involving men in gender equity affects women's health and socio-economic outcomes, including food security. Methods: A cohort study was conducted with 1812 women at the baseline; out of them 1055 were retrieved at the follow-up. Baseline data collection took place from May to December 2017 and the follow-up from July 2018 to January 2019. To identify socio-economic changes and changes of gender relations, linear and logistic regressions were run. Results: Results showed that the household income improved with intervention (coefficient = 0.327; p = 0.002), while the capacity to pay high bills without contracting debts decreased (coefficient = 0.927; p = 0.001). We did not find enough statistically significant evidence of the influence of the intervention on skilled birth attendance (coefficient = 0.943; p = 0.135), or family planning use (coefficient = 0.216; p = 0.435) nor women's participation in the decision-making (coefficient = 0.033; p = 0.227) nor on couple's cohesion (coefficient = 0.024; p = 0.431). Food insecurity levels decreased over time regardless of being in the intervention or control area. Conclusion: Empowering women while sensitizing men on gender aspects improves financial well-being (income). Time, security, and strong politics of government recognizing and framing the approach are still needed to maximize the benefit of such projects on social factors such as women's participation in decision-making and social cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving financial literacy is important for achieving an internationally sustainable society. According to various surveys and other studies, financial literacy education regarding postretirement economic life has been implemented in many countries. However, a gap in the literature remains regarding long-term household individuals who have achieved a stable financial life after retiring. By analyzing household financial management methods based on 52 years of case study household accounts and records, we identified the following new contents of financial literacy: (1) attitudes toward keeping household books, (2) attitudes toward avoiding large deficits, (3) bookkeeping skills, (4) life planning skills, and (5) skills in using the Internet to access financial information on a computer. This study dynamically analyzes the family cycle and parent-child and couple relationships from the perspective of household finances. The results can inform educational programs for institutions that provide financial literacy education and contribute to research in the field of family sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, in a significant part of the world, the cost of living has once again become a central issue in the agenda of both governments and populations. However, in some countries, inflation has been a distinctive feature of the economy for more than a decade, which the pandemic has only exacerbated. Argentina is one of these countries. Based on a 4-year qualitative investigation carried out among low- and middle-income households in a mid-sized city in Buenos Aires province and complemented by observations made among senior households in the same province during the pandemic, this article seeks two purposes: on one hand, to analyze how price rise appears in people's concerns when we focus on domestic economies and, on the other, to account for the ways of measuring inflation and evaluating its impacts on such economies. The document intends to contribute to the construction of a perspective on inflation that is attentive to how people act and think about the economy in their everyday lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the perspective of household economy, the application of a multiscale spatial econometric model to realize the objective evaluation of county-level poverty alleviation stability is a core issue in rural economics research. The improvement of economic income and livelihood conditions for small farm holders are significant manifestations of poverty alleviation stability. Quantitative evaluation of the county-level poverty alleviation stability can provide a scientific basis for the adjustment of rural economic policy and high-quality development of regional economy by the multiscale spatial econometric model. This study realizes the quantitative evaluation of county-level poverty alleviation stability by constructing the evaluation index system, taking five counties in China's Yunnan Province as an example, using the exact 2242 survey datasets, and adopting the multiscale spatial econometric model. The main idea of the model is to obtain the score of poverty alleviation stability by weighted summing of dimensions on the basis of weight calculation of each evaluation index. Results revealed the following: (1) County-level poverty alleviation stability includes the stability of regional poverty alleviation and the stability of farmers' poverty alleviation, which is mainly affected by the combined effect of five factors, including economic and ability status, cognitive level, supporting facilities, and social governance. (2) Based on the multiscale spatial econometric model, the overall poverty alleviation stability in the five counties is relatively low, with Zhaoyang District showing the highest stability, followed by Yiliang, Yuanyang, Honghe, and Gongshan. (3) Farmers' poverty alleviation stability in all counties, except Zhaoyang, is higher than that in the region. County-level gross domestic product and fiscal revenue are the dominant factors affecting the stability of poverty alleviation in the region, while the dominant factors affecting the farmers' poverty alleviation stability are the level of per capita net income and labor force proportion in the household population. (4) To enhance poverty alleviation