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241 results on '"Houpert L"'

2. Author Correction: Subpolar North Atlantic western boundary density anomalies and the Meridional Overturning Circulation

Author

Li, F., Lozier, M. S., Bacon, S., Bower, A. S., Cunningham, S. A., de Jong, M. F., deYoung, B., Fraser, N., Fried, N., Han, G., Holliday, N. P., Holte, J., Houpert, L., Inall, M. E., Johns, W. E., Jones, S., Johnson, C., Karstensen, J., Le Bras, I. A., Lherminier, P., Lin, X., Mercier, H., Oltmanns, M., Pacini, A., Petit, T., Pickart, R. S., Rayner, D., Straneo, F., Thierry, V., Visbeck, M., Yashayaev, I., and Zhou, C.

Published
2022
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4. Subpolar North Atlantic western boundary density anomalies and the Meridional Overturning Circulation

Author

Li, F., Lozier, M. S., Bacon, S., Bower, A. S., Cunningham, S. A., de Jong, M. F., deYoung, B., Fraser, N., Fried, N., Han, G., Holliday, N. P., Holte, J., Houpert, L., Inall, M. E., Johns, W. E., Jones, S., Johnson, C., Karstensen, J., Le Bras, I. A., Lherminier, P., Lin, X., Mercier, H., Oltmanns, M., Pacini, A., Petit, T., Pickart, R. S., Rayner, D., Straneo, F., Thierry, V., Visbeck, M., Yashayaev, I., and Zhou, C.

Published
2021
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5. A sea change in our view of overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic

Author

Lozier, M. S., Li, F., Bacon, S., Bahr, F., Bower, A. S., Cunningham, S. A., de Jong, M. F., de Steur, L., deYoung, B., Fischer, J., Gary, S. F., Greenan, B. J. W., Holliday, N. P., Houk, A., Houpert, L., Inall, M. E., Johns, W. E., Johnson, H. L., Johnson, C., Karstensen, J., Koman, G., Le Bras, I. A., Lin, X., Mackay, N., Marshall, D. P., Mercier, H., Oltmanns, M., Pickart, R. S., Ramsey, A. L., Rayner, D., Straneo1, F., Thierry, V., Torres, D. J., Williams, R. G., Wilson, C., Yang, J., Yashayaev, I., and Zhao, J.

Published
2019

18. Contact pressure of indented wide elliptical contacts: dry and lubricated cases

Author

Biboulet, N., Lubrecht, A.A., and Houpert, L.

Subjects
Tribology, Science and technology
Abstract

Indents perturb the pressure and stress distribution and increase the failure risk of rolling element bearings. A numerical study of the pressure perturbation is proposed. An existing dry contact model is extended to account for the indent shoulder influence and the pressure collapse in deeper indents. Moreover, results for pure rolling lubricated contacts are presented. Finally; the ellipticity influence is studied for both dry and lubricated contacts. Keywords: indentation, contamination, pollution, fatigue, rolling bearing life

Published
2008

20. A uniform analytical approach for ball and roller bearings calculations

Author

Houpert, L.

Subjects
Ball-bearings -- Analysis, Roller bearings -- Analysis, Science and technology
Abstract

A novel analytical approach is proposed, uniform for ball and roller bearings, which takes into account 5 relative race displacements (3 translations: dx, dy, and dz, and 2 tilting angles: d[[Theta].sub.y] and d[[Theta].sub.z]) to provide simple analytical relationships for calculating directly the resulting 3 bearing loads: [F.sub.x], [F.sub.y], and [F.sub.z] as well as the 2 tilting moments: [M.sub.y]. and [M.sub.z]. A full coupling between all these displacements and forces is considered. The maximum rolling element load [Q.sub.max], the load distribution Q([Psi]) and the 3-D rolling element load distribution dQ([pounds], x[prime]) at each roller-race contact slice are also given analytically. It will therefore be possible for bearing users, willing to study for themselves a complete statically indeterminate systems including shafts, housing and bearings, to do such calculations using accurate nonlinear bearing forces-displacements relationships suggested in this paper and to predict easily bearing and other system components performances. This approach can also be implemented in any nonlinear Finite Element Analysis (F.E.A.) package for describing a bearing element connecting the shaft to the housing for example. It completes, therefore, the F.E.A. library of elements.

Published
1997

21. Sustainable observations of the AMOC: Methodology and Technology

Author

Mccarthy, G.d., Brown, P.j., Flagg, C.n., Goni, G., Houpert, L., Hughes, C.w., Hummels, R., Inall, M., Jochumsen, K., Larsen, K.m.h., Lherminier, Pascale, Meinen, C.s., Moat, B.i., Rayner, D., Rhein, M., Roessler, A., Schmid, C., Smeed, D.a., Mccarthy, G.d., Brown, P.j., Flagg, C.n., Goni, G., Houpert, L., Hughes, C.w., Hummels, R., Inall, M., Jochumsen, K., Larsen, K.m.h., Lherminier, Pascale, Meinen, C.s., Moat, B.i., Rayner, D., Rhein, M., Roessler, A., Schmid, C., and Smeed, D.a.

Abstract

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a key mechanism of heat, freshwater, and carbon redistribution in the climate system. The precept that the AMOC has changed abruptly in the past, notably during and at the end of the last ice age, and that it is ‘very likely’ to weaken in the coming century due to anthropogenic climate change is a key motivation for sustained observations of the AMOC. This paper reviews the methodology and technology used to observe the AMOC and assesses these ideas and systems for accuracy, shortcomings, potential improvements and sustainability. We review hydrographic techniques and look at how these traditional techniques can meet modern requirements. Transport mooring arrays provide the ‘gold standard’ for sustained AMOC observing, utilizing dynamic height, current meter, and other instrumentation and techniques to produce continuous observations of the AMOC. We consider the principle of these systems and how they can be sustained and improved into the future. Techniques utilizing indirect measurements, such as satellite altimetry, coupled with in‐situ measurements, such as the Argo float array, are also discussed. Existing technologies that perhaps have not been fully exploited for estimating AMOC are reviewed and considered for this purpose. Technology is constantly evolving and we look to the future of technology and how it can be deployed for sustained and expanded AMOC measurements. Finally, all of these methodologies and technologies are considered with a view to a sustained and sustainable future for AMOC observation. Plain Language Summary The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a system of ocean currents (sometimes known as the Gulf Stream System or the Great Ocean Conveyor Belt) that is important because of how it moves heat and carbon around the planet. Due to human‐induced climate change, the AMOC is predicted to weaken substantially, with adverse impacts for regions dependent on the supply o

Published
2020
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22. Observed variability of the North Atlantic current in the Rockall Trough from four years of mooring measurements

Author

Houpert, L., Cunningham, S., Fraser, N., Johnson, C., Holliday, N. P., Jones, S., Moat, B., Rayner, D., Houpert, L., Cunningham, S., Fraser, N., Johnson, C., Holliday, N. P., Jones, S., Moat, B., and Rayner, D.

Abstract

The Rockall Trough is one of the main conduits for warm Atlantic Water to the Nordic Seas. Ocean heat anomalies, originating from the eastern subpolar gyre, are known to influence Arctic sea ice extent, marine ecosystems, and continental climate. Knowledge of the transport through this basin has previously been limited to estimates from hydrographic sections which cannot characterise the intra‐annual and multi‐annual variability. As part of the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Programme (OSNAP), a mooring array was deployed in the Rockall Trough in order to obtain the first continuous measurements of transport. Here, we define the methodology and the errors associated with estimating these transports. Results show a 4‐year mean northward transport of 6.6 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3/s) by the North Atlantic Current (NAC) in the east and interior of the Rockall Trough (2014‐2018). A mean transport of ‐2.0 Sv (southward) is observed in the west of the basin, which could be part of a recirculation around the Rockall Plateau. The 90‐day low‐pass filtered transport shows large sub‐annual and inter‐annual variability (‐1.6 Sv to 9.1 Sv), mostly resulting from changes in the mid‐basin geostrophic transport. Satellite altimetry reveals the periods of low and high transport are associated with significant changes in the Rockall Trough circulation. There is a detectable seasonal signal, with the greatest transport in spring and autumn.

