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The development of research instruments is extremely important. The research indicated the construction of instruments among house officers during their housemanship. The independent variable and the dependent variable were both investigated as components of the research. Experience, conceptualization, experimentation, and competence are the items in both variables. In the initial phase, the researcher performed a study dependability analysis. The obtained alpha value indicates that all items have been accepted. The researcher then executes an analysis to generate a scatter plot of homoscedasticity and heteroscedasticity. The generated distribution must represent regression, with the data plot featuring regression-standardised residuals and regression-standardised projected value. The drawn representation should be oval for proof that the data is normal and distributed equally. An adequate distribution demonstrates that the research instruments are acceptable and trustworthy. The study's findings demonstrate that the distribution is oval. Therefore, both research objectives succeeded, including determining the trustworthiness of instrument development and recognising the commonality of homoscedasticity and heteroscedasticity scatter plots during instrument creation. A reliable instrument is essential for ensuring accuracy and research data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the future preferences of house officers when choosing a medical speciality. METHODOLOGY The cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2023 at three teaching hospitals in Abbottabad. 250 participants were selected as the study sample. The data was collected from house officers on a predesigned, self-structured written questionnaire. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. RESULTS Of 250 individuals, 224 met inclusive criteria; 65% (146) were male and 35% (78) were female. The mean age was 25 years ±1.01. The first preference of the house officer was medicine (44% (100), the second was surgery (31.5%) (70), and the third was obstetrics and gynaecology. Among medicine specialities, only 0.9% (02) opt endocrinology and gastroenterology, while among surgical specialities, 0.4% (01) opt urology and 0.9% (02) opt neurosurgery. 150 individuals (70%) planned residency in the future, among whom 47% (106) set a caveat for residency abroad. The most favourite place abroad was the UK, with 42% (45/106). 180 house officers (80%) are satisfied with their academic abilities. CONCLUSION The study revealed that house officers have no awareness of new specialities and are least interested in specialities like endocrinology, gastroenterology, neurosurgery, and urology. In contrast, no influence was noted toward specialities like haematology, public health and community medicine. Most students are satisfied with their medical education but plan to do their residency abroad.

Objective: To develop entrustable professional activities for a one-year house job in dentistry. Study Design: Qualitative study (Interpretive Paradigm). Place and Duration of Study: Khyber College of Dentistry and Sardar Begum Dental College, Peshawar Pakistan, from Sep 2017 to May 2018. Methodology: A five-step approach was used to develop four EPAs for a one-year house job. Using maximum variation sampling, faculty members from eleven disciplines of dentistry working in public and private dental colleges of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and charge of training dental interns participated in the study. Three focus group interviews and three in-depth interviews were conducted. Data was transcribed and thematic analysis was done. Results: The EPAs were developed for a one-year house job using the five-step approach. This process resulted in developing the content of four EPAs in detail, analysing the results into competencies aligned with Pakistan medical and dental council, assessment methods such as multisource feedback, direct observation, mini CEX assessment with peer coaching and role modelling teaching strategies for each activity. Participants agreed on trusting the house officer to perform independently with a gradual shift of supervision scale from direct action to indirect and finally enacting the EPAs unsupervised. Conclusion: This study presents the foundation for using specific EPAs in dentistry, a step towards a competency-based approach. The content of EPAs for a transition period of a one-year house job in dentistry was developed using the 5-stage approach. These EPAs can provide explicit guidance for the engagement of dental house officers in clinical workplace activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Appropriate and well-resourced medical internship training is important to ensure psychological health and well-being of doctors in training and also to recruit and retain these doctors. However, most reviews focused on clinical competency of medical interns instead of the non-clinical aspects of training. In this scoping review, we aim to review what tools exist to measure medical internship experience and summarize the major domains assessed. Method The authors searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, ERIC, and the Cochrane Library for peer-reviewed studies that provided quantitative data on medical intern’s (house officer, foundation year doctor, etc.) internship experience and published between 2000 and 2019. Three reviewers screened studies for eligibility with inclusion criteria. Data including tools used, key themes examined, and psychometric properties within the study population were charted, collated, and summarized. Tools that were used in multiple studies, and tools with internal validity or reliability assessed directed in their intern population were reported. Results The authors identified 92 studies that were included in the analysis. The majority of studies were conducted in the US (n = 30, 32.6%) and the UK (n = 20, 21.7%), and only 14 studies (15.2%) were conducted in low- and middle-income countries. Major themes examined for internship experience included well-being, educational environment, and work condition and environment. For measuring well-being, standardized tools like the Maslach Burnout Inventory (for measuring burnout), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (depression), General Health Questionnaire-12 or 30 (psychological distress) and Perceived Stress Scale (stress) were used multiple times. For educational environment and work condition and environment, there is a lack of widely used tools for interns that have undergone psychometric testing in this population other than the Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure, which has been used in four different countries. Conclusions There are a large number of tools designed for measuring medical internship experience. International comparability of results from future studies would benefit if tools that have been more widely used are employed in studies on medical interns with further testing of their psychometric properties in different contexts.