stability, this study suggested enhancing the level of economic development in counties and strengthening the collective economy of the village, innovating the form of economic development of the village, taking the enhancement of the development capacity of counties, relying on resource advantages to actively develop special industries, and improving the stability and sustainability of income generation for farmers. Meanwhile, we propose to further improve the conditions of regional infrastructure and enhance the capacity of public services. The findings can help enrich the theoretical research system of rural economics, expand the scope of research on small-holder farming systems, and provide a reference for diversification of small farm holders economy, the improvement of agricultural farming technology, and the high-quality development of regional economy in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is no tittle-tattle that the incidence of the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the world in many areas. Nigeria got her own share of this virus in February 2020, which led to the closure of schools, worship centres, businesses, and other social arenas by the Federal Government. Based on experience and occurrences, we investigated the economic impact of children eating habits during the COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria. The snowball sampling technique was used to collect data from 334 adults across the nation. Findings revealed that families with an increase or decrease in eating patterns are not likely to support the lockdown policy by the government during COVID-19 compared to families with unchanged eating patterns, among others. Further, families' expenditures change during the COVID-19 lockdown irrespective of their income level. This implies that the pandemic has affected negatively Nigerian parents who have been facing total and partial lockdown with no increase in their income but a decrease in a savings and corresponding increase in their children's eating rate. We, therefore, recommend that internal institutions oversee the need to have a food reservoir in case of future occurrences of this nature whereby people could have a temporal means of survival. Additionally, parents' coping strategies can be utilised to encourage their children to learn new skills (online skill acquisition training) during the lockdown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Credit is ubiquitous in the life of Chilean households, the oldest neoliberal society. It is a key feature in the budgeting, shopping, and consuming practices of families. Consequently, to be indebted is a normal expectation in Chile. Families engage with the 'necessary evil' of credit in different ways, representing a massive, regular use of credit as short, medium and long-term leverage tools, with store cards being the main source of credit for lower and moderate income families in general. Moral obligations together with conventional and unconventional financial knowledge accompany the everyday situated economic practices of families. Addressing both the normalisation and the moralisation of credit, I attempt to make the case for the ongoing resignification of credit and debt and the evolving moral assessments of indebtedness, focusing on moderate and low-income households, namely those who embrace credit during recent decades. This article contributes to the discussion about the meaning of debt, to understand the financialisation of everyday life by looking at situated economic practices, and to recognise the social, moral and relational foundations of the economic practices. From the coming of the expansion of credit, households have learnt to deal with economic rationalities and internal and external moral judgements in order to justify their use of credit. Together with structural factors, this develops indebtedness assessments from detachment to naturalisation, placing credit and debt in the centre of 'decent life' expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionImpacts of the economic slowdown due to COVID-19 were prevalent in SubSaharan African countries. Using four nationally representative surveys collected in 2020 (rural n = 13,208; urban n = 1736) and 2021 (n = 14,730; n = 2,231), this secondary analysis evaluates economic impacts of the pandemic on household income and use of livelihoods-related coping mechanisms in Chad.MethodsUnivariate and multivariate regression, accounting for the survey design and sampling weights, was used to examine risk factors for reported income reduction and coping mechanism use and the associations with food expenditures and food security.ResultsThe economic impact of COVID-19 was greater in urban areas than rural areas in 2020 with improvement in urban areas and deterioration in rural areas in 2021. The reported income reduction was associated with female and unmarried household heads, living in the Saharan zone, and in rural areas, non-agricultural income sources. In urban areas, having skilled/unskilled labor as the primary income source was protective. Risk factors for the adoption of livelihoods-related coping mechanisms were similar to those of income reduction, with findings related to poor living conditions. Income reduction due to COVID-19 was associated with the use of stress and crisis coping strategies and lower household expenditure in both years and poor food consumption in rural areas in 2020.DiscussionThis study elucidates the potential impact pathways of COVID-19 from a household economic downturn to limited food spending, poor food consumption, and increased use of coping mechanisms. Findings are relevant for informing the targeting of assistance in future economic shocks and suggest prioritizing socioeconomically vulnerable households.