Published
2020

23. Sustainable Observations of the AMOC: Methodology and Technology

Author

McCarthy, Gerard, Brown, P. J., Flagg, C. N., Goni, G., Houpert, L., Hughes, C. W., Hummels, R., Inall, M., Jochumsen, K., Larsen, K. M. H., Lherminier, P., Meinen, C. S., Moat, B. I., Rayner, D., Rhein, M., Roessler, A., Schmid, C., Smeed, D. A., McCarthy, Gerard, Brown, P. J., Flagg, C. N., Goni, G., Houpert, L., Hughes, C. W., Hummels, R., Inall, M., Jochumsen, K., Larsen, K. M. H., Lherminier, P., Meinen, C. S., Moat, B. I., Rayner, D., Rhein, M., Roessler, A., Schmid, C., and Smeed, D. A.

Abstract

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a key mechanism of heat, freshwater, and carbon redistribution in the climate system. The precept that the AMOC has changed abruptly in the past, notably during and at the end of the last ice age, and that it is “very likely” to weaken in the coming century due to anthropogenic climate change is a key motivation for sustained observations of the AMOC. This paper reviews the methodology and technology used to observe the AMOC and assesses these ideas and systems for accuracy, shortcomings, potential improvements, and sustainability. We review hydrographic techniques and look at how these traditional techniques can meet modern requirements. Transport mooring arrays (TMAs) provide the “gold standard” for sustained AMOC observing, utilizing dynamic height, current meter, and other instrumentation and techniques to produce continuous observations of the AMOC. We consider the principle of these systems and how they can be sustained and improved into the future. Techniques utilizing indirect measurements, such as satellite altimetry, coupled with in situ measurements, such as the Argo float array, are also discussed. Existing technologies that perhaps have not been fully exploited for estimating AMOC are reviewed and considered for this purpose. Technology is constantly evolving, and we look to the future of technology and how it can be deployed for sustained and expanded AMOC measurements. Finally, all of these methodologies and technologies are considered with a view to a sustained and sustainable future for AMOC observation.

Published
2020

24. A sea change in our view of overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic

Author

Lozier, S., Li, F., Bacon, S., Bahr, F., Bower, A., Cunningham, S., de Jong, F., de Steur, L., de Young, B., Fischer, J., Gary, S., Greenan, B., Holliday, N., Houk, A., Houpert, L., Inall, M., Johns, W., Johnson, H., Johnson, C., Karstensen, J., Koman, G., Le Bras, I., Lin, X., Mackay, N., Marshall, D., Mercier, H., Oltmanns, M., Pickart, R., Ramsey, A., Rayner, D., Straneo, F., Thierry, V., Torres, D., Williams, R., Wilson, C., Yang, J., and Zhao, J.

Abstract

To provide an observational basis for IPCC projections of a slowing Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) in the 21st century, the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP) observing system was launched in the summer of 2014. The first 21-month record reveals a highly variable overturning circulation responsible for the majority of the heat and freshwater transport across the OSNAP line. In a departure from the prevailing view that changes in deep water formation in the Labrador Sea dominate MOC variability, these results suggest that the conversion of warm, salty, shallow Atlantic waters into colder, fresher, deep waters that move southward in the Irminger and Iceland basins, is largely responsible for overturning and its variability in the subpolar basin.

Published
2019

25. Sustainable Observations of the AMOC: Methodology and Technology

Author

McCarthy, G. D., primary, Brown, P. J., additional, Flagg, C. N., additional, Goni, G., additional, Houpert, L., additional, Hughes, C. W., additional, Hummels, R., additional, Inall, M., additional, Jochumsen, K., additional, Larsen, K. M. H., additional, Lherminier, P., additional, Meinen, C. S., additional, Moat, B. I., additional, Rayner, D., additional, Rhein, M., additional, Roessler, A., additional, Schmid, C., additional, and Smeed, D. A., additional

Published
2020
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27. Transport variability of the Irminger Sea deep western boundary current from a mooring array

Author

Hopkins, J. E., Holliday, N. P., Rayner, D., Houpert, L., Le Bras, I., Straneo, F., Wilson, C., Bacon, S., Hopkins, J. E., Holliday, N. P., Rayner, D., Houpert, L., Le Bras, I., Straneo, F., Wilson, C., and Bacon, S.

Abstract

The Deep Western Boundary Current in the subpolar North Atlantic is the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and a key component of the global climate system. Here, a mooring array deployed at 60°N in the Irminger Sea, between 2014 and 2016, provides the longest continuous record of total Deep Western Boundary Current volume transport at this latitude. The 1.8‐year averaged transport of water denser than σθ = 27.8 kg/m3 was −10.8 ± 4.9 Sv (mean ± 1 std; 1 Sv = 106 m3/s). Of this total, we find −4.1 ± 1.4 Sv within the densest layer (σθ > 27.88 kg/m3) that originated from the Denmark Strait Overflow. The lighter North East Atlantic Deep Water layer (σθ = 27.8–27.88 kg/m3) carries −6.5 ± 7.7 Sv. The variability in transport ranges between 2 and 65 days. There is a distinct shift from high to low frequency with distance from the East Greenland slope. High‐frequency fluctuations (2–8 days) close to the continental slope are likely associated with topographic Rossby waves and/or cyclonic eddies. Here, perturbations in layer thickness make a significant (20–60%) contribution to transport variability. In deeper water, toward the center of the Irminger Basin, transport variance at 55 days dominates. Our results suggest that there has been a 1.8 Sv increase in total transport since 2005–2006, but this difference can be accounted for by a range of methodological and data limitation biases.

Published
2019

28. OceanGliders: A component of the integrated GOOS

Author

Testor, P, DeYoung, B, Rudnick, DL, Glenn, S, Hayes, D, Lee, C, Pattiaratchi, CB, Hill, KL, Heslop, E, Turpin, V, Alenius, P, Barrera, C, Barth, J, Beaird, N, Becu, G, Bosse, A, Bourrin, F, Brearley, A, Chao, Y, Chen, S, Chiggiato, J, Coppola, L, Crout, R, Cummings, J, Curry, B, Curry, R, Davis, R, Desai, K, DiMarco, S, Edwards, C, Fielding, S, Fer, I, Frajka-Williams, E, Gildor, H, Goni, G, Gutierrez, D, Hanson, S, Haugan, P, Hebert, D, Heiderich, J, Heywood, KJ, Hogan, P, Houpert, L, Huh, S, Inall, ME, Ishii, M, Ito, SI, Itoh, S, Jan, S, Kaiser, J, Karstensen, J, Kirkpatrick, B, Klymak, J, Kohut, J, Krahmann, G, Krug, M, McClatchie, S, Marin, F, Mauri, E, Mehra, A, Meredith, MP, Miles, T, Morell, J, Mortier, L, Nicholson, S, O'Callaghan, J, O'Conchubhair, D, Oke, PR, Sanz, EP, Palmer, M, Park, JJ, Perivoliotis, L, Poulain, PM, Perry, R, Queste, B, Rainville, L, Rehm, E, Roughan, M, Rome, N, Ross, T, Ruiz, S, Saba, G, Schaeffer, A, Schonau, M, Schroeder, K, Shimizu, Y, Sloyan, BM, Smeed, D, Snowden, DP, Song, Y, Swart, S, Tenreiro, M, Thompson, AF, Tintore, J, Todd, RE, Toro, C, Venables, H, Waterman, S, Watlington, R, Wilson, D, Testor, P, DeYoung, B, Rudnick, DL, Glenn, S, Hayes, D, Lee, C, Pattiaratchi, CB, Hill, KL, Heslop, E, Turpin, V, Alenius, P, Barrera, C, Barth, J, Beaird, N, Becu, G, Bosse, A, Bourrin, F, Brearley, A, Chao, Y, Chen, S, Chiggiato, J, Coppola, L, Crout, R, Cummings, J, Curry, B, Curry, R, Davis, R, Desai, K, DiMarco, S, Edwards, C, Fielding, S, Fer, I, Frajka-Williams, E, Gildor, H, Goni, G, Gutierrez, D, Hanson, S, Haugan, P, Hebert, D, Heiderich, J, Heywood, KJ, Hogan, P, Houpert, L, Huh, S, Inall, ME, Ishii, M, Ito, SI, Itoh, S, Jan, S, Kaiser, J, Karstensen, J, Kirkpatrick, B, Klymak, J, Kohut, J, Krahmann, G, Krug, M, McClatchie, S, Marin, F, Mauri, E, Mehra, A, Meredith, MP, Miles, T, Morell, J, Mortier, L, Nicholson, S, O'Callaghan, J, O'Conchubhair, D, Oke, PR, Sanz, EP, Palmer, M, Park, JJ, Perivoliotis, L, Poulain, PM, Perry, R, Queste, B, Rainville, L, Rehm, E, Roughan, M, Rome, N, Ross, T, Ruiz, S, Saba, G, Schaeffer, A, Schonau, M, Schroeder, K, Shimizu, Y, Sloyan, BM, Smeed, D, Snowden, DP, Song, Y, Swart, S, Tenreiro, M, Thompson, AF, Tintore, J, Todd, RE, Toro, C, Venables, H, Waterman, S, Watlington, R, and Wilson, D