Introduction: Needlestick injuries (NSIs) pose a significant occupational hazard to healthcare workers (HCWs), with potential risks of exposure to bloodborne pathogens. The development of effective training modules is crucial to addressing NSI prevention and enhancing HCWs' knowledge and risk perception. This study aims to develop and validate the Needlestick Injury Prevention Module (N-SIP) using the ADDIE model (Florida State University, FL), which stands for Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation, to improve NSI-related knowledge and risk perception among House Officers (HOs) in healthcare settings., Methods: The study utilized approaches comprising literature review, module development using the ADDIE model, content validation by experts, and face validation among HOs. The N-SIP module addressed various aspects of NSI prevention, including background information, bloodborne viral infections, infection prevention practices, and occupational safety. The evaluation involved content validation by expert panels and face validation by HOs., Results: The content validity of the N-SIP module was rigorously evaluated through expert review and validation by subject matter experts and HOs. The experts' feedback ensured the quality, relevance, and comprehensiveness of the module's instructional materials. Furthermore, face validity was assessed among HOs to ensure the module's clarity, appropriateness, and perceived effectiveness in addressing NSI prevention. The positive response from HOs indicated favorable perceptions of the module's content and instructional design, affirming its potential to effectively enhance perceptions related to NSI prevention among HCWs., Conclusion: The development and evaluation of the N-SIP represent a significant advancement in addressing NSIs among HCWs. Through a structured approach informed by the ADDIE model, the N-SIP module offers a comprehensive and tailored learning experience aimed at enhancing NSI-related knowledge and risk perception among HOs. The study findings underscore the importance of effective training interventions in promoting a culture of safety and reducing occupational hazards in healthcare settings., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Human Research and Ethics Committee, Universiti Sains Malaysia and Ethical Committee from the National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia issued approval USM/JEPeM/KK/23010096 and NMRR ID-23-00281-VRX (IIR). Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Mohd Kutubudin et al.)

Background: Appropriate and well-resourced medical internship training is important to ensure psychological health and well-being of doctors in training and also to recruit and retain these doctors. However, most reviews focused on clinical competency of medical interns instead of the non-clinical aspects of training. In this scoping review, we aim to review what tools exist to measure medical internship experience and summarize the major domains assessed.Method: The authors searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, ERIC, and the Cochrane Library for peer-reviewed studies that provided quantitative data on medical intern's (house officer, foundation year doctor, etc.) internship experience and published between 2000 and 2019. Three reviewers screened studies for eligibility with inclusion criteria. Data including tools used, key themes examined, and psychometric properties within the study population were charted, collated, and summarized. Tools that were used in multiple studies, and tools with internal validity or reliability assessed directed in their intern population were reported.Results: The authors identified 92 studies that were included in the analysis. The majority of studies were conducted in the US (n = 30, 32.6%) and the UK (n = 20, 21.7%), and only 14 studies (15.2%) were conducted in low- and middle-income countries. Major themes examined for internship experience included well-being, educational environment, and work condition and environment. For measuring well-being, standardized tools like the Maslach Burnout Inventory (for measuring burnout), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (depression), General Health Questionnaire-12 or 30 (psychological distress) and Perceived Stress Scale (stress) were used multiple times. For educational environment and work condition and environment, there is a lack of widely used tools for interns that have undergone psychometric testing in this population other than the Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure, which has been used in four different countries.Conclusions: There are a large number of tools designed for measuring medical internship experience. International comparability of results from future studies would benefit if tools that have been more widely used are employed in studies on medical interns with further testing of their psychometric properties in different contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological morbidities are common among healthcare professionals, particularly among junior doctors. They are transitioning from being a medical student to becoming a doctor. They undergo many stressors during this period and are more vulnerable to psychological morbidities such as depression and anxiety. In this presentation, the speaker shared, via a case vignette, the implementation of Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) to address specific interpersonal problem areas that house officers experience. Mr A is a house officer who started his job a year after graduating from medical school. He