Copyright of Ingenium: Revista Electrónica de Pensamiento Moderno y Metodología en Historia de las Ideas is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Yellow Vests movement has been a puzzle for social movement researchers, in that it seemed to be marked by a profound contradiction: a powerful and sustainable mass movement and the absence of what are usually considered to be the essential ingredients of a social movement. We argue that family is a key element in the Yellow Vest mobilization. This element, which has gone largely unnoticed, allows us to understand the reasons for popular anger, the way in which public policy measures can undermine solidarity mechanisms specific to the working and lower middle classes, and finally the ways in which the movement was organized. Beyond the case of the Yellow Vests, the role of family in social movements remains relatively under-studied and poses a challenge to the dominant approach to these research objects (Contentious Politics). Taking the family underpinning of mobilizations into account, helps bridging the gap between cultural practices and strategic action in social movement research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction An individual grows up in a family and becomes sociable in terms of behavior and economic action. It means that the person adopts the same style as his or her parents in the family. If the consumption pattern of the family is incorrect, the same method is reproduced and passed on to the next generations. The consumption pattern in the society is greatly influenced by the consumption pattern in the family. In other words, in addition to government policies and the economic structure of the society, families also play an important role in maintaining an inappropriate consumption pattern in the society, so proper economic management in the family can improve the consumption pattern at the family level (Asghari, 2014) and then at the community level. Therefore, the main question of the present study is: How common are each of the economic management styles among Mashhad families, and what factors could affect it? Materials and Methods The survey method was used in this study. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population of the present study was all of the head households who lived in Mashhad in 2019. In this study, the sample size was estimated by Cochran's formula and finally based on which 369 people were selected. Discussion of Results and Conclusions Research findings showed that 54 percent of cases have adopted the rational style in household economic management. The variables of the type of family relationship, education level, economic status, cultural status, social status, and social class had a positive and significant relationship with family economic management style. The results also showed that with the more democratic relations of members within the family and the increase in the education of the head of the family, the management becomes more rational. Also, the results also showed that families with better social, economic, cultural and social status had a more rational economic management style. Understanding within the family and joint consultation and decision-making provided a good opportunity for a family that had democratic relations leading to selecting more appropriate strategies for the family economic management. Families with more economic, social, and cultural status and, in Bourdieu’s terms, more social, economic, and cultural capital do certainly better in managing the family's economic affairs. Another important finding of this study was that families who were at the beginning of cohabitation had more rational management than families who were in the middle or end of their family life. According to the findings, young couples were more concerned with the future and were more forward-looking instead of desirable-looking. Certainly, the upbringing of children and their marriage, and at the same time the rising age of the family could bring about some changes in the economic management style of families, as at this stage families prefer to live in the present because with the addition of new plans and the entry of new people into the family, costs increase and the family can pay less attention to satisfaction. It is important to note that in Mashhad families, while democratic relations in the family had the highest average, technical and economic skills had the lowest average. The families had low financial or economic technical skills. This finding is somewhat consistent with a similar study in Tehran conducted by Dianti Dilami and Hanifezadeh on the level of financial literacy of Tehran families (Dianati Dilami & Hanifezadeh, 2015). Finally, based on the results of path analysis, the most important variable is the number of household income sources, which is inversely related to the type of family economy management. This means more than one source of income in the family could lead the family management tend to have irrational styles. Therefore, resource mobilization without creating multi-governing relationships in the family can have an important effect on reforming the management model in families and increase the level of satisfaction in the family. This could be due to poor decision-making and empathetic participation in some families in coordinating the various financial resources that enter the family.