Abstract

The OceanGliders program started in 2016 to support active coordination and enhancement of global glider activity. OceanGliders contributes to the international efforts of the Global Ocean Observation System (GOOS) for Climate, Ocean Health and Operational Services. It brings together marine scientists and engineers operating gliders around the world: (1) to observe the long-term physical, biogeochemical, and biological ocean processes and phenomena that are relevant for societal applications; and, (2) to contribute to the GOOS through real-time and delayed mode data dissemination. The OceanGliders program is distributed across national and regional observing systems and significantly contributes to integrated, multi-scale and multi-platform sampling strategies. OceanGliders shares best practices, requirements, and scientific knowledge needed for glider operations, data collection and analysis. It also monitors global glider activity and supports the dissemination of glider data through regional and global databases, in real-time and delayed modes, facilitating data access to the wider community. OceanGliders currently supports national, regional and global initiatives to maintian and expand the capabilities and application of gliders to meet key global challenges such as improved measurement of ocean boundary currents, water transformation and storm forecast.

Published
2019

29. A sea change in our view of overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic

Author

Lozier, M.S., Li, F., Bacon, S., Bahr, F., Bower, A.S., Cunningham, S.A., de Jong, M.F., de Steur, L., deYoung, B., Fischer, J., Gary, S.F., Greenan, B.J.W., Holliday, N.P., Houk, A., Houpert, L., Inall, M.E., Johns, W.E., Johnson, H.L., Johnson, C., Karstensen, J., Koman, G., Le Bras, I.A., Lin, X., Mackay, N., Marshall, D.P., Mercier, H., Oltmanns, M., Pickart, R.S., Hawkins, A.L., Rayner, D., Straneo, F., Thierry, V., Torres, D.J., Williams, R.G., Wilson, C., Yang, J., Yashayaev, I., Zhao, J., Lozier, M.S., Li, F., Bacon, S., Bahr, F., Bower, A.S., Cunningham, S.A., de Jong, M.F., de Steur, L., deYoung, B., Fischer, J., Gary, S.F., Greenan, B.J.W., Holliday, N.P., Houk, A., Houpert, L., Inall, M.E., Johns, W.E., Johnson, H.L., Johnson, C., Karstensen, J., Koman, G., Le Bras, I.A., Lin, X., Mackay, N., Marshall, D.P., Mercier, H., Oltmanns, M., Pickart, R.S., Hawkins, A.L., Rayner, D., Straneo, F., Thierry, V., Torres, D.J., Williams, R.G., Wilson, C., Yang, J., Yashayaev, I., and Zhao, J.

Abstract

To provide an observational basis for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projections of a slowing Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) in the 21st century, the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP) observing system was launched in the summer of 2014. The first 21-month record reveals a highly variable overturning circulation responsible for the majority of the heat and freshwater transport across the OSNAP line. In a departure from the prevailing view that changes in deep water formation in the Labrador Sea dominate MOC variability, these results suggest that the conversion of warm, salty, shallow Atlantic waters into colder, fresher, deep waters that move southward in the Irminger and Iceland basins is largely responsible for overturning and its variability in the subpolar basin.

Published
2019

30. Sustainable observations of the AMOC: Methodology and technology

Author

McCarthy, G.D., Brown, P.J., Flagg, C.N., Goni, G., Houpert, L., Hughes, C.W., Hummels, R., Inall, M., Jochumsen, K., Larsen, K.M.H., Lherminier, P., Meinen, C.S., Moat, B.I., Rayner, D., Rhein, M., Roessler, A., Schmid, C., Smeed, D., McCarthy, G.D., Brown, P.J., Flagg, C.N., Goni, G., Houpert, L., Hughes, C.W., Hummels, R., Inall, M., Jochumsen, K., Larsen, K.M.H., Lherminier, P., Meinen, C.S., Moat, B.I., Rayner, D., Rhein, M., Roessler, A., Schmid, C., and Smeed, D.

Abstract

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a key mechanism of heat, freshwater, and carbon redistribution in the climate system. The precept that the AMOC has changed abruptly in the past, notably during and at the end of the last ice age, and that it is ‘very likely’ to weaken in the coming century due to anthropogenic climate change is a key motivation for sustained observations of the AMOC. This paper reviews the methodology and technology used to observe the AMOC and assesses these ideas and systems for accuracy, shortcomings, potential improvements and sustainability. We review hydrographic techniques and look at how these traditional techniques can meet modern requirements. Transport mooring arrays provide the ‘gold standard’ for sustained AMOC observing, utilizing dynamic height, current meter, and other instrumentation and techniques to produce continuous observations of the AMOC. We consider the principle of these systems and how they can be sustained and improved into the future. Techniques utilizing indirect measurements, such as satellite altimetry, coupled with in‐situ measurements, such as the Argo float array, are also discussed. Existing technologies that perhaps have not been fully exploited for estimating AMOC are reviewed and considered for this purpose. Technology is constantly evolving and we look to the future of technology and how it can be deployed for sustained and expanded AMOC measurements. Finally, all of these methodologies and technologies are considered with a view to a sustained and sustainable future for AMOC observation.

Published
2019

31. Characterizing ecology and Monitoring ecological / human interactions from Space: the KALIDEOS Bretagne framework

Author

Houet, Thomas, Hubert-Moy, Laurence, houpert, L., Nabucet, Jean, Corgne, Samuel, Pottier, E., Nicolas, Hervé, Bellec, Nicolas, Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique (LETG - Rennes), Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique UMR 6554 (LETG), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université d'Angers (UA)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes (IGARUN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), LTER Zone Atelier Armorique, Rennes, Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Institut d'Electronique et de Télécommunications de Rennes (IETR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Supérieure d'Electricité - SUPELEC (FRANCE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Département lmage et Traitement Information (IMT Atlantique - ITI), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université d'Angers (UA)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes (IGARUN), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Supérieure d'Electricité - SUPELEC (FRANCE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-SUPELEC-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Houet, Thomas

Subjects
[SHS.ENVIR] Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies, [SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [SHS.ENVIR]Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies, [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, [SDE.ES] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience; Objectives and rationale: Providing high resolution spatial and temporal remotely sensed imageries to (1) characterize ecological properties of landscapes (habitat mapping, ecological metrics…) (2) monitor land use and land cover changes and their ecological implications at various spatial and temporal scales (3) produce and transfer replicable products dedicated to researchers and decision makers to facilitate the understanding, management and adaptive governance of territories and natural resources.

Published
2017

33. Structure and Transport of the North Atlantic Current in the Eastern Subpolar Gyre From Sustained Glider Observations

Author

Houpert, L., Inall, M. E., Dumont, E., Gary, S., Johnson, C., Porter, M., Johns, W. E., Cunningham, S. A., Houpert, L., Inall, M. E., Dumont, E., Gary, S., Johnson, C., Porter, M., Johns, W. E., and Cunningham, S. A.

Abstract

Repeat glider sections obtained during 2014–2016, as part of the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program, are used to quantify the circulation and transport of North Atlantic Current (NAC) branches over the Rockall Plateau. Using 16 glider sections collected along 58°N and between 21°W and 15°W, absolute geostrophic velocities are calculated, and subsequently the horizontal and vertical structure of the transport are characterized. The annual mean northward transport (± standard deviation) is 5.1 ± 3.2 Sv over the Rockall Plateau. During summer (May to October), the mean northward transport is stronger and reaches 6.7 ± 2.6 Sv. This accounts for 43% of the total NAC transport of upper‐ocean waters (σO<27.55 kg/m3) estimated by Sarafanov et al. (2012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007572) along 59.5°N, between the Reykjanes Ridge and Scotland. Two quasi‐permanent northward flowing branches of the NAC are identified: (i) the Hatton Bank Jet (6.3 ± 2.1 Sv) over the eastern flank of the Iceland Basin (20.5°W to 18.5°W) and (ii) the Rockall Bank Jet (1.5 ± 0.7 Sv) over the eastern flank of the Hatton‐Rockall Basin (16°W to 15°W). Transport associated with the Rockall Bank Jet is mostly depth independent during summer, while 30% of the Hatton Bank Jet transport is due to vertical geostrophic shear. Uncertainties are estimated for each individual glider section using a Monte Carlo approach, and mean uncertainties of the absolute transport are less than 0.5 Sv. Although comparisons with altimetry‐based estimates indicate similar large‐scale circulation patterns, altimetry data do not resolve small mesoscale current bands in the Hatton‐Rockall Basin which are strongly needed for the right transport estimates.