was feeling enthusiastic but was having difficulty adjusting to his job. He presented with depressive symptoms a few months after starting work. IPT helped Mr A gain a more balanced and realistic view of the transition with discussions on the positive and negative aspects of his new role as a young doctor. Mr. A was afraid to ask for advice from the medical officers during the horsemanship. His communication patterns and interpersonal relationships with others were explored using IPT techniques. The therapist and Mr A worked on alternative ways of communication which are more effective. Mr A also had difficulties communicating his needs to others, resulting in unmet needs. With the IPT role-play technique, opportunities to model new ways of communication, interaction with new people and meet his needs were discussed. Mr A's support system was limited to only his wife, with whom he shared his feelings and problems. To help him further in the transition, the therapist and Mr A looked into ways to improve his social support by re-establishing existing social contacts and developing new social support. Mr A did well in the therapy, and with continued practice of IPT techniques, he can negotiate through the transition positively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The housemanship period is a peculiar time in a doctor's career, and some have described it as a "Nuisance year" during which the junior doctor assumes many roles at the same time - as a doctor of his patients, a student of his trainers (Resident doctors and Consultants) and a teacher of medical students. He is also at the same time undergoing training and research to practice as a professional in an increasingly competitive society-https://youtu.be/SaaQmMHy_qI., Nigerian Perspective: A typical House officer is seen neatly dressed with black circles around the eyes depicting tiredness, ward coat pockets stuffed with enough materials to start up a new ward; ranging from continuation sheets, syringes, water for injection, capillary tubes, hand gloves, investigation forms, commonly used drugs, cannula, tourniquet et cetera, smart shoes and feet ready to move on large doses of caffeine, and with carbonated drinks at arm's reach for a quick glucose rush for the day.He or she is faced with institutional problems, staff and workplace disharmony ranging from lack of adequate residential apartment for interns, early daily resumption and retires much later than the team to effectively carry out the work plan among acute shortage of staff. Majority of interns also try to adapt to the internship workings because they are new to the system, and some health workers typically try to take advantage of them which sometimes interfere with their work and the intern struggles to give the patients his best. Despite all these, the house officer interacts with the patient and relatives more often than the rest of the team. He builds the trust, respect, and confidence the patient has for the team as he represents not only himself but also the team., Conclusion: As once said by Sir William Osler - the great physician whose name is still being invoked in modern day medicine - that "his time was ripe for him, and he was ripe for his time". Trainees must always make themselves "ripe for their time", and the relevant authorities must also make time "ripe for trainees". The ideal scenario will then be a nexus of an ideal trainee and an ideal work environment., (© Association of Resident Doctors, UCH, Ibadan.)

Introduction: The internship period is a peculiar time in a doctor's career, and some have described it as a "nuisance year" during which the junior doctor assumes many roles at the same time. Junior doctors especially house officers are faced with many unique challenges; this is even more pronounced in poor resource settings like Nigeria. This study aimed to unravel and improve understanding of the challenges faced by medical and dental interns in Nigeria., Methodology: A nine-member House officers Research and Statistics Committee (HRSC) was immediately set up to include three senior colleagues - Senior Registrars and Registrar. To carry out her responsibility efficiently the committee created the House Officers Research Collaboration Network (HRCN), a 103- member team comprising medical and dental interns from across Nigeria under a collaborative - Medical INternship Training in Nigeria (MINTING) study., Results: Out of a total of the 103 House Officers Research Collaboration Network, 80 of them participated in this survey giving a 78% response rate. Ten of the intern Collaborators had additional qualification and seven of them had BSc as an initial degree. About 66 % of the Collaborators have never authored any publication. Of the 27 that have published an article; three collaborators are said to have published 15, 13, 16 articles respectively. Male collaborators where more likely to have published at least one article in the past. Thirty one of the 80 Collaborators have never been in a research collaborative group prior to this MINTING collaborative., Conclusion: This commentary is set out to describe in detail Nigerian House Officers initiative in terms of the structure, functions, operational modalities, and to investigate the demographics of the HRCN collaborators which showed that over two third of collaborators have never authored any publication and about a third of them have never been involved in collaborative research. We also believe the findings will serve as policy guide and benchmark in training the critical medical health force., (© Association of Resident Doctors, UCH, Ibadan.)