Several studies over the years have paid attention to the entanglement of biomedical research and the multiplicity of expectations for scientific breakthroughs and economic gains. However, science and economy are by no means the only values attributed to the biomedical endeavour in an actual R&D project. In this article, we present an analysis of a case we studied in Finland, in which academic and commercial partners jointly studied minuscule extracellular vesicles (EVs) to develop related technologies and explore their commercialisation potential. Thus, we ask, what is the spectrum of value in biomedical R&D? Our analysis highlights that in the rapidly developing, but still immature, scientific field of EVs, the dominant value of the research project are related to the expansion of future possibilities (e.g., funding and collaborations) and the sustainability of research. The subject of our study is a new domain of biomedicine that is quite unexplored in science and technology studies (STS), and our findings contribute to ongoing discussions on valuation and economies related to biomedical R&D. We focus on the multiplicity of value, and, by doing this, critically discuss the mainstream view emphasising the dominance of commercial value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study assesses the nexus between the drivers of wetland utilisation patterns, land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) and the current status of provisioning and cultural services in Driefontein and Intunjambili wetlands, Zimbabwe. A total of 280 household questionnaires were administered together with semi-structured interviews conducted with key informants in the two wetlands. Qualitative data were analysed using the content analysis method whereas descriptive and inferential statistics were used for quantitative data. LULCC was assessed using Landsat and Sentinel data for the years 1999, 2009 and 2019. Supervised classification was performed using the Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithm in ArcMap 10.5. Eighty-six percent of Driefontein and 75% of Intunjambili households indicated that wetland use for horticulture farming was the predominant activity, but for different reasons in the two areas. In Intunjambili wetland, horticultural farming was mainly for subsistence use due to the prevailing semi-arid conditions. This was different from Driefontein, where market availability for horticultural produce was the major factor behind commercialised wetland use. Results of the LULCC analysis showed an increase in the spatial extent of the cultivated area in the two wetland areas, at the expense of vegetation and water and some of the associated ecosystem services. The studied wetlands provide cultural services since they are used as sites for research and academic excursions. The variations in the anthropogenic drivers of wetland use in Driefontein and Intunjambili show that location-specific wetland studies are important to inform appropriate wetland scale utilisation and management policies and strategies that result in the maintenance of ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has proven that the economic system is determined by various components, in particular, it includes the real sector of the economy, which is formed on mega-, macro, meso-, micro-and nano-levels. In addition, it was proved that the nano-level is determined by the activities of individuals whose economic activity begins with the birth and attitude of parents, attending various educational and upbringing institutions, and studying at university. A separate segment of the nano-level of the economic system is the baby industry responsible for the production of goods and services for children and future parents. All these aspects are indicators of the development of the baby economy. Such an economic category as the baby economy was separated and defined. The study uses the following methods: analysis, synthesis, structural analysis, systemic approach, observation, comparison, multifactor regression. These methods made it possible to achieve the results, which involve isolation of the baby economy as a component of nanoeconomy and definition of such components of the baby economic segment of nanoeconomy as a family or household economy, the baby industry, the economy of the educational process and upbringing. For this purpose, the value-institutional approach was applied. In addition, multifactorial analysis of the impact of indicators of the baby economy development on the population of a country with a transitive economy with incomes below the subsistence minimum was performed. This analysis identified a direct but minor relationship between these phenomena, which demonstrates the need to intensify and create a policy for the baby economy in similar states. The theoretical significance of the obtained results is determined by the introduction of a new economic category of "the baby economy" for the formation of a nano economic component within socio-economic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

De fleste utgivelser om kystkultur og modernisering gir liten informasjon om forhold forbundet med lønnsarbeidet. Ifølge teorien ville underklassen omfavne lønnsarbeid så snart det ble tilgjengelig, slik det skjedde på Østlandet under moderniseringen. Imidlertid viser rekrutteringen til moderne lønnsarbeid på Helgeland at den var relativt liten rundt 1900. Derimot var rekrutteringen noe høyere til regionalt industriarbeid, som bestod av gruve- og anleggsvirksomhet. I regionen var husmannsvesenet mest utbredt på kysten, men havet som allmenning opphevet i stor grad skillene mellom de tradisjonelle klassene, og kunne til og med snu om på rollene. Alt overveiende var det unge og ugifte menn som prøvde moderne lønnsarbeid, men som regel var deres ansettelse kortvarig og begrenset. Forklaringene til rekrutteringsmønsteret er at de aller fleste opplevde kulturelle barrierer mot moderne industriarbeid. Svært mange kom fra fiskerier og var sosialisert inn i en annen kultur. De hadde mange negative erfaringer med arbeidsmiljø, uvant teknologi, klokketid, lederskap, brakkeliv dominert av slusken og en lite meningsfull fritid. Artikkelen følger Anders Forslands møte med gruveindustrien ved Båsmo Gruver. Hans beretning kan sies å være representativ for de som ikke ble permanente lønnsarbeidere. Forsland befant seg automatisk på bunnen av det spesifikke kunnskapsmessige og sosiale hierarkiet på arbeidsplassen. Slusken satt inne med helt andre erfaringer fra arbeidslivet enn han sjøl og nedvurderte samtidig «bonarbeidet».