Published
2018

34. Multi-scale observations of deep convection in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea during winter 2012-2013 using multiple platforms

Author

Testor, Pierre, Bosse, A., Houpert, L., Margirier, F., Mortier, L., Legoff, H., Dausse, D., Labaste, M., Karstensen, Johannes, Hayes, D., Olita, A., Ribotti, A., Schroeder, K., Chiggiato, J., Onken, R., Mourre, B., Heslop, E., D'Ortenzio, F., Mayot, N., Lavigne, H., de Fommervault, O., Coppola, L., Prieur, L., Taillandier, V., Durrieu de Madron, X., Bourrin, G., Many, G., Damien, P., Estournel, C., Marsaleix, P., Taupier-Letage, I., Raimbault, P., Waldman, R., Bouin, M.-N., Giordani, H., Caniaux, G., Somot, S., Ducrocq, V., Conan, P., Testor, Pierre, Bosse, A., Houpert, L., Margirier, F., Mortier, L., Legoff, H., Dausse, D., Labaste, M., Karstensen, Johannes, Hayes, D., Olita, A., Ribotti, A., Schroeder, K., Chiggiato, J., Onken, R., Mourre, B., Heslop, E., D'Ortenzio, F., Mayot, N., Lavigne, H., de Fommervault, O., Coppola, L., Prieur, L., Taillandier, V., Durrieu de Madron, X., Bourrin, G., Many, G., Damien, P., Estournel, C., Marsaleix, P., Taupier-Letage, I., Raimbault, P., Waldman, R., Bouin, M.-N., Giordani, H., Caniaux, G., Somot, S., Ducrocq, V., and Conan, P.

Published
2018
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35. Overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic program: A new international ocean observing system

Author

Zika, J., Inall, M., Pillar, H., Zhao, J., Li, F., Lozier, M., Bower, A., Houpert, L., Yang, J., Bacon, S., Greenan, B., Holliday, N., Thierry, V., Marshall, D., Heimbach, P., Weller, R., Pickart, R., Lin, X., Cunningham, S., Karstensen, J., Wilson, C., Johnson, H., DeYoung, B., Gary, S., Williams, R., Straneo, F., Mackay, N., Johns, W., Fischer, J., Mercier, H., De Jong, M., De Steur, L., and Myers, P.

Published
2017
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36. Modeling the intense 2012-2013 dense water formation event in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea: Evaluation with an ensemble simulation approach

Author

Waldman, R., Somot, S., Herrmann, Marine, Bosse, A., Caniaux, G., Estournel, C., Houpert, L., Prieur, L., Sevault, F., Testor, P., Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, The Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAM), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), ANR-12-BS06-0003,ASICS-MED,Couplage Océan-Atmosphère en présence de structures de Submésoéchelle(2012), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]
Abstract

International audience; The northwestern Mediterranean Sea is a well-observed ocean deep convection site. Winter 2012–2013 was an intense and intensely documented dense water formation (DWF) event. We evaluate this DWF event in an ensemble configuration of the regional ocean model NEMOMED12. We then assess for the first time the impact of ocean intrinsic variability on DWF with a novel perturbed initial state ensemble method. Finally, we identify the main physical mechanisms driving water mass transformations. NEMOMED12 reproduces accurately the deep convection chronology between late January and March, itslocation off the Gulf of Lions although with a southward shift and its magnitude. It fails to reproduce the Western Mediterranean Deep Waters salinification and warming, consistently with too strong a surface heat loss. The Ocean Intrinsic Variability modulates half of the DWF area, especially in the open-sea where the bathymetry slope is low. It modulates marginally (3–5%) the integrated DWF rate, but its increase with time suggests its impact could be larger at interannual timescales. We conclude that ensemble frameworks are necessary to evaluate accurately numerical simulations of DWF. Each phase of DWF has distinct diapycnal and thermohaline regimes: during preconditioning, the Mediterranean thermohaline circulation is driven by exchanges with the Algerian basin. During the intense mixing phase, surface heat fluxes trigger deep convection and internal mixing largely determines the resulting deep water properties. During restratification, lateral exchanges and internal mixing are enhanced. Finally, isopycnal mixing was shown to play a largerole in water mass transformations during the preconditioning and restratification phases.

Published
2017
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37. Observations of open-ocean deep convection in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea: Seasonal and interannual variability of mixing and deep water masses for the 2007-2013 Period

Author

Houpert, L., Durrieu De Madron, X. Durrieu, Testor, P., Bosse, A., D'Ortenzio, F., Bouin, M. N., Dausse, D., Le Goff, H., Kunesch, S., Labaste, M., Coppola, L., Mortier, L., Raimbault, P., Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Développement Instrumental et Techniques Marines (DITM), École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées (ENSTA Paris), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-10-EQPX-0040,NAOS,Observations de l'océan global pour l'étude et la prévision de l'océan et du climat: préparation de la nouvelle décennie d'Argo(2010), European Project: 226354,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2008-1,HERMIONE(2009), European Project: 287600,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-OCEAN-2011,PERSEUS(2012), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
open-ocean deep convection, gulf of lions, dense water formation, Mediterranean Sea, ocean observations, mixed layer, physical oceanography, deep water, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract

International audience; We present here a unique oceanographic and meteorological data set focus on the deep convection processes. Our results are essentially based on in situ data (mooring, research vessel, glider, and profiling float) collected from a multiplatform and integrated monitoring system (MOOSE: Mediterranean Ocean Observing System on Environment), which monitored continuously the northwestern Mediterranean Sea since 2007, and in particular high-frequency potential temperature, salinity, and current measurements from the mooring LION located within the convection region. From 2009 to 2013, the mixed layer depth reaches the seabed, at a depth of 2330m, in February. Then, the violent vertical mixing of the whole water column lasts between 9 and 12 days setting up the characteristics of the newly formed deep water. Each deep convection winter formed a new warmer and saltier “vintage” of deep water. These sudden inputs of salt and heat in the deep ocean are responsible for trends in salinity (3.3 ± 0.2 × 10−3/yr) and potential temperature (3.2 ± 0.5 × 10−3 C/yr) observed from 2009 to 2013 for the 600–2300 m layer. For the first time, the overlapping of the three “phases” of deep convection can be observed, with secondary vertical mixing events (2–4 days) after the beginning of the restratification phase, and the restratification/spreading phase still active at the beginning of the following deep convection event.

Published
2016
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38. Deep sediment resuspension and thick nepheloid layer generation by open-ocean convection

Author

Durrieu De Madron, Xavier, Ramondenc, S., Berline, L., Houpert, L., Bosse, Anthony, Martini, S., Guidi, L., Conan, P., Curtil, C., Delsaut, N., Kunesch, S., Ghiglione, J. F., Marsaleix, P., Pujo-pay, M., Severin, T., Testor, P., Tamburini, C., Durrieu De Madron, Xavier, Ramondenc, S., Berline, L., Houpert, L., Bosse, Anthony, Martini, S., Guidi, L., Conan, P., Curtil, C., Delsaut, N., Kunesch, S., Ghiglione, J. F., Marsaleix, P., Pujo-pay, M., Severin, T., Testor, P., and Tamburini, C.