The objective of the study was to determine preferences and factors influencing the choice of medical specialties by House officers. Questionnaires were distributed to House-officers in 4 tertiary hospitals namely: the National hospital, Abuja, the University of Port-Harcourt, the Jos University, and the University of Uyo Teaching Hospitals. The data were simultaneously collected and analyzed using SPSS 20.0 version. Of the 150 questionnaires distributed, 129(86%) were duly filled. The mean age was 22.4 years (range 21-40 years), 79(61.2 %) of the respondent were male. Fifty-nine(45.7%) chose training within the country while 32(24.8%) preferred outside as 107(86%) chose training in Teaching Hospitals. Teachers, Resident doctors and parents influenced choices in 34(26.3%), 17(13.1%) and 16(12.4%) respectively. Thirty-four(26.3%), 28 (21.7%), 13(10.1%) and 15(11.6%) preferred obstetrics, surgery, internal medicine and paediatrics respectively. Seventy (46.7%) chose specialties for personal likeness and 17(11.3%) for role models in that specialty. House officers preferred to pursue medical specialty in teaching hospitals within the country and they are motivated by personal fulfillment, independence of practice and role models while preferring to specialize in more Obstetrics/ Gyaenocology and surgery.

Introduction: House officers who are suffering from stress, anxiety or depression are at risk of harm to themselves, colleagues and even patients, as well as affecting their livelihood. Objective: This study is aimed to find the prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression among house officers working in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Method: A cross-sectional study was done using a self-administered questionnaire containing socio-demographic factors and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) 21. Results: Prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression were 57.1%, 63.7%, and 42.9% respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis found that house officers who thought of quitting Housemanship was associated with stress (adjusted OR = 3.64, 95% CI: (1.44, 9.20), p = 0.006), and depression (adjusted OR = 8.26, 95% CI: (2.96, 23.02), p < 0.001). House officers who perceives that they are bullied is associated with anxiety (adjusted OR = 4.16, 95% CI: (1.33, 13.07), p = 0.015). Work experience of the house officers in months have a protective effect to stress (adjusted OR = 0.92, 95% CI: (0.87, 0.97), p = 0.004), anxiety (adjusted OR = 0.93, 95% CI: (0.88, 0.98), p = 0.006) and depression (adjusted OR = 0.92, 95% CI: (0.87, 0.98), p = 0.006). Conclusion: The prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression among house officers in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah is high. Management should look into the findings and understand the importance of addressing this problem as it may affect patient care and safety, and the livelihood of house officers. Future studies identifying why house officers are thinking of quitting service and why they do feel that they are being bullied may be warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to determine preferences and factors influencing the choice of medical specialties by House officers. Questionnaires were distributed to House-officers in 4 tertiary hospitals namely: the National hospital, Abuja, the University of Port-Harcourt, the Jos University, and the University of Uyo Teaching Hospitals. The data were simultaneously collected and analyzed using SPSS 20.0 version. Of the 150 questionnaires distributed, 129(86%) were duly filled. The mean age was 22.4 years (range 21-40 years), 79(61.2 %) of the respondent were male. Fifty-nine(45.7%) chose training within the country while 32(24.8%) preferred outside as 107(86%) chose training in Teaching Hospitals. Teachers, Resident doctors and parents influenced choices in 34(26.3%), 17(13.1%) and 16(12.4%) respectively. Thirty-four(26.3%), 28 (21.7%), 13(10.1%) and 15(11.6%) preferred obstetrics, surgery, internal medicine and paediatrics respectively. Seventy (46.7%) chose specialties for personal likeness and 17(11.3%) for role models in that specialty. House officers preferred to pursue medical specialty in teaching hospitals within the country and they are motivated by personal fulfillment, independence of practice and role models while more prefer to specialize in more Obstetrics/ Gyaenocology and surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the construct validity and the internal consistency of the General Stressor Questionnaire (GSQ) among house officers hence in the future it could be used as a valid and reliable instrument to identify Stressors among them. Methods: Items of the GSQ were derived from a review of literature on the subject and a discussion with experts in the field. It comprised of 28 items with seven hypothetical groups. The content and face validity was established through discussion with experts from field of Medical Education and Community Medicine, and medical trainee lecturers. It was administered to all (N = 58) house officers in a Malaysian hospital. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18. Factor analysis was applied to test construct validity whereas reliability analysis (Cronbach's alpha) was applied to test internal consistency of the GSQ Results: Forty two house officers participated in this study. Factor analysis found that the 28 items of the GSQ were loaded nicely into the seven groups as their factor loading values were more than 0.3. The reliability analysis showed that the Cronbach's alpha value for the GSQ was 0.94. While, Cronbach's alpha values for family, poor relationship with superior, bureaucratic constraints, work-family conflicts, poor relationship with colleagues, performance pressure, and poor job prospect domains were 0.70, 0.78, 0.66, 0.69, 0.78, 0.80, and 0.72 respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that the GSQ had good psychometric values. It is a valid and reliable instrument in identifying Stressors among house officers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is a common genetic condition that predisposes to emphysema and liver disease. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is under-recognized, so affected individuals often experience long delays in diagnosis and visits to multiple physicians before correct diagnosis. Reasoning that inadequate knowledge about alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency could contribute to this under-recognition, we designed this study to evaluate internal medicine house officers' and respiratory therapists' (RTs) knowledge of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. METHODS: We evaluated knowledge of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency with a Web-based test containing 30 multiple- choice questions. Invitations to take the test were sent via e-mail to all internal medicine house officers and RTs at The Cleveland Clinic main campus hospital. We assessed test scores by profession, years of training/experience, and self-assessed knowledge of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. RESULTS: Of 332 invitees, 202 (61%) responded, of whom 165 (50%) provided complete responses (99 RTs, 66 physicians). The mean scores (percent of correct answers) were 54% and 52% for physicians and RTs, respectively (P = .25). The scores did not differ among the physicians when examined by subspecialty (pulmonary/critical care vs other) or post-graduate education level (P = .94). RTs who had graduated from a 4-year respiratory therapy program had a higher mean score than those who had graduated from a 2-year program (56% vs 50%, P = .02). Respondents' whose self-assessment of their knowledge about alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency was "somewhat knowledgeable" had higher test scores than any other self-assessed knowledge level, regardless of profession. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate a generally low level of knowledge about alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency among physicians and RTs. Causes of under-recognition of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, including the possibility of poor knowledge as a contributor, warrant further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review focuses on the adverse effects of sleep derangements on physicians and patients in the intensive care unit. Recent evidence suggests that the complexity and level of care delivered in the intensive care unit (ICU) has outstripped a trainee's ability to forego sleep and is compromising both physician and patient safety and thereby threatens the foundation of the profession. Sleepy physicians are not only more capable of committing medical errors, but are also more likely to suffer motor vehicle crashes, workplace conflicts, and occupational injuries. Moreover, critically ill patients may suffer from sleep derangements due to a host of factors that includes mechanical ventilation, ICU noise levels, and healthcare activities, although a majority of sleep disturbances in this population are as yet unexplained. Besides suffering at the hands of sleepy physicians, critically ill patients may experience adverse outcomes due to severe sleep derangements during their ICU stay. In conclusion, both critically ill patients and intensive care physicians are susceptible to sleep deprivation and derangements that may ultimately adversely influence patient outcomes. Administrators of an ICU need to be cognizant of the effect of sleep, or lack thereof, on patient and physician safety. Researchers in the areas of sleep medicine and critical care need to collaborate on furthering our understanding of this emerging area of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]