In recent years, scholars have studied the complex social and economic transformations of Belizean Maya livelihoods resulting from the historical legacies of British and Spanish colonization and the consolidation of capitalist social relations. However, little research has considered how the pathways through which indigenous Maya households procure food are being transformed. This paper examines changes in indigenous livelihoods over time, drawing upon results of household food surveys in Aguacate, Belize, from 1979 and 2019, and interviews with villagers about changes in the food system. We hypothesized that the principal changes would be an increased consumption of purchased food, a decrease in the percentage of maize in the diet, an increase in the consumption of meat, and an increase in food produced in agricultural monocultures (or outside of the milpa). Fieldwork supported these hypotheses. We found a decrease in the frequency of the household daily consumption of corn, and an increase in the frequency of daily wheat flour, rice, and chicken consumption. Interviewees tended to emphasize the last of these changes, blaming the growing consumption of store-bought chicken for perceived negative changes in village health. Several community members tied these changes to other broader transformations of the political economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Linguodidactica is the property of University of Bialystok and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

COVID-19 has disrupted the Indian economy. Government-enforced lockdown to restrict the spread of infection has impacted the household economy in particular. We combine aggregates from national income accounts and estimates from the microdata of a labour force survey covering more than 0.1 million households and 0.4 million individuals. The aggregate daily loss to households is USD 2.42 billion. While loss to earnings accounts for 72% of the total, the rest 28% is wage loss. Service-based activities account for two thirds of wage loss, and natural resource-based activities are responsible for most of the earning loss. The dominance of informal job contracts and job switching in labour markets intensifies this, with the most vulnerable group consisting of 57.8 million in casual engagement, who have a high degree of transition from one stream of employment to another on a daily basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of social capital is noble in social science literatures and recently getting noteworthy attention in economics. Its economic relevance has also been well documentedin empirical studies. In this paper, we established relationshipsbetween the stock of household social capital and annual net income following approach for binary logit. Besides, we examined the relative economic importance of general viz special stocks of social capital. Statistical requirements with logistic regression were all tested robust. Consequently, the effectof social capital stock on household economy has found substantial. Of the two distinct forms, the special facet of social capital was found better and significant contributor to householdeconomy. However,the general aspect was suggested insignificantasit was not meaningfully interpreted in the household economic network.Thus, a wise household need to appropriate the general to special social capital establishment, since every additional stock of the later could be meant to considerablyhelp own welfare.

Backyard chicken farming is as an effective tool for poverty reduction in rural areas, by providing living to resource poor communities; it is an important source of extra cash income other than eggs and meat for family consumption. The present study was carried out to assess the role of backyard poultry farming in supplementing household economy of rural farmers dwelling in district Quetta, Pakistan. Information from ninety-nine randomly selected female backyard poultry farmers were gathered during November 2016 to March 2017. Owing to previous government and non-government interventions backyard poultry keeping was found as an established practice. Women were found the main custodian of backyard poultry birds and consequently were the main beneficiary of the activity. Poultry birds of Fayoumi and Golden / Rhode Island Red (RIR) breeds were the main types. Majority of the farmers reared these birds under scavenging conditions in combination with feeding on household left over dry bread (52%); most of the respondents (62%) were taking care of the birds by themselves which resulted in overall low production cost. Income included the earning received from sale of birds, eggs and the home consumption of poultry meat and eggs. Net income per annum per household was estimated as Pakistani Rupee (PKR) 79290/- (US$ 566). The estimated Rank Based Quotients (R.B.Q) based on farmers perception disclosed backyard poultry keeping as an important domestic source of meat and eggs with almost no or very little capital investment, ranked (I, 80%) followed by a substantial source of supplementary income and was ranked (II, 79%). Amongst the problems, disease outbreaks were the most prevailing problem (I, 90%) followed by unavailability of vaccines (II, 85%). The backyard poultry farming generated subsistence income and provided high quality valuable food that improved household nutrition.