Abstract

The Gulf of Lions in the northwestern Mediterranean is one of the few sites around the world ocean exhibiting deep open-ocean convection. Based on 6-year long (2009-2015) time series from a mooring in the convection region, shipborne measurements from repeated cruises, from 2012 to 2015, and glider measurements, we report evidence of bottom thick nepheloid layer formation, which is coincident with deep sediment resuspension induced by bottom-reaching convection events. This bottom nepheloid layer, which presents a maximum thickness of around 2000 m in the center of the convection region, probably results from the action of cyclonic eddies that are formed during the convection period and can persist within their core while they travel through the basin. The residence time of this bottom nepheloid layer appears to be less than a year. In-situ measurements of suspended particle size further indicate that the bottom nepheloid layer is primarily composed of aggregates between 100 and 1000 µm in diameter, probably constituted of fine silts. Bottom-reaching open ocean convection, as well as deep dense shelf water cascading that occurred concurrently some years, lead to recurring deep sediments resuspension episodes. They are key mechanisms that control the concentration and characteristics of the suspended particulate matter in the basin, and in turn affect the bathypelagic biological activity.

Published
2017
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39. Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program : a new international ocean observing system

Author

Lozier, M.S., Bacon, S., Bower, A.S., Cunningham, S.A., de Jong, M.F., de Steur, L., de Young, B., Fischer, J., Gary, S.F., Greenan, B.J.W., Heimbach, P., Holliday, N.P., Houpert, L., Inall, M.E., Johns, W.E., Johnson, H.L., Karstensen, J., Li, F., Lin, X., Mackay, N., Marshall, D.P., Mercier, H., Myers, P.G., Pickart, R.S., Pillar, H.R., Straneo, F., Thierry, V., Weller, R.A., Williams, R.G., Wilson, C., Yang, J., Zhao, J., Zika, J.D., Lozier, M.S., Bacon, S., Bower, A.S., Cunningham, S.A., de Jong, M.F., de Steur, L., de Young, B., Fischer, J., Gary, S.F., Greenan, B.J.W., Heimbach, P., Holliday, N.P., Houpert, L., Inall, M.E., Johns, W.E., Johnson, H.L., Karstensen, J., Li, F., Lin, X., Mackay, N., Marshall, D.P., Mercier, H., Myers, P.G., Pickart, R.S., Pillar, H.R., Straneo, F., Thierry, V., Weller, R.A., Williams, R.G., Wilson, C., Yang, J., Zhao, J., and Zika, J.D.

Abstract

A new ocean observing system has been launched in the North Atlantic in order to understand the linkage between the meridional overturning circulation and deep water formation.For decades oceanographers have understood the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) to be primarily driven by changes in the production of deep water formation in the subpolar and subarctic North Atlantic. Indeed, current IPCC projections of an AMOC slowdown in the 21st century based on climate models are attributed to the inhibition of deep convection in the North Atlantic. However, observational evidence for this linkage has been elusive: there has been no clear demonstration of AMOC variability in response to changes in deep water formation. The motivation for understanding this linkage is compelling since the overturning circulation has been shown to sequester heat and anthropogenic carbon in the deep ocean. Furthermore, AMOC variability is expected to impact this sequestration as well as have consequences for regional and global climates through its effect on the poleward transport of warm water. Motivated by the need for a mechanistic understanding of the AMOC, an international community has assembled an observing system, Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic (OSNAP), to provide a continuous record of the trans-basin fluxes of heat, mass and freshwater and to link that record to convective activity and water mass transformation at high latitudes. OSNAP, in conjunction with the RAPID/MOCHA array at 26°N and other observational elements, will provide a comprehensive measure of the three-dimensional AMOC and an understanding of what drives its variability. The OSNAP observing system was fully deployed in the summer of 2014 and the first OSNAP data products are expected in the fall of 2017.

Published
2017

40. Deep sediment resuspension and thick nepheloid layer generation by open-ocean convection

Author

Durrieu de Madron, X., Ramondenc, S., Berline, L., Houpert, L., Bosse, A., Martini, S., Guidi, L., Conan, P., Curtil, C., Delsaut, N., Kunesch, S., Ghiglione, J. F., Marsaleix, P., Pujo-Pay, M., Séverin, T., Testor, P., Tamburini, C., Durrieu de Madron, X., Ramondenc, S., Berline, L., Houpert, L., Bosse, A., Martini, S., Guidi, L., Conan, P., Curtil, C., Delsaut, N., Kunesch, S., Ghiglione, J. F., Marsaleix, P., Pujo-Pay, M., Séverin, T., Testor, P., and Tamburini, C.

Abstract

The Gulf of Lions in the northwestern Mediterranean is one of the few sites around the world ocean exhibiting deep open‐ocean convection. Based on 6 year long (2009–2015) time series from a mooring in the convection region, shipborne measurements from repeated cruises, from 2012 to 2015, and glider measurements, we report evidence of bottom thick nepheloid layer formation, which is coincident with deep sediment resuspension induced by bottom‐reaching convection events. This bottom nepheloid layer, which presents a maximum thickness of more than 2000 m in the center of the convection region, probably results from the action of cyclonic eddies that are formed during the convection period and can persist within their core while they travel through the basin. The residence time of this bottom nepheloid layer appears to be less than a year. In situ measurements of suspended particle size further indicate that the bottom nepheloid layer is primarily composed of aggregates between 100 and 1000 µm in diameter, probably constituted of fine silts. Bottom‐reaching open ocean convection, as well as deep dense shelf water cascading that occurred concurrently some years, lead to recurring deep sediments resuspension episodes. They are key mechanisms that control the concentration and characteristics of the suspended particulate matter in the basin, and in turn affect the bathypelagic biological activity.

Published
2017

41. Role of deep convection on anthropogenic CO 2 sequestration in the Gulf of Lions (northwestern Mediterranean Sea)

Author

Touratier, F., Goyet, C., Houpert, L., de Madron, X. Durrieu, Lefèvre, D., Stabholz, M., Guglielmi, V., Touratier, F., Goyet, C., Houpert, L., de Madron, X. Durrieu, Lefèvre, D., Stabholz, M., and Guglielmi, V.

Abstract

The most active deep convection area in the western Mediterranean Sea is located in the Gulf of Lions. Recent studies in this area provides some insights on the complexity of the physical dynamics of convective regions, but very little is known about their impacts on the biogeochemical properties. The CASCADE (CAscading, Surge, Convection, Advection and Downwelling Events) cruise, planed in winter 2011, give us the opportunity to compare vertical profiles of properties sampled either during stratified conditions or after/during a convection event. In the present study, we focus on the distributions of the carbonate system properties (mainly total alkalinity, AT; and total dissolved inorganic carbon, CT) because, in the context of the climate change, deep convection areas are suspected to significantly increase the sequestration of anthropogenic CO2 (CANT). Given its limited size, the impact of the Mediterranean Sea on the global carbon budget is probably minor but this marginal sea can be used as a laboratory to better understand carbon sequestration and its transfer to the basin interior by deep convection processes. Distributions of AT and CT, both measured from bottle samples, and that of CANT (estimated with the TrOCA approach) are first analyzed in the light of other key properties (salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen). An objective interpolation procedure is then applied to estimate CT and AT from CTD measured properties. With this procedure, the vertical resolution goes from a maximum of 32 samples per station to one property estimate every meter (more detailed distributions are obtained). Results provide arguments to conclude that CANT is rapidly transferred to the deepest layer due to deep convection events. During deep convection events, the increase of CANT in the water column is positively correlated to that of potential density and oxygen content. The challenge of quantifying the amount of sequestered carbon is however not resolved due to the co

Published
2016

43. Deep-Sea Bioluminescence Blooms after Dense Water Formation at the Ocean Surface

Author

LO PRESTI, Domenico, Christian, Tamburini, Canals, M, Durrieu de Madron, X, Houpert, L, Lefe`vre, D, Se´verine, Martini1, 2, Fabrizio, D’Ortenzio5, Anne, Robert1, Pierre, Testor6, Juan Antonio Aguilar7, Imen Al Samarai8, Arnaud, Albert9, Michel Andre´ 10, Marco, Anghinolfi11, Gisela, Anton12, Shebli, Anvar13, Miguel, Ardid14, Ana Carolina Assis Jesus15, Astraatmadja15¤a, Tri L., Jean Jacques Aubert8, Bruny, Baret16, Ste´phane, Basa17, Vincent, Bertin8, Simone, Biagi18, Armando, Bigi20, Ciro, Bigongiari7, Claudio, Bogazzi15, Manuel Bou Cabo14, Boutayeb, Bouhou16, Bouwhuis15, Mieke C., Jurgen, Brunner8¤b, Jose´, Busto8, Francisco, Camarena14, Antonio, Capone21, Christina, Caˆrloganu23, Giada, Carminati18, 19¤c, John, Carr8, Stefano, Cecchini18, Ziad, Charif8, Philippe, Charvis25, Tommaso, Chiarusi18, Marco, Circella26, Rosa, Coniglione27, Heide, Costantini8, Paschal, Coyle8, Christian, Curtil8, Patrick, Decowski15, Ivan, Dekeyser1, Anne, Deschamps25, Corinne, Donzaud16, Damien, Dornic7, 8, Dorosti29, Hasankiadeh Q., Doriane, Drouhin9, Thomas, Eberl12, Umberto, Emanuele7, Jean Pierre Ernenwein8, Ste´phanie, Escoffier8, Paolo, Fermani21, Marcelino, Ferri14, Vincenzo, Flaminio20, Florian, Folger12, Ulf, Fritsch12, Jean Luc Fuda1, 2¤d, Salvatore Galata`, 8, Pascal, Gay23, Giorgio, Giacomelli18, Valentina, Giordano27, Juan Pablo Go´mez Gonza´ lez7, Kay, Graf12, Goulven, Guillard23, Garadeb, Halladjian8, Gregory, Hallewell8, Hans van Haren31, Joris, Hartman15, Heijboer15, Aart J., Yann, Hello25, Juan Jose Herna´ndez Rey7, Bjoern, Herold12, Jurgen Ho¨ ßl12, Ching Cheng Hsu15, Marteen de Jong15¤a, Matthias, Kadler32, Oleg, Kalekin12, Alexander, Kappes12, Uli, Katz12, Oksana, Kavatsyuk29, Paul, Kooijman15, 34, 33, Claudio, Kopper12, Antoine, Kouchner16, Ingo Kreykenbohm 32, Vladimir, Kulikovskiy11, Robert, Lahmann12, Patrick, Lamare13, Giuseppina, Larosa14, Dario, Lattuada27, Gordon, Lim15, Domenico Lo Presti36, Herbert, Loehner29, Sotiris, Loucatos38, Salvatore, Mangano7, Michel, Marcelin17, Annarita, Margiotta18, Juan Antonio Martinez Mora14, Athina, Meli12, Teresa, Montaruli26, Luciano, Moscoso16, 38{, Holger, Motz12, Max, Neff12, Emma nuel Nezri17, Dimitris, Palioselitis15, Pa˘va˘ las¸40, Gabriela E., Kevin, Payet38, Patrice, Payre8, Jelena, Petrovic15, Paolo, Piattelli27, Nicolas Picot Clemente8, Vlad, Popa40, Thierry, Pradier41, Eleonora, Presani15, Chantal, Racca9, Corey, Reed15, Giorgio, Riccobene27, Carsten, Richardt12, Roland, Richter12, Colas Rivie` re8, Kathrin, Roensch12, Andrei, Rostovtsev42, Joaquin Ruiz Rivas7, Marius, Rujoiu40, Russo36, Valerio G., Francisco, Salesa7, Augustin Sa´nchez Losa7, Piera, Sapienza27, Friederike Scho¨ ck12, Jean Pierre Schuller38, Fabian, Schussler38, Rezo, Shanidze12, Francesco, Simeone21, Andreas, Spies12, Maurizio, Spurio18, Steijger15, Jos J. M., Thierry, Stolarczyk38, Taiuti11, Mauro G. F., Simona, Toscano7, Bertrand, Vallage38, Ve´ronique Van Elewyck16, Giulia, Vannoni38, Manuela, Vecchi8, Pascal, Vernin38, Guus, Wijnker15, Jorn, Wilms32, Els de Wolf15, Harold, Yepes7, Dmitry, Zaborov42, Juan De Dios Zornoza7, Juan Zu´ n˜ iga7, Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Couplage physique-biogéochimie-carbone (PHYBIOCAR), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Groupe de Recherche en Physique des Hautes Energies (GRPHE), Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-IUT de Colmar, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA)), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire - Clermont-Ferrand (LPC), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania (INFN), Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANTARES, ANR-05-BLAN-0161,POTES,Pressure effects On marine prokaryoTES(2005), European Project: 202955,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2007-1,EUROSITES(2008), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Colmar, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Università degli studi di Catania [Catania], Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, John Murray Robert, Christian Tamburini, Miquel Canal, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Loïc Houpert, Dominique Lefèvre, Séverine Martini, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Anne Robert, Pierre Testor, Juan Antonio Aguilar, Imen Al Samarai, Arnaud Albert, Michel André, Marco Anghinolfi, Gisela Anton, Shebli Anvar, Miguel Ardid, Ana Carolina Assis Jesu, Tri L. Astraatmadja, Jean-Jacques Aubert, Bruny Baret, Stéphane Basa, Vincent Bertin, Simone Biagi, Armando Bigi, Ciro Bigongiari, Claudio Bogazzi, Manuel Bou-Cabo, Boutayeb Bouhou, Mieke C. Bouwhui, Jurgen Brunner, José Busto, Francisco Camarena, Antonio Capone, Christina Cârloganu, Giada Carminati, John Carr, Stefano Cecchini, Ziad Charif, Philippe Charvi, Tommaso Chiarusi, Marco Circella, Rosa Coniglione, Heide Costantini, Paschal Coyle, Christian Curtil, Patrick Decowski, Ivan Dekeyser, Anne Deschamp, Corinne Donzaud, Damien Dornic, Hasankiadeh Q. Dorosti, Doriane Drouhin, Thomas Eberl, Umberto Emanuele, Jean-Pierre Ernenwein, Stéphanie Escoffier, Paolo Fermani, Marcelino Ferri, Vincenzo Flaminio, Florian Folger, Ulf Fritsch, Jean-Luc Fuda, Salvatore Galatà, Pascal Gay, Giorgio Giacomelli, Valentina Giordano, Juan-Pablo Gómez-González, Kay Graf, Goulven Guillard, Garadeb Halladjian, Gregory Hallewell, Hans van Haren, Joris Hartman, Aart J. Heijboer, Yann Hello, Juan Jose Hernández-Rey, Bjoern Herold, Jurgen Hößl, Ching-Cheng Hsu, Marteen de Jong, Matthias Kadler, Oleg Kalekin, Alexander Kappe, Uli Katz, Oksana Kavatsyuk, Paul Kooijman, Claudio Kopper, Antoine Kouchner, Ingo Kreykenbohm, Vladimir Kulikovskiy, Robert Lahmann, Patrick Lamare, Giuseppina Larosa, Dario Lattuada, Gordon Lim, Domenico Lo Presti, Herbert Loehner, Sotiris Loucato, Salvatore Mangano, Michel Marcelin, Annarita Margiotta, Juan Antonio Martinez-Mora, Athina Meli, Teresa Montaruli, Luciano Moscoso, Holger Motz, Max Neff, Emma nuel Nezri, Dimitris Palioseliti, Gabriela E. Păvălaş, Kevin Payet, Patrice Payre, Jelena Petrovic, Paolo Piattelli, Nicolas Picot-Clemente, Vlad Popa, Thierry Pradier, Eleonora Presani, Chantal Racca, Corey Reed, Giorgio Riccobene, Carsten Richardt, Roland Richter, Colas Rivière, Kathrin Roensch, Andrei Rostovtsev, Joaquin Ruiz-Riva, Marius Rujoiu, Valerio G. Russo, Francisco Salesa, Augustin Sánchez-Losa, Piera Sapienza, Friederike Schöck, Jean-Pierre Schuller, Fabian Schussler, Rezo Shanidze, Francesco Simeone, Andreas Spie, Maurizio Spurio, Jos J. M. Steijger, Thierry Stolarczyk, Mauro G. F. Taiuti, Simona Toscano, Bertrand Vallage, Véronique Van Elewyck, Giulia Vannoni, Manuela Vecchi, Pascal Vernin, Guus Wijnker, Jorn Wilm, Els de Wolf, Harold Yepe, Dmitry Zaborov, Juan De Dios Zornoza, Juan Zúñiga, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), ANR-05-BLAN-0161,POTES,Projet POTES - Pressure effects On marine prokaryoTES(2005), Universitat de Barcelona, Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Colmar-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA)), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Tecnològic de Vilanova i la Geltrú, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LAB - Laboratori d'Aplicacions Bioacústiques