This study investigates the composition of homestead forests and the role they play in rural livelihoods with a focus on Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. We also assess the potential environmental contribution of the forests to avoid carbon emissions from fossil fuels replaced with fuelwood. Methods involve randomly surveying a total of 176 homestead forests and relevant households of the study area at three different hill altitudes: low, medium and high. Results show a total of 71 tree and bamboo species of specific or multipurpose value, representing a rich reservoir of tree floral composition and diversity in the homestead forests. The study finds an even distribution of species in the forests with an evenness index of 0.91. The higher tree species diversity and tree density per homestead forest are ascribed to higher literacy, livelihood, and experience (age of respondents) of the households in mid-hills compared to the households of the other two hilly altitudes. The harvests and sales of fuelwood, timber, and bamboo in diverse mid-hill homestead forests are higher compared to the other hills, significantly contributing to the total income of the households. Data analysis also shows that there is a potential of avoiding fossil fuel emissions of 0.22 Mg CO2 e HH−1 a−1 by using fuelwood collected from the forests at the household level. The contribution of homestead forests in the hilly rural economy and their potential of environmental amelioration by avoiding emissions warrant future policy consideration and actions in a changing climate.

This article examines peasants’ goals and means of negotiation in the reallocation of land or enclosure reform called storskifte in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century in Southwest Finland. It stresses the agency of peasants and their actions in the quest for best practices. The study is based on the meeting minutes of the storskifte reform of 230 villages with mainly freeholders or crown tenants as stakeholders. This article shows how peasants balanced between individualism and collectivism in their decision making because their goals were opposite. They aimed to increase the freedom of work and decision making in the household economy. At the same time, the cooperation with neighbours was an important method of decreasing the workload and costs of farming. Sources indicate that peasants made agreements with each other so they could combine both goals. They achieved independence as farmers as well as low costs by combining consolidation of land with mutual agreements about cooperation in specific issues, but they allowed each other to do individual decisions, too. This kind of flexible solution-seeking behaviour provides a new perspective on the discussion about peasants and agricultural change.

The article is devoted to the substantiation of methodological support for diagnosing the impact of the household sector on sustainable development of the national economy in the coordinates of Sustainable Development Goals 1, 2, 6, 7, 10, 12. It has been emphasized that this methodological basis is a component of the general methodology economy. The basic functions of households in a market economy have been supplemented by environmental and social functions. A feature of the author's methodological support is the integration into the national system of indicators of sustainable development of a number of sectoral indicators that allow diagnosing trends in sustainable development of the household sector. Based on the developed guidelines, the impact of the institutional sector of households on the sustainable development of Ukraine's economy for 2015-2019 was diagnosed, which allowed to determine the place and role of this sector in the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. Based on the diagnostic results, the main trends and problems of sustainable development of the household sector has been substantiated. Thus, a significant impact of households on the sustainable reproduction development of the agricultural sector of Ukraine has been established. In 2019, households produced almost 34 % of agricultural products, ensuring food security in the segments of fruits and vegetables and milk; at the same time, the indices of their products did not reach the target level of 2025. The values of the indicators of Sustainable Development Goals 1 «Overcoming Poverty» and 10 «Reducing Inequality» do not meet the targets of 2025, which is evidence of low implementation of these Goals in Ukraine. The study found that the household sector is the main polluter of water resources, generating almost 77 % of discharges of contaminated wastewater into water bodies of Ukraine. The share of the household sector in the total amount of generated waste is 1,3 % and has a downward trend. The solution to the problem of household waste management lies in the development of infrastructure for their processing and disposal. The applied value of methodological support and diagnostic results is determined by the possibility of their use by state and regional authorities, businesses and other stakeholders in the diagnosis of current trends and problems of sustainable development in the sectoral dimension, as an analytical basis for implementing adaptive mechanisms and regulation measures in conditions of instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the mid-2000s, northeastern Cambodia has undergone a rapid and radical agrarian transition, driven firstly by large-scale agricultural enterprises that have acquired and, partly, grabbed vast areas of agricultural land; secondly, by numerous Khmer inmigrants. Indigenous households, which have been dispossessed of some of these lands and natural resources, have tried to reorganize their productive activities, without success for the majority of them, at the cost of land use and growing indebtedness which do not seem sustainable. The article analyses these processes marked by growing economic and social inequalities between indigenous and Khmer populations, as well as among indigenous populations.