Subjects
Desenvolupament humà i sostenible::Medi ambient [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], 0106 biological sciences, DYNAMICS, Salinity, ANTARES NEUTRINO TELESCOPE, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät -ohne weitere Spezifikation, IMPACT, Ocean Circulation, Psychologie appliquée, lcsh:Medicine, Cell Count, Astronomical Sciences, Oceanografia, Astrophysics, Oceanography, Ecologia marina, 01 natural sciences, Bathyal zone, NEUTRINO TELESCOPES, Mediterranean sea, Oceans, lcsh:Science, deep-sea bioluminescenceantares, Ecosistemes marins, Multidisciplinary, CLIMATE-CHANGE, Ecology, Mediterrània (Mar), Mediterranean Region, Marine Ecology, MEDITERRANEAN SEA, Eutrophication, Biogeochemistry, Sciences bio-médicales et agricoles, Deep sea, INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY, Light emission, Seasons, ddc:500, Bioluminescence, Biologie, Research Article, ATLANTIC, GULF, Oceans and Seas, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph], Marine Biology, Convection, Fluorescence, Microbial Ecology, Carbon Cycle, Marine ecology, Astroparticle Physics, Mediterranean Sea, Animals, Water Column, Ecosystem, Seawater, 14. Life underwater, Salinitat, Neutrinos, Biology, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Marine plankton, BACKGROUND LIGHT, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Biological Oceanography, lcsh:R, Plàncton, Pelagic zone, Marine and aquatic sciences, Earth sciences, Light intensity, Sea water, Geochemistry, 13. Climate action, CONVECTION, FISICA APLICADA, Luminescent Measurements, Aigua de mar, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Physical Oceanography
Abstract

The deep ocean is the largest and least known ecosystem on Earth. It hosts numerous pelagic organisms, most of which are able to emit light. Here we present a unique data set consisting of a 2.5-year long record of light emission by deep-sea pelagic organisms, measured from December 2007 to June 2010 at the ANTARES underwater neutrino telescope in the deep NW Mediterranean Sea, jointly with synchronous hydrological records. This is the longest continuous time-series of deep-sea bioluminescence ever recorded. Our record reveals several weeks long, seasonal bioluminescence blooms with light intensity up to two orders of magnitude higher than background values, which correlate to changes in the properties of deep waters. Such changes are triggered by the winter cooling and evaporation experienced by the upper ocean layer in the Gulf of Lion that leads to the formation and subsequent sinking of dense water through a process known as "open-sea convection". It episodically renews the deep water of the study area and conveys fresh organic matter that fuels the deep ecosystems. Luminous bacteria most likely are the main contributors to the observed deep-sea bioluminescence blooms. Our observations demonstrate a consistent and rapid connection between deep open-sea convection and bathypelagic biological activity, as expressed by bioluminescence. In a setting where dense water formation events are likely to decline under global warming scenarios enhancing ocean stratification, in situ observatories become essential as environmental sentinels for the monitoring and understanding of deep-sea ecosystem shifts. © 2013 Tamburini et al., 0, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2013
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44. Interaction of dense shelf water cascading and open-sea convection in the northwestern Mediterranean during winter 2012

Author

Durrieu de Madron, X., Houpert, L., Puig, P., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Testor, P., Bosse, A., Estournel, C., Somot, S., Bourrin, F., Bouin, M. N., Beauverger, M., Beguery, L., Calafat, A., Canals, M., Cassou, C., Coppola, L., Dausse, D., D'Ortenzio, F., Font, J., Heussner, S., Kunesch, S., Lefevre, D., Le Goff, H., Martín, J., Mortier, L., Palanques, A., Raimbault, P., Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Couplage physique-biogéochimie-carbone (PHYBIOCAR), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de formation et de recherche sur l'environnement marin (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Météo France, Développement Instrumental et Techniques Marines (DITM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), CERFACS, Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Project: 287600,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-OCEAN-2011,PERSEUS(2012), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Météo-France Direction Interrégionale Sud-Est (DIRSE), Météo-France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Dense water formation, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Mediterranean Sea, Open-sea convection, Dense shelf water cascading
Abstract

International audience; The winter of 2012 experienced peculiar atmospheric conditions that triggered a massive formation of dense water on the continental shelf and in the deep basin of the Gulf of Lions. Multiplatforms observations enabled a synoptic view of dense water formation and spreading at basin scale. Five months after its formation, the dense water of coastal origin created a distinct bottom layer up to a few hundreds of meters thick over the central part of the NW Mediterranean basin, which was overlaid by a layer of newly formed deep water produced by open-sea convection. These new observations highlight the role of intense episodes of both dense shelf water cascading and open-sea convection to the progressive modification of the NW Mediterranean deep waters.

Published
2013
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48. Deep-Sea Bioluminescence Blooms after Dense Water Formation at the Ocean Surface

Author

Tamburini, C., Canals, M., de Madron, X.D., Houpert, L., Lefevre, D., Martini, V., D'Ortenzio, F., Robert, A., Testor, P., Aguilar, J.A., Al Samarai, I., Albert, A., Andre, M., Anghinolfi, M., Anton, G., Anvar, S., Ardid, M., Jesus, A.C.A., Astraatmadja, T.L., Aubert, J.J., Baret, B., Basa, S., Bertin, V., Biagi, S., Bigi, A., Bigongiari, C., Bogazzi, C., Bou-Cabo, M., Bouhou, B., Bouwhuis, M.C., Brunner, J., Busto, J., Camarena, F., Capone, A., Carloganu, C., Carminati, G., Carr, J., Cecchini, S., Charif, Z., Charvis, P., Chiarusi, T., Circella, M., Coniglione, R., Costantini, H., Coyle, P., Curtil, C., Decowski, P., Dekeyser, I., Deschamps, A., Donzaud, C., Dornic, D., Dorosti, H.Q., Drouhin, D., Eberl, T., Emanuele, U., Ernenwein, J.P., Escoffier, S., Fermani, P., Ferri, M., Flaminio, V., Folger, F., Fritsch, U., Fuda, J.L., Galata, S., Gay, P., Giacomelli, G., Giordano, V., Gomez-Gonzalez, J.P., Graf, K., Guillard, G., Halladjian, G., Hallewell, G., van Haren, H., Hartman, J., Heijboer, A.J., Hello, Y., Hernandez-Rey, J.J., Herold, B., Hossl, J., Hsu, C.C., De Jong, M., Kadler, M., Kalekin, O., Kappes, A., Katz, U., Kavatsyuk, O., Kooijman, P., Kopper, C., Kouchner, A., Kreykenbohm, I., Kulikovskiy, V., Lahmann, R., Lamare, P., Larosa, G., Lattuada, D., Lim, G., Lo Presti, D., Loehner, H., Loucatos, S., Mangano, S., Marcelin, M., Margiotta, A., Martinez-Mora, J.A., Meli, A., Montaruli, T., Moscoso, L., Motz, H., Neff, M., Nezri, E.N., Palioselitis, D., Pavalas, G.E., Payet, K., Payre, P., Petrovic, J., Piattelli, P., Picot-Clemente, N., Popa, V., Pradier, T., Presani, E., Racca, C., Reed, C., Riccobene, G., Richardt, C., Richter, R., Riviere, C., Roensch, K., Rostovtsev, A., Ruiz-Rivas, J., Rujoiu, M., Russo, V.G., Salesa, F., Sanchez-Losa, A., Sapienza, P., Schock, F., Schuller, J.P., Schussler, F., Shanidze, R., Simeone, F., Spies, A., Spurio, M., Steijger, J.J.M., Stolarczyk, T., Taiuti, M.G.F., Toscano, S., Vallage, B., Van Elewyck, V., Vannoni, G., Vecchi, M., Vernin, P., Wijnker, G., Wilms, J., de Wolf, E., Yepes, H., Zaborov, D., Zornoza, J.D., Zuniga, J., Tamburini, C., Canals, M., de Madron, X.D., Houpert, L., Lefevre, D., Martini, V., D'Ortenzio, F., Robert, A., Testor, P., Aguilar, J.A., Al Samarai, I., Albert, A., Andre, M., Anghinolfi, M., Anton, G., Anvar, S., Ardid, M., Jesus, A.C.A., Astraatmadja, T.L., Aubert, J.J., Baret, B., Basa, S., Bertin, V., Biagi, S., Bigi, A., Bigongiari, C., Bogazzi, C., Bou-Cabo, M., Bouhou, B., Bouwhuis, M.C., Brunner, J., Busto, J., Camarena, F., Capone, A., Carloganu, C., Carminati, G., Carr, J., Cecchini, S., Charif, Z., Charvis, P., Chiarusi, T., Circella, M., Coniglione, R., Costantini, H., Coyle, P., Curtil, C., Decowski, P., Dekeyser, I., Deschamps, A., Donzaud, C., Dornic, D., Dorosti, H.Q., Drouhin, D., Eberl, T., Emanuele, U., Ernenwein, J.P., Escoffier, S., Fermani, P., Ferri, M., Flaminio, V., Folger, F., Fritsch, U., Fuda, J.L., Galata, S., Gay, P., Giacomelli, G., Giordano, V., Gomez-Gonzalez, J.P., Graf, K., Guillard, G., Halladjian, G., Hallewell, G., van Haren, H., Hartman, J., Heijboer, A.J., Hello, Y., Hernandez-Rey, J.J., Herold, B., Hossl, J., Hsu, C.C., De Jong, M., Kadler, M., Kalekin, O., Kappes, A., Katz, U., Kavatsyuk, O., Kooijman, P., Kopper, C., Kouchner, A., Kreykenbohm, I., Kulikovskiy, V., Lahmann, R., Lamare, P., Larosa, G., Lattuada, D., Lim, G., Lo Presti, D., Loehner, H., Loucatos, S., Mangano, S., Marcelin, M., Margiotta, A., Martinez-Mora, J.A., Meli, A., Montaruli, T., Moscoso, L., Motz, H., Neff, M., Nezri, E.N., Palioselitis, D., Pavalas, G.E., Payet, K., Payre, P., Petrovic, J., Piattelli, P., Picot-Clemente, N., Popa, V., Pradier, T., Presani, E., Racca, C., Reed, C., Riccobene, G., Richardt, C., Richter, R., Riviere, C., Roensch, K., Rostovtsev, A., Ruiz-Rivas, J., Rujoiu, M., Russo, V.G., Salesa, F., Sanchez-Losa, A., Sapienza, P., Schock, F., Schuller, J.P., Schussler, F., Shanidze, R., Simeone, F., Spies, A., Spurio, M., Steijger, J.J.M., Stolarczyk, T., Taiuti, M.G.F., Toscano, S., Vallage, B., Van Elewyck, V., Vannoni, G., Vecchi, M., Vernin, P., Wijnker, G., Wilms, J., de Wolf, E., Yepes, H., Zaborov, D., Zornoza, J.D., and Zuniga, J.

Abstract

The deep ocean is the largest and least known ecosystem on Earth. It hosts numerous pelagic organisms, most of which are able to emit light. Here we present a unique data set consisting of a 2.5-year long record of light emission by deep-sea pelagic organisms, measured from December 2007 to June 2010 at the ANTARES underwater neutrino telescope in the deep NW Mediterranean Sea, jointly with synchronous hydrological records. This is the longest continuous time-series of deep-sea bioluminescence ever recorded. Our record reveals several weeks long, seasonal bioluminescence blooms with light intensity up to two orders of magnitude higher than background values, which correlate to changes in the properties of deep waters. Such changes are triggered by the winter cooling and evaporation experienced by the upper ocean layer in the Gulf of Lion that leads to the formation and subsequent sinking of dense water through a process known as "open-sea convection". It episodically renews the deep water of the study area and conveys fresh organic matter that fuels the deep ecosystems. Luminous bacteria most likely are the main contributors to the observed deep-sea bioluminescence blooms. Our observations demonstrate a consistent and rapid connection between deep open-sea convection and bathypelagic biological activity, as expressed by bioluminescence. In a setting where dense water formation events are likely to decline under global warming scenarios enhancing ocean stratification, in situ observatories become essential as environmental sentinels for the monitoring and understanding of deep-sea ecosystem shifts.

Published
2013

49. Impact of open-ocean convection on particle fluxes and sediment dynamics in the deep margin of the Gulf of Lions

Author

Stabholz, M., Durrieu de Madron, X., Canals, M., Khripounoff, A., Taupier-Letage, I., Testor, P., Heussner, S., Kerhervé, P., Delsaut, N., Houpert, L., Lastras, G., Dennielou, B., Stabholz, M., Durrieu de Madron, X., Canals, M., Khripounoff, A., Taupier-Letage, I., Testor, P., Heussner, S., Kerhervé, P., Delsaut, N., Houpert, L., Lastras, G., and Dennielou, B.

Abstract

The deep outer margin of the Gulf of Lions and the adjacent basin, in the western Mediterranean Sea, are regularly impacted by open-ocean convection, a major hydrodynamic event responsible for the ventilation of the deep water in the western Mediterranean Basin. However, the impact of open-ocean convection on the flux and transport of particulate matter remains poorly understood. The variability of water mass properties (i.e., temperature and salinity), currents, and particle fluxes were monitored between September 2007 and April 2009 at five instrumented mooring lines deployed between 2050 and 2350-m depth in the deepest continental margin and adjacent basin. Four of the lines followed a NW–SE transect, while the fifth one was located on a sediment wave field to the west. The results of the main, central line SC2350 ("LION") located at 42°02.5′ N, 4°41′ E, at 2350-m depth, show that open-ocean convection reached mid-water depth (≈ 1000-m depth) during winter 2007–2008, and reached the seabed (≈ 2350-m depth) during winter 2008–2009. Horizontal currents were unusually strong with speeds up to 39 cm s−1 during winter 2008–2009. The measurements at all 5 different locations indicate that mid-depth and near-bottom currents and particle fluxes gave relatively consistent values of similar magnitude across the study area except during winter 2008–2009, when near-bottom fluxes abruptly increased by one to two orders of magnitude. Particulate organic carbon contents, which generally vary between 3 and 5%, were abnormally low (≤ 1%) during winter 2008–2009 and approached those observed in surface sediments (≈ 0.6%). Turbidity profiles made in the region demonstrated the existence of a bottom nepheloid layer, several hundred meters thick, and related to the resuspension of bottom sediments. These observations support the view that open-ocean deep convection events in the Gulf of Lions can cause significant remobilization of sediments in the deep outer margin and the basin, wi

Published
2013

50. Sediment transport along the Cap de Creus Canyon flank during a mild, wet winter

Author

Martín, J., Durrieu de Madron, X., Puig, P., Bourrin, F., Palanques, A., Houpert, L., Higueras, M., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Calafat, A. M., Canals, M., Heussner, S., Delsaut, N., Sotin, C., Martín, J., Durrieu de Madron, X., Puig, P., Bourrin, F., Palanques, A., Houpert, L., Higueras, M., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Calafat, A. M., Canals, M., Heussner, S., Delsaut, N., and Sotin, C.

Abstract

Cap de Creus Canyon (CCC) is known as a preferential conduit for particulate matter leaving the Gulf of Lion continental shelf towards the slope and the basin, particularly in winter when storms and dense shelf water cascading coalesce to enhance the seaward export of shelf waters. During the CASCADE (CAscading, Storm, Convection, Advection and Downwelling Events) cruise in March 2011, deployments of recording instruments within the canyon and vertical profiling of the water column properties were conducted to study with high spatial-temporal resolution the impact of such processes on particulate matter fluxes. In the context of the mild and wet 2010–2011 winter, no remarkable dense shelf water formation was observed. On the other hand, the experimental setup allowed for the study of the impact of E-SE storms on the hydrographical structure and the particulate matter fluxes in the CCC. The most remarkable feature in terms of sediment transport was a period of dominant E-SE winds from 12 to 16 March, including two moderate storms (maximum significant wave heights = 4.1–4.6 m). During this period, a plume of freshened, relatively cold and turbid water flowed at high speeds along the southern flank of the CCC in an approximate depth range of 150–350 m. The density of this water mass was lighter than the ambient water in the canyon, indicating that it did not cascade off-shelf and that it merely downwelled into the canyon forced by the strong cyclonic circulation induced over the shelf during the storms and by the subsequent accumulation of seawater along the coast. Suspended sediment load in this turbid intrusion recorded along the southern canyon flank oscillated between 10 and 50 mg L−1, and maximum currents speeds reached values up to 90 cm s−1. A rough estimation of 105 tons of sediment was transported through the canyon along its southern wall during a 3-day-long period of storm-induced downwelling. Following the veering of the wind direction (from SE to NW) on 16

Published
2013

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