This study aims to describe household economic processing brown sugar and identify the factors that affect decision sugar confection red and household consumption processing brown sugar in nagari bukik batabuah kecamatan canduang kabupaten agam. Methods used are the method survey. Populations are all households processing brown sugar traditionally in nagari bukik batabuah kecamatan canduang kabupaten agam with 528 unit households. A method of the respondents is by means simple random sampling as many as 30 households respondents. Analysis the data used was deskripsitif qualitative. The result of this research is that torrent of working hours in in the processing brown sugar greater than activities outside processing brown sugar so income derived from the sale of red is also greater of income outside activities processing brown sugar of rp.2.581.667 or 82 % household income comes from income brown sugar, their household needs processing brown sugar could not be fulfilled some of their income spent for consumption needs food without capable of savings and invest. Factors that affects decision sugar confection red in nagari bukik batabuah is the number of raw materials, sugar price red and needs of the households, while that affects household consumption processing brown sugar namely household income, the number of family members, and the number of families to that are still at school. Advice provided researchers that is as well

This study examines the housekeeping strategies in Samburu households in North Central Kenya during the mid-1990s to clarify their pastoral mode of consumption. This mode, prominent in Samburu society at the time, is a combination of subsistence and market economies. The study analysed housekeeping strategy data from 1995 to 1996 for a rich and a poor household (Household A and Household B, respectively). This study found that both households spent most of their income on purchasing livestock and adopted the strategy of using cash to prevent the loss of livestock. In Household A, in keeping with Samburu culture’s interest in food, the market was constantly used for food consumption. However, in Household B, market food consumption was sporadic and susceptible to rainfall fluctuations. Whereas Household A adopted a housekeeping expansion strategy, Household B’s strategy included bank deposits and commerce activities. In summary, the Samburu housekeeping strategy prioritised frugality, and the strategy of investment in livestock while curbing cash spending was socially appreciated. Thus, the Samburu household economy during the mid-1990s emphasised livestock based on the eternally delayed-return system. This pastoral mode of consumption is said to have ceased complete dependence on the market economy at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with internal household strategies for regaining control over quality, safety and the meaning of food, as applied by people in Poland. Using material gathered by interviewing representatives of two generations, the paper analyses the bottom-up, scattered and intra-family solutions woven into the structure of everyday life. Although alternative food networks and food activism are emerging nowadays as an important area of criticism towards contemporary food production and supply, the paper goes back to the choices made within the mainstream food system. Although the interviewees could be classified as middle-class and for this reason are expected to eagerly adapt to new lifestyle patterns, the research material allows one to focus not only on the novelty in people’s culinary choices, but above all – on the continuity. Forms of domestic cooking and buying provisions for the household – as embodied skills based on physical work and time available – are interpreted in the light of contemporary food distrust. The similarities between late modern and traditional mechanisms of maintaining trust are analysed, showing how different layers overlap, shaping a mix of traditional and modern forms.

This article is concerned with the household economics of resident landless and near-landless social classes. In Imperial Germany around 1900, these groups comprised of approximately six million people. Such households had little to no property in the form of land, but nevertheless cultivated multiple estates. They were accordingly involved with their own household's agricultural production on the grounds of housing either owned or rented. This article investigates what information was provided by contemporaneous social finding commissions about the living situations of these households, and what fact-finding interests underlay such empirical surveys. The potential for knowledge of these studies, as well as where their limits lay, will be analysed. In addition, the ways in which distribution of powers and institutionalisation affected the approaches and methods of empirical social research will be presented in detail. Finally, the role of (academically educated) women in these early days of rural social research will be assessed. The following can be established: landless and near-landless persons were active in seeking to improve their economic situation. When this was not achieved, urban and industrial migration initiatives came into being, often promising success. The combination of wage labour and one's own household economy proved a durable system, in which the producers' interests in essential supplies and personal freedom were, however, in the long run neglected. Working women emerged with their own demands, and these, too, were presented in detail in the research projects produced by female academics. It was not until the very end of Imperial Germany that social demands of male and female rural farm workers reached a level where they could become politicised. Alongside the (growing) market orientation of agriculture, and in terms of the purchase of consumer goods, the (early-modern) category of the household demonstrated its longevity. With the increased communicative opening of rural society, this goal-directed way of living began to diminish. In summary: current agricultural investigations that exclusively access the (quantitatively measurable) market economy, and which do not sufficiently consider the knowledge base of contemporaneous data, accordingly prove to be much reduced in